{"id":1834,"date":"2024-05-30T17:28:52","date_gmt":"2024-05-30T21:28:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1834"},"modified":"2025-12-07T23:29:33","modified_gmt":"2025-12-08T04:29:33","slug":"important-immunoassay-lab-tests","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/important-immunoassay-lab-tests\/","title":{"raw":"5p10 Important Immunoassay Lab Tests","rendered":"5p10 Important Immunoassay Lab Tests"},"content":{"raw":"<h1><strong>Importance of Lab Tests for the Presence of Antibodies:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Assess patient health status<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Document antibody levels\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indicates past infection (e.g., HIV)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Higher antibody levels suggest better recovery chances<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong>Titer Definition:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nLevel of specific serum immunoglobulins (antibodies in blood)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong>Indirect Coombs Test:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detects <strong>blood incompatibilities<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Example: Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Rh incompatibility)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prior to blood transfusions<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Procedure:<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Collect recipient's serum (antibodies)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mix recipient's antibodies with donor's blood sample<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Check for agglutination (indicates incompatibility)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Use anti-human antibodies for further confirmation of agglutination<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h1><strong>ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay):<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detects <strong>antibody levels<\/strong> in blood\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Example: HIV or rubella exposure<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Procedure:<\/span><\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plate with virus antigens (e.g., HIV) at the bottom<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Add patient's blood to the plate<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Add synthetic anti-HIV antibodies with color\/light marker<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observe binding and colour change\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">No colour change indicates presence of patient\u2019s anti-HIV antibodies<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Confirm with a Western blot (detects actual HIV or rubella antigens)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h1>Summary:<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lab tests like <strong>Indirect Coombs<\/strong> and <strong>ELISA<\/strong> are crucial for assessing blood compatibility and detecting infections.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Indirect Coombs<\/strong> test is used for blood compatibility (e.g., Rh factor).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>ELISA<\/strong> is used to detect specific antibodies indicating infection.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Confirmatory tests, like the <strong>Western blot<\/strong>, validate initial findings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>DNA tests<\/strong> can also be used to detect and identify the presence of some infections.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h1><strong>Importance of Lab Tests for the Presence of Antibodies:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Assess patient health status<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Document antibody levels\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indicates past infection (e.g., HIV)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Higher antibody levels suggest better recovery chances<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Titer Definition:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Level of specific serum immunoglobulins (antibodies in blood)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Indirect Coombs Test:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detects <strong>blood incompatibilities<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Example: Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Rh incompatibility)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prior to blood transfusions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Procedure:<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Collect recipient&#8217;s serum (antibodies)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mix recipient&#8217;s antibodies with donor&#8217;s blood sample<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Check for agglutination (indicates incompatibility)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Use anti-human antibodies for further confirmation of agglutination<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1><strong>ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay):<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detects <strong>antibody levels<\/strong> in blood\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Example: HIV or rubella exposure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Procedure:<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plate with virus antigens (e.g., HIV) at the bottom<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Add patient&#8217;s blood to the plate<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Add synthetic anti-HIV antibodies with color\/light marker<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observe binding and colour change\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">No colour change indicates presence of patient\u2019s anti-HIV antibodies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Confirm with a Western blot (detects actual HIV or rubella antigens)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1>Summary:<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lab tests like <strong>Indirect Coombs<\/strong> and <strong>ELISA<\/strong> are crucial for assessing blood compatibility and detecting infections.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Indirect Coombs<\/strong> test is used for blood compatibility (e.g., Rh factor).<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>ELISA<\/strong> is used to detect specific antibodies indicating infection.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Confirmatory tests, like the <strong>Western blot<\/strong>, validate initial findings.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>DNA tests<\/strong> can also be used to detect and identify the presence of some infections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-1834","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":45,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1834","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1834\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5322,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1834\/revisions\/5322"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/45"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1834\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1834"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1834"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1834"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1834"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}