{"id":4718,"date":"2025-08-24T18:49:45","date_gmt":"2025-08-24T22:49:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4718"},"modified":"2025-12-13T17:53:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T22:53:48","slug":"heart-anatomy-review","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/heart-anatomy-review\/","title":{"raw":"7p1 Heart Anatomy Review","rendered":"7p1 Heart Anatomy Review"},"content":{"raw":"<h1><strong>Overview of Heart Function:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Oxygenated blood<\/strong>\u00a0is pumped from the\u00a0<strong>left side<\/strong>\u00a0of the heart, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Blood returns to the\u00a0<strong>right side<\/strong>\u00a0of the heart, which pumps it through the\u00a0<strong>pulmonary circuit<\/strong>\u00a0for reoxygenation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The cycle repeats continuously.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Heart Structures and Layers:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Great vessels:<\/strong>\u00a0Entry and exit points for blood to and from the heart.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Heart Wall Layers:<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Endocardium:<\/strong>\u00a0Innermost layer, composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue, lines all four heart valves.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Myocardium:<\/strong>\u00a0Middle layer; cardiac muscle with trabeculae carneae (rough, muscular pattern).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Epicardium (visceral layer):<\/strong>\u00a0Outer layer of simple squamous epithelium; secretes serous fluid into the\u00a0<strong>pericardial cavity<\/strong>\u00a0to lubricate and prevent friction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pericardial cavity:<\/strong>\u00a0Space between the visceral and parietal layers containing serous fluid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fibrous pericardium:<\/strong>\u00a0Outermost dense connective tissue layer, inelastic and fibrous, providing protection and anchoring the heart.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2><strong>Mediastinum:<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The region within the thoracic cavity that contains:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<strong>heart<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<strong>esophagus<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<strong>trachea<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Heart Valves:<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Atrioventricular (AV) valves:<\/strong>\u00a0Control blood flow between atria and ventricles:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Mitral (bicuspid) valve:<\/strong>\u00a0Left side.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Tricuspid valve:<\/strong>\u00a0Right side.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Semilunar valves:<\/strong>\u00a0Control outflow from ventricles:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Aortic valve:<\/strong>\u00a0Left ventricle to aorta.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pulmonary valve:<\/strong>\u00a0Right ventricle to pulmonary artery.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Septum:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Thick myocardial layer separating the right and left ventricles, lined with endocardium.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>The Cardiac Cycle:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describes the sequence of electrical and mechanical events during a heartbeat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIncludes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and relaxation phases (diastole).\r\n<h1><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nThis review consolidates foundational anatomy and physiology of the heart, covering its layered structure, valvular functions, and the systemic and pulmonary circuits. Understanding these components is essential for grasping how various diseases impact cardiac function.","rendered":"<h1><strong>Overview of Heart Function:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxygenated blood<\/strong>\u00a0is pumped from the\u00a0<strong>left side<\/strong>\u00a0of the heart, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues.<\/li>\n<li>Blood returns to the\u00a0<strong>right side<\/strong>\u00a0of the heart, which pumps it through the\u00a0<strong>pulmonary circuit<\/strong>\u00a0for reoxygenation.<\/li>\n<li>The cycle repeats continuously.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Heart Structures and Layers:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Great vessels:<\/strong>\u00a0Entry and exit points for blood to and from the heart.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Heart Wall Layers:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Endocardium:<\/strong>\u00a0Innermost layer, composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue, lines all four heart valves.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Myocardium:<\/strong>\u00a0Middle layer; cardiac muscle with trabeculae carneae (rough, muscular pattern).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Epicardium (visceral layer):<\/strong>\u00a0Outer layer of simple squamous epithelium; secretes serous fluid into the\u00a0<strong>pericardial cavity<\/strong>\u00a0to lubricate and prevent friction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pericardial cavity:<\/strong>\u00a0Space between the visceral and parietal layers containing serous fluid.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fibrous pericardium:<\/strong>\u00a0Outermost dense connective tissue layer, inelastic and fibrous, providing protection and anchoring the heart.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong>Mediastinum:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The region within the thoracic cavity that contains:\n<ul>\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>heart<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>esophagus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>trachea<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Heart Valves:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Atrioventricular (AV) valves:<\/strong>\u00a0Control blood flow between atria and ventricles:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mitral (bicuspid) valve:<\/strong>\u00a0Left side.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tricuspid valve:<\/strong>\u00a0Right side.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Semilunar valves:<\/strong>\u00a0Control outflow from ventricles:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aortic valve:<\/strong>\u00a0Left ventricle to aorta.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pulmonary valve:<\/strong>\u00a0Right ventricle to pulmonary artery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Septum:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Thick myocardial layer separating the right and left ventricles, lined with endocardium.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>The Cardiac Cycle:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Describes the sequence of electrical and mechanical events during a heartbeat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and relaxation phases (diastole).<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>This review consolidates foundational anatomy and physiology of the heart, covering its layered structure, valvular functions, and the systemic and pulmonary circuits. Understanding these components is essential for grasping how various diseases impact cardiac function.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-4718","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":55,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4718","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4718\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5278,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4718\/revisions\/5278"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/55"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4718\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4718"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4718"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4718"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4718"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}