{"id":345,"date":"2023-06-20T17:01:13","date_gmt":"2023-06-20T21:01:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&p=345"},"modified":"2026-02-20T18:44:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T23:44:24","slug":"introduction-to-pathophysiology-overview","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/introduction-to-pathophysiology-overview\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction to Pathophysiology Overview - Learning Objectives","rendered":"Introduction to Pathophysiology Overview – Learning Objectives"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Define the following terminology used in pathophysiology:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology, Pathogenesis, Pathogen<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Lesion,\u00a0Disease,\u00a0Disorder,\u00a0Syndrome,\u00a0Homeostasis<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Acute, Subacute, Insidious Onset, Chronic, Remission, Relapse, Subclinical, Prodromal<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Infectious, Contagious, Incubation stage, Latency stage<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Local, Systemic, Complication, Sequelae, Convalescence<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Diagnosis, Prognosis, Morbidity, Mortality, Etiology, Notifiable Disease<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Predisposing Factors, Clinical Manifestations, Signs, and Symptoms<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • List the following common types of etiologies of diseases, disorders, and cellular damage:\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • Infectious agents:\u00a0 viruses, bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeast), protozoa, and helminths (parasitic worms)<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Nutritional deficiencies<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Fluid\/electrolyte imbalances<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Exposure to toxins (e.g., bacterial or environmental), radiation, alcohol, drugs, teratogens<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Inherited DNA mutations (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Marfan syndrome)<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Spontaneous DNA mutations (e.g., the cause of most cancers)<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Idiopathic<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Iatrogenic<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Congenital multifactorial defects (e.g., congenital heart defects, hypospadias, clubfoot (inward turn of foot), Down syndrome, cleft lip and cleft palate, limb defects, and at times mental dysfunction).<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Trauma, Ischemia, Hypoxia, Chemicals,\u00a0 Electrical\/Temperature Burn, Free Radicals, Reperfusion,<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Immune dysfunction (Allergies, Auto-immune diseases, Inflammatory diseases)<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Metabolic diseases (e.g., enzyme mutation\/deficiency)<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Neoplastic diseases (e.g., benign tumor or malignant tumor)<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Endogenous\/Exogenous intracellular accumulation due to:\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • abnormal metabolism (abnormal enzyme function) - occurs in fatty alcoholic liver disease, damaged\/dysfunctional hepatocytes produce & accumulate too much lipid.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • abnormal protein preparation (e.g. abnormal protein folding or transport) - occurs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), Huntington\u2019s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and prion diseases (Creutzfeldt-Jacob)<\/li>\r\n \t
          • abnormal lysosome function - occurs in Lysosomal Storage Diseases (e.g. Gaucher Disease)<\/li>\r\n \t
          • inability to degrade phagocytosed particles (e.g. coal dust, in pneumoconiosis)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • Describe stages of drug discovery, placebo, double blind study, true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative, sensitive test, specific test, valid, reliable<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • List types of Diagnostic Tests:\u00a0 Genetic test, Urinalysis, Blood test, Pulmonary function test, Echocardiogram, Electrocardiogram, Electroencephalogram, Electromyogram, Imaging (X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI), Endoscopy, Histology<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • Describe different types of Necrosis:\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • Liquefaction, Coagulative, Fat, and Caseous Necrosis<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • Describe the difference between necrosis and apoptosis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • Dystrophic and Metastatic Calcification, Infarction, Gangrene<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      • List factors that may at times pre-dispose to certain ailments:\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • \u00a0Age, Biological Sex, Genetics, Congenital defects, Diet, Lifestyle (e.g. smoking, sedentary behaviour, sleep habits, hobbies, travel), Occupation, Location.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          • Define Epidemiology, Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Prevalence, Incidence<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • \r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              • Define biopsy<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                • Describe common cellular adaptations and understand why each occurs.\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  • Atrophy (and 7 common causes),<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • Physiologic Hypertrophy,\u00a0Pathologic Hypertrophy,\u00a0Metaplasia,\u00a0Hyperplasia, Dysplasia,\u00a0Anaplasia, Neoplasia, Benign Tumour, Malignant Tumor, Carcinoma in situ<\/em>, Carcinoma, Metastasis, Oncovirus.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n ","rendered":"
                                    \n
