{"id":477,"date":"2023-08-22T16:45:06","date_gmt":"2023-08-22T20:45:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&p=477"},"modified":"2026-01-03T16:16:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T21:16:56","slug":"inflammation-fever-healing-cell-proliferation-tissue-regeneration-and-repair","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/inflammation-fever-healing-cell-proliferation-tissue-regeneration-and-repair\/","title":{"raw":"The Inflammatory Response, Fever, Healing, Cell Proliferation, Tissue Regeneration and Repair - Learning Objectives","rendered":"The Inflammatory Response, Fever, Healing, Cell Proliferation, Tissue Regeneration and Repair – Learning Objectives"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

Learning Outcomes and Specific Learning Objectives Study Guide<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nLearning Outcomes:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section you will be able to:\r\n\r\nDescribe common cellular adaptations and understand why each occurs, including:<\/strong>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Use of pathophysiology terminology<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Listing of\u00a0 common causes of cellular damage and types of cellular necrosis.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Familiarization with the steps of inflammation and its role in cell injury and healing<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. Exemplars include: Cuts, Pap smears, Fire Burn Injury, Electrical Burn, Frost bite, Mercury poisoning, Alzheimer\u2019s, Radiation poisoning, Liquefaction of Brain, Liquefaction of infection, Pancreas\/Breast trauma; Myocardial & Kidney Infarction, Tuberculosis, Hypercalcemia, Diabetes circulation<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n\r\nSpecific Learning Objectives Study Guide:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section you will be able to:\r\n\r\nDescribe Normal Defenses of the Body:<\/strong>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • Innate (non-specific) Defenses:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • Mechanical\/Physical<\/strong>\u00a0- skin, hair, mucus, sebum, urination, cilia, cell shedding<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      • Biochemical<\/strong> - <\/span><\/span>sweat, tears & saliva (lysozymes), bile, stomach pH, cerumen, mucus, vaginal secretions, prostatic and testicular secretions,<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Normal Flora<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
      • \r\n
        Phagocytes:<\/strong> (WBCs such as monocytes, fixed and free macrophages, microglia, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells) capable of diapedesis\/emigration\/transmigration.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
      • Complement System<\/strong> (Classical Pathway with antibody, Lectin Pathway, and Alternative Pathway) - involving 30+ complement plasma protein cascade of activation - resulting in opsonization, MAC (Membrane Attack Complexes), stimulation of mast cells & basophils<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Cytokine family:<\/strong>\u00a0 Glycoproteins produced by WBCs, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, stromal (connect tissue) cells\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • \r\n
          Interferons:<\/strong> (chemical messages that stimulate defense)<\/div>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • Alpha Interferons<\/strong> - produced by virally infected host cells to attract & stimulate NK cells and stimulate AVP production in neighbouring cells.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Beta Interferons<\/strong> - produced by fibroblasts to slow inflammation, and promote healing<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Gamma Interferons<\/strong> - produced by T\u00a0 & NK cells to stimulate macrophage activity<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
          • \r\n
            Chemokines:<\/strong> induce chemotaxis<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
          • \r\n
            Lymphokines:<\/strong> produced by T lymphocytes to: 1) attract macrophages & 2) stimulate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
          • \r\n
            Interleukins:<\/strong> produced by helper T cells to:<\/div>\r\n
            1. activate macrophages and stimulate fever (act as endogenous pyrogens)<\/div>\r\n
            2. stimulate T & B cell differentiation<\/div>\r\n
            3. Stimulate hemopoietic cells to proliferate \u2192 producing more WBCs<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
          • \r\n
            Natural Killer cells (NK Lymphocytes) - type of WBC (White Blood Cell\/Leukocyte)<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Inflammatory Response<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
          • Fever<\/strong> - speeds up WBC activity and repairs, inhibits pathogen activity<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • Describe plasma components & define vocabulary words:<\/strong>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • Plasma<\/strong> - liquid matrix containing water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Plasma proteins<\/strong> - antibodies, complement proteins, clotting factors, albumen and transporter proteins<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Platelets\/Thrombocytes<\/strong> - a nuclear cell fragments formed from large megakaryocytes;\u00a0 involved in clotting (hemostasis)<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Leukocytes<\/strong> - WBCs<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Lymphocytes:<\/strong> type of WBC involved in antibody production (B lymphocytes), targeted immune response (T lymphocytes), and surveillance (NK lymphocytes)<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Neutrophils:<\/strong> The most abundant phagocyte in the blood; contain extensive lysosomes<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Eosinophils:<\/strong> Destroy parasitic worms & immune complexes<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Basophils<\/strong> & Mast cells<\/strong>: Release histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes in process known as degranulation<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Erythrocytes<\/strong> - RBCs; transport oxygen & carbon dioxide<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Hematocrit<\/strong> -\u00a0 % by volume of blood that is \u00a0 formed elements<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Anemia:<\/strong> reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to low levels of functional RBCs or hemoglobin.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
              • Polycythemia;<\/strong> greater than normal # of RBCs<\/li>\r\n \t
              • EPO, erythropoietin<\/strong>: hormone that stimulates production of RBCs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • Describe 3 stages of hemostasis:<\/strong>\u00a0 vascular spasm (role of endothelin and tunica media), platelet plug formation (extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, roles of Factor X, thrombin, clotting factors, and Ca++) and coagulation (role of fibrin)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • Describe stages of healing:<\/strong> fibrinolysis (role of tPA, and plasmin) and regeneration (role of PDGF)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • Describe components of the Lymphatic System:<\/strong>\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      • Lymph Vessels<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Lymph Nodes<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Lymphocytes (Helper T, Cytotoxic T, Memory T, Suppressor\/Regulator T, B, Memory B, plasma cells), Cell-mediated and Humoral Immunity<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Macrophages, Dendritic Cells<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Primary and Secondary Response, Vaccination<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Antibody Roles - Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation, Opsonization<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Cytotoxic T cell activity - perforin, lymphotoxin, apoptosis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • \r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          • Explain cause of Inflammation<\/strong> - innate (non-specific) response to tissue injury; caused by: tissue damage from cuts, sprains, chemicals, ischemia, heat, cold, infections, or foreign objects\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • Stimulated by vasoactive chemicals released by mast cells: histamine, prostaglandin, leukotrienes - all induce: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, mucous production (stim. gland secretion), and chemotaxis of WBCs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                            • Explain 5 signs of Inflammation:<\/strong>\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              • \r\n
                                Redness<\/strong> & warmth:<\/strong> due to \u2191 blood flow (hyperemia) to damaged area<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
                              • \r\n
                                Swelling<\/strong> (edema): protein & fluid into interstitial space<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
                              • \r\n
                                Pain:<\/strong> increased pressure of fluid on nerves; release of chemical mediators \u2013 i.e., bradykinins, histamine (itch), prostaglandins<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
                              • \r\n
                                Loss of function<\/strong>: may develop if cells lack nutrients; edema may interfere with movement<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nExplain 2 phases of inflammation:<\/strong>\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                • 1. Vascular:\u00a0 vasodilation & increased cap perm \u2192 exudate (fluid); stagnation of flow & clotting of blood occurs which aids in localizing the spread of infectious microorganisms.\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  • \r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    • Histamine, Leukotrienes, Bradykinin, Prostaglandins:<\/strong> induces vasodilation, increased capillary permeability<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • Histamine:<\/strong> additionally induces itch<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • Prostaglandins:<\/strong> additionally induce pain, fever<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • Bradykinogen<\/strong> (plasma protein): additionally induce pain when in active bradykinin form<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • Histamine receptors<\/strong> found on nerve endings and on blood vessel walls<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • 2. <\/span>Cellular:<\/strong> \u2013 emigration (diapedesis) of WBCs;\u00a0 <\/span>Production of more WBCS (e.g. neutrophils, shift to the left)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      • Four types of Exudate:<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                      • \r\n
                                        1. Serous:<\/strong> watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, & WBCs (e.g. allergic rxns & burns);<\/div>\r\n
                                        2. Fibrinous:<\/strong> thick, sticky, high cell & fibrin content;\u00a0 Increased risk of scar tissue (e.g. severe injuries, rheumatic heart disease, bacterial pneumonia)<\/div>\r\n
                                        3. Purulent<\/strong> (\u201cpus\u201d): thick, yellow-green, contains more WBCs, cell debris, & microorganisms; Bacterial infection \u00a0 \u00a0*An abscess contains purulent exudate<\/div>\r\n
                                        4. Hemorrhagic:<\/strong> blood from damaged blood vessels<\/div>\r\n
                                          \r\n \t
                                        • <\/li>\r\n \t
                                        • \r\n
                                          Mild fever (pyrexia)<\/strong> \u2013 oral temp above 38\u00baC;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Side note:\u00a0 Heatstroke<\/strong> = 40\u00baC or higher)<\/div>\r\n
                                            \r\n \t
                                          • \r\n
                                            Common if inflammation is extensive (can occur with heart attack, stroke, trauma, cancer)<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
                                          • \r\n
                                            Due to WBC release of endogenous pyrogens (interferons, interleukins) or (LPS= LipoPolySaccharide<\/strong> = slimy coat of bacteria = exogenous pyrogen)<\/div>\r\n
                                            \u00a4What is the most accurate way to take someone\u2019s temperature?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rectal<\/div>\r\n
                                            \u00a4What is preferred method?\u00a0 Tympanic for elderly and Axillary for babies<\/div>\r\n
                                            \u00a4What is FUO?<\/strong> Fever of Unknown Origin\u00a0 (unknown drug rxn; undetectable infection\/trauma\/injury\/cancer\/heart attack\/blood clots\/inflammatory disease)<\/div>\r\n
                                            \u00a4What is a blunted\/absent febrile response<\/strong> to infection?\u00a0 Indicates poorer immune response<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          • \r\n
                                            What is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome<\/strong>?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Can be in response to burn or infection and is as follows:\u00a0 Enormous release of inflammatory cytokines \u2192 systemic vasodil. & cap perm \u2192 low BP \u2192 Circulatory\/Septic shock (can be fatal)<\/div>\r\n
                                              \r\n \t
                                            • \r\n
                                              Malaise (Feeling unwell), Fatigue, Headache, Anorexia<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
                                            • \r\n
                                              Decreased mental function (in elderly) due to cerebral hypoxia<\/div>\r\n <\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                                                \r\n \t
                                              • Describe the 4 stages of Fever<\/strong>\r\n
                                                  \r\n \t
                                                • Prodromal<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                • Chills<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                • Flush<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                • Defervescence (Sweating)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                • Define and explain the significance of:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n
                                                    \r\n \t
                                                  • Leukocytosis<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Differential Count<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Plasma<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • C-reactive protein<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Neutrophilia<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Neutropenia<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Lymphocytosis<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Lymphocytopenia<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Thrombocytopenia<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Eosinophilia<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Scar Tissue<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Cellular Regeneration<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Cellular Resolution<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Cellular Replacement<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Granuloma; Granulation tissue<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Healing by 1st Intention<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Healing by 2nd Intention<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Angiogenesis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Explain the presence of liver\/heart proteins in blood<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  • Explain possible complications of inflammation<\/strong>\r\n
                                                      \r\n \t
                                                    • Infection<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    • Deep ulcers<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    • Skeletal Muscle Spasms<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    • Chronic inflammation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    • Explain the difference between<\/strong>\r\n
                                                        \r\n \t
                                                      • ASA<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • Acetaminophen<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • NSAIDs<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • Glucocorticoids<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • Explain RICE<\/strong> (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • Explain stenosis, strictures, contractures, adhesions, keloids<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • Distinguish between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns and basic treatment strategies<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • Define eschar<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      • Define Hypovolemic shock<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n <\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n ","rendered":"
                                                        \n
                                                        \n

                                                        Learning Outcomes and Specific Learning Objectives Study Guide<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                        \n

                                                        Learning Outcomes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                        By the end of this section you will be able to:<\/p>\n

                                                        Describe common cellular adaptations and understand why each occurs, including:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        1. Use of pathophysiology terminology<\/li>\n
                                                        2. Listing of\u00a0 common causes of cellular damage and types of cellular necrosis.<\/li>\n
                                                        3. Familiarization with the steps of inflammation and its role in cell injury and healing<\/li>\n
                                                        4. Exemplars include: Cuts, Pap smears, Fire Burn Injury, Electrical Burn, Frost bite, Mercury poisoning, Alzheimer\u2019s, Radiation poisoning, Liquefaction of Brain, Liquefaction of infection, Pancreas\/Breast trauma; Myocardial & Kidney Infarction, Tuberculosis, Hypercalcemia, Diabetes circulation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                          \n

                                                          Specific Learning Objectives Study Guide:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                          By the end of this section you will be able to:<\/p>\n

                                                          Describe Normal Defenses of the Body:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • Innate (non-specific) Defenses:<\/span><\/strong>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • Mechanical\/Physical<\/strong>\u00a0– skin, hair, mucus, sebum, urination, cilia, cell shedding<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                            • Biochemical<\/strong> – <\/span><\/span>sweat, tears & saliva (lysozymes), bile, stomach pH, cerumen, mucus, vaginal secretions, prostatic and testicular secretions,<\/li>\n
                                                            • Normal Flora<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
                                                            • \n
                                                              Phagocytes:<\/strong> (WBCs such as monocytes, fixed and free macrophages, microglia, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells) capable of diapedesis\/emigration\/transmigration.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                            • Complement System<\/strong> (Classical Pathway with antibody, Lectin Pathway, and Alternative Pathway) – involving 30+ complement plasma protein cascade of activation – resulting in opsonization, MAC (Membrane Attack Complexes), stimulation of mast cells & basophils<\/li>\n
                                                            • Cytokine family:<\/strong>\u00a0 Glycoproteins produced by WBCs, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, stromal (connect tissue) cells\n
                                                                \n
                                                              • \n
                                                                Interferons:<\/strong> (chemical messages that stimulate defense)<\/div>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • Alpha Interferons<\/strong> – produced by virally infected host cells to attract & stimulate NK cells and stimulate AVP production in neighbouring cells.<\/li>\n
                                                                • Beta Interferons<\/strong> – produced by fibroblasts to slow inflammation, and promote healing<\/li>\n
                                                                • Gamma Interferons<\/strong> – produced by T\u00a0 & NK cells to stimulate macrophage activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • \n
                                                                  Chemokines:<\/strong> induce chemotaxis<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • \n
                                                                  Lymphokines:<\/strong> produced by T lymphocytes to: 1) attract macrophages & 2) stimulate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • \n
                                                                  Interleukins:<\/strong> produced by helper T cells to:<\/div>\n
                                                                  1. activate macrophages and stimulate fever (act as endogenous pyrogens)<\/div>\n
                                                                  2. stimulate T & B cell differentiation<\/div>\n
                                                                  3. Stimulate hemopoietic cells to proliferate \u2192 producing more WBCs<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • \n
                                                                  Natural Killer cells (NK Lymphocytes) – type of WBC (White Blood Cell\/Leukocyte)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • Inflammatory Response<\/strong><\/li>\n
                                                                • Fever<\/strong> – speeds up WBC activity and repairs, inhibits pathogen activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Describe plasma components & define vocabulary words:<\/strong>\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • Plasma<\/strong> – liquid matrix containing water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Plasma proteins<\/strong> – antibodies, complement proteins, clotting factors, albumen and transporter proteins<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Platelets\/Thrombocytes<\/strong> – a nuclear cell fragments formed from large megakaryocytes;\u00a0 involved in clotting (hemostasis)<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Leukocytes<\/strong> – WBCs<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Lymphocytes:<\/strong> type of WBC involved in antibody production (B lymphocytes), targeted immune response (T lymphocytes), and surveillance (NK lymphocytes)<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Neutrophils:<\/strong> The most abundant phagocyte in the blood; contain extensive lysosomes<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Eosinophils:<\/strong> Destroy parasitic worms & immune complexes<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Basophils<\/strong> & Mast cells<\/strong>: Release histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes in process known as degranulation<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Erythrocytes<\/strong> – RBCs; transport oxygen & carbon dioxide<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Hematocrit<\/strong> –\u00a0 % by volume of blood that is \u00a0 formed elements<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Anemia:<\/strong> reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to low levels of functional RBCs or hemoglobin.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                    • Polycythemia;<\/strong> greater than normal # of RBCs<\/li>\n
                                                                    • EPO, erythropoietin<\/strong>: hormone that stimulates production of RBCs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • Describe 3 stages of hemostasis:<\/strong>\u00a0 vascular spasm (role of endothelin and tunica media), platelet plug formation (extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, roles of Factor X, thrombin, clotting factors, and Ca++) and coagulation (role of fibrin)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Describe stages of healing:<\/strong> fibrinolysis (role of tPA, and plasmin) and regeneration (role of PDGF)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Describe components of the Lymphatic System:<\/strong>\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            • Lymph Vessels<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Lymph Nodes<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Lymphocytes (Helper T, Cytotoxic T, Memory T, Suppressor\/Regulator T, B, Memory B, plasma cells), Cell-mediated and Humoral Immunity<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Macrophages, Dendritic Cells<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Primary and Secondary Response, Vaccination<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Antibody Roles – Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation, Opsonization<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Cytotoxic T cell activity – perforin, lymphotoxin, apoptosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              • \n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • Explain cause of Inflammation<\/strong> – innate (non-specific) response to tissue injury; caused by: tissue damage from cuts, sprains, chemicals, ischemia, heat, cold, infections, or foreign objects\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • Stimulated by vasoactive chemicals released by mast cells: histamine, prostaglandin, leukotrienes – all induce: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, mucous production (stim. gland secretion), and chemotaxis of WBCs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • Explain 5 signs of Inflammation:<\/strong>\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • \n
                                                                                      Redness<\/strong> & warmth:<\/strong> due to \u2191 blood flow (hyperemia) to damaged area<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • \n
                                                                                      Swelling<\/strong> (edema): protein & fluid into interstitial space<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • \n
                                                                                      Pain:<\/strong> increased pressure of fluid on nerves; release of chemical mediators \u2013 i.e., bradykinins, histamine (itch), prostaglandins<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • \n
                                                                                      Loss of function<\/strong>: may develop if cells lack nutrients; edema may interfere with movement<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                      Explain 2 phases of inflammation:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      • 1. Vascular:\u00a0 vasodilation & increased cap perm \u2192 exudate (fluid); stagnation of flow & clotting of blood occurs which aids in localizing the spread of infectious microorganisms.\n
                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        • \n
                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          • Histamine, Leukotrienes, Bradykinin, Prostaglandins:<\/strong> induces vasodilation, increased capillary permeability<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • Histamine:<\/strong> additionally induces itch<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • Prostaglandins:<\/strong> additionally induce pain, fever<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • Bradykinogen<\/strong> (plasma protein): additionally induce pain when in active bradykinin form<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • Histamine receptors<\/strong> found on nerve endings and on blood vessel walls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • 2. <\/span>Cellular:<\/strong> \u2013 emigration (diapedesis) of WBCs;\u00a0 <\/span>Production of more WBCS (e.g. neutrophils, shift to the left)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            • Four types of Exudate:<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                            • \n
                                                                                              1. Serous:<\/strong> watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, & WBCs (e.g. allergic rxns & burns);<\/div>\n
                                                                                              2. Fibrinous:<\/strong> thick, sticky, high cell & fibrin content;\u00a0 Increased risk of scar tissue (e.g. severe injuries, rheumatic heart disease, bacterial pneumonia)<\/div>\n
                                                                                              3. Purulent<\/strong> (\u201cpus\u201d): thick, yellow-green, contains more WBCs, cell debris, & microorganisms; Bacterial infection \u00a0 \u00a0*An abscess contains purulent exudate<\/div>\n
                                                                                              4. Hemorrhagic:<\/strong> blood from damaged blood vessels<\/div>\n
                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              • <\/li>\n
                                                                                              • \n
                                                                                                Mild fever (pyrexia)<\/strong> \u2013 oral temp above 38\u00baC;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Side note:\u00a0 Heatstroke<\/strong> = 40\u00baC or higher)<\/div>\n
                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                • \n
                                                                                                  Common if inflammation is extensive (can occur with heart attack, stroke, trauma, cancer)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • \n
                                                                                                  Due to WBC release of endogenous pyrogens (interferons, interleukins) or (LPS= LipoPolySaccharide<\/strong> = slimy coat of bacteria = exogenous pyrogen)<\/div>\n
                                                                                                  \u00a4What is the most accurate way to take someone\u2019s temperature?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rectal<\/div>\n
                                                                                                  \u00a4What is preferred method?\u00a0 Tympanic for elderly and Axillary for babies<\/div>\n
                                                                                                  \u00a4What is FUO?<\/strong> Fever of Unknown Origin\u00a0 (unknown drug rxn; undetectable infection\/trauma\/injury\/cancer\/heart attack\/blood clots\/inflammatory disease)<\/div>\n
                                                                                                  \u00a4What is a blunted\/absent febrile response<\/strong> to infection?\u00a0 Indicates poorer immune response<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • \n
                                                                                                  What is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome<\/strong>?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Can be in response to burn or infection and is as follows:\u00a0 Enormous release of inflammatory cytokines \u2192 systemic vasodil. & cap perm \u2192 low BP \u2192 Circulatory\/Septic shock (can be fatal)<\/div>\n
                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                  • \n
                                                                                                    Malaise (Feeling unwell), