{"id":1455,"date":"2024-03-12T16:14:18","date_gmt":"2024-03-12T20:14:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1455"},"modified":"2025-10-17T19:31:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T23:31:06","slug":"bone-fracture-types","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/bone-fracture-types\/","title":{"raw":"Bone Fracture - Types","rendered":"Bone Fracture &#8211; Types"},"content":{"raw":"<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Closed Fracture:<\/strong> Bone fragments do not pierce skin are are not exposed to the external environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Open Fracture:<\/strong> Bone fragments do pierce skin and are exposed to the external environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Transverse Fracture:<\/strong> Bone fracture is perpendicular to the bone shaft and ends are often not displaced, treated with a cast<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Spiral Fracture:<\/strong> Bone fracture is spiral in nature often due to excessive rotational force<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Segmented Fracture:<\/strong> Intramedullary nail used for proper bone alignment<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Comminuted Fracture:<\/strong> Multiple fragments, various treatments shown for realignment of bone required to promote bone healing and reduce chance of bone healing out of position causing deformity<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Impacted Fracture<\/strong> Simple fracture with displacement: Requires external fixation with ring fixator and pins\/wires<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Greenstick Fracture:<\/strong> Incomplete fracture (partial thickness fracture), in which fracture doesn't completely separate bone in two pieces.\u00a0 Often a fracture just affecting the periosteum and cortex on one side of the bone.\u00a0 Greenstick fractures are more common in children rather than adults affecting children, as children's bones are less ossified.\u00a0 Children's bones are growing in a process of hyaline cartilage is continuously extending and becoming more and more ossified, creating a bone structure that allows for more bending, than a fully ossified adult bone.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Oblique Fracture:<\/strong> The bone fracture line is at an angle relative to the shaft of the bone rather than a straight line.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Compression<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>fracture:<\/strong> Bone cement used to prevent wedge formation and posture change<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Avulsion fracture:<\/strong> Fragment detaches from bone, treated with wire to ensure proper healing<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2495\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"158\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2495 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6-158x300.jpg\" alt=\"Types of Bone Fractures: Closed, Open, Transverse, Spiral, Comminuted, Impacted, Greenstick, Oblique\" width=\"158\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Types of Bone Fractures: Closed, Open, Transverse, Spiral, Comminuted, Impacted, Greenstick, Oblique[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4517\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"215\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-4517 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1-215x300.png\" alt=\"Compression-flexion fractures: 1) Vertebral plate injury, 2) Vertebral body burst fracture, 3) Vertebral body wedge fracture, 4) Teardrops superior vertebral body fracture\" width=\"215\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Compression-flexion fractures: 1) Vertebral plate injury, 2) Vertebral body burst fracture, 3) Vertebral body wedge fracture, 4) Teardrops superior vertebral body fracture[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4519\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-4519 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-300x300.png\" alt=\"Avulsion Fracture\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Avulsion Fracture[\/caption]","rendered":"<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Closed Fracture:<\/strong> Bone fragments do not pierce skin are are not exposed to the external environment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Open Fracture:<\/strong> Bone fragments do pierce skin and are exposed to the external environment<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Transverse Fracture:<\/strong> Bone fracture is perpendicular to the bone shaft and ends are often not displaced, treated with a cast<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spiral Fracture:<\/strong> Bone fracture is spiral in nature often due to excessive rotational force<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Segmented Fracture:<\/strong> Intramedullary nail used for proper bone alignment<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Comminuted Fracture:<\/strong> Multiple fragments, various treatments shown for realignment of bone required to promote bone healing and reduce chance of bone healing out of position causing deformity<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Impacted Fracture<\/strong> Simple fracture with displacement: Requires external fixation with ring fixator and pins\/wires<\/li>\n<li><strong>Greenstick Fracture:<\/strong> Incomplete fracture (partial thickness fracture), in which fracture doesn&#8217;t completely separate bone in two pieces.\u00a0 Often a fracture just affecting the periosteum and cortex on one side of the bone.\u00a0 Greenstick fractures are more common in children rather than adults affecting children, as children&#8217;s bones are less ossified.\u00a0 Children&#8217;s bones are growing in a process of hyaline cartilage is continuously extending and becoming more and more ossified, creating a bone structure that allows for more bending, than a fully ossified adult bone.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Oblique Fracture:<\/strong> The bone fracture line is at an angle relative to the shaft of the bone rather than a straight line.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Compression<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>fracture:<\/strong> Bone cement used to prevent wedge formation and posture change<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Avulsion fracture:<\/strong> Fragment detaches from bone, treated with wire to ensure proper healing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2495\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2495\" style=\"width: 158px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2495 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6-158x300.jpg\" alt=\"Types of Bone Fractures: Closed, Open, Transverse, Spiral, Comminuted, Impacted, Greenstick, Oblique\" width=\"158\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6-158x300.jpg 158w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6-540x1024.jpg 540w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6-65x123.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6-225x426.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6-350x663.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/36e517c3fba65b06eedcb11f46d0e56fd2fc11b6.jpg 686w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 158px) 100vw, 158px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2495\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Types of Bone Fractures: Closed, Open, Transverse, Spiral, Comminuted, Impacted, Greenstick, Oblique<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4517\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4517\" style=\"width: 215px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4517 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1-215x300.png\" alt=\"Compression-flexion fractures: 1) Vertebral plate injury, 2) Vertebral body burst fracture, 3) Vertebral body wedge fracture, 4) Teardrops superior vertebral body fracture\" width=\"215\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1-215x300.png 215w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1-65x91.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1-225x314.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1-350x489.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Compression-flexion-injury-Type-A1.png 714w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 215px) 100vw, 215px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4517\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compression-flexion fractures: 1) Vertebral plate injury, 2) Vertebral body burst fracture, 3) Vertebral body wedge fracture, 4) Teardrops superior vertebral body fracture<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4519\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4519\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4519 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-300x300.png\" alt=\"Avulsion Fracture\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/03\/Avulsion_fracture_svg_hariadhi.svg_.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4519\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Avulsion Fracture<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"media-attributions clear\" prefix:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\" prefix:dc=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\"><h2>Media Attributions<\/h2><ul><li about=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513279\/figure\/article-22429.image.f1\/\"><a rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513279\/figure\/article-22429.image.f1\/\" property=\"dc:title\">Types of Bone Fractures<\/a>  &copy;  <a rel=\"dc:creator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513279\/\" property=\"cc:attributionName\">Greenstick Fracture, Oblique Fracture Contributed by Wikimedia Commons, OpenStax College StatPearls Publishing LLC<\/a>    is 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(Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a> 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