                                    \n

                                    Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                    \n

                                    By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Define the following terminology used in pathophysiology:\n
                                        \n
                                      • Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology, Pathogenesis, Pathogen<\/li>\n
                                      • Lesion,\u00a0Disease,\u00a0Disorder,\u00a0Syndrome,\u00a0Homeostasis<\/li>\n
                                      • Acute, Subacute, Insidious Onset, Chronic, Remission, Relapse, Subclinical, Prodromal<\/li>\n
                                      • Infectious, Contagious, Incubation stage, Latency stage<\/li>\n
                                      • Local, Systemic, Complication, Sequelae, Convalescence<\/li>\n
                                      • Diagnosis, Prognosis, Morbidity, Mortality, Etiology, Notifiable Disease<\/li>\n
                                      • Predisposing Factors, Clinical Manifestations, Signs, and Symptoms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                          \n
                                        • List the following common types of etiologies of diseases, disorders, and cellular damage:\n
                                            \n
                                          • Infectious agents:\u00a0 viruses, bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeast), protozoa, and helminths (parasitic worms)<\/li>\n
                                          • Nutritional deficiencies<\/li>\n
                                          • Fluid\/electrolyte imbalances<\/li>\n
                                          • Exposure to toxins (e.g., bacterial or environmental), radiation, alcohol, drugs, teratogens<\/li>\n
                                          • Inherited DNA mutations (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Marfan syndrome)<\/li>\n
                                          • Spontaneous DNA mutations (e.g., the cause of most cancers)<\/li>\n
                                          • Idiopathic<\/li>\n
                                          • Iatrogenic<\/li>\n
                                          • Congenital multifactorial defects (e.g., congenital heart defects, hypospadias, clubfoot (inward turn of foot), Down syndrome, cleft lip and cleft palate, limb defects, and at times mental dysfunction).<\/li>\n
                                          • Trauma, Ischemia, Hypoxia, Chemicals,\u00a0 Electrical\/Temperature Burn, Free Radicals, Reperfusion,<\/li>\n
                                          • Immune dysfunction (Allergies, Auto-immune diseases, Inflammatory diseases)<\/li>\n
                                          • Metabolic diseases (e.g., enzyme mutation\/deficiency)<\/li>\n
                                          • Neoplastic diseases (e.g., benign tumor or malignant tumor)<\/li>\n
                                          • Endogenous\/Exogenous intracellular accumulation due to:\n
                                              \n
                                            • abnormal metabolism (abnormal enzyme function) – occurs in fatty alcoholic liver disease, damaged\/dysfunctional hepatocytes produce & accumulate too much lipid.<\/li>\n
                                            • abnormal protein preparation (e.g. abnormal protein folding or transport) – occurs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), Huntington\u2019s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and prion diseases (Creutzfeldt-Jacob)<\/li>\n
                                            • abnormal lysosome function – occurs in Lysosomal Storage Diseases (e.g. Gaucher Disease)<\/li>\n
                                            • inability to degrade phagocytosed particles (e.g. coal dust, in pneumoconiosis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                \n
                                              • Describe stages of drug discovery, placebo, double blind study, true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative, sensitive test, specific test, valid, reliable<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                  \n
                                                • List types of Diagnostic Tests:\u00a0 Genetic test, Urinalysis, Blood test, Pulmonary function test, Echocardiogram, Electrocardiogram, Electroencephalogram, Electromyogram, Imaging (X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI), Endoscopy, Histology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Describe different types of Necrosis:\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • Liquefaction, Coagulative, Fat, and Caseous Necrosis<\/li>\n
                                                    • Describe the difference between necrosis and apoptosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Dystrophic and Metastatic Calcification, Infarction, Gangrene<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • List factors that may at times pre-dispose to certain ailments:\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • \u00a0Age, Biological Sex, Genetics, Congenital defects, Diet, Lifestyle (e.g. smoking, sedentary behaviour, sleep habits, hobbies, travel), Occupation, Location.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • Define Epidemiology, Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Prevalence, Incidence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              • \n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • Define biopsy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Describe common cellular adaptations and understand why each occurs.\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • Atrophy (and 7 common causes),<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Physiologic Hypertrophy,\u00a0Pathologic Hypertrophy,\u00a0Metaplasia,\u00a0Hyperplasia, Dysplasia,\u00a0Anaplasia, Neoplasia, Benign Tumour, Malignant Tumor, Carcinoma in situ<\/em>, Carcinoma, Metastasis, Oncovirus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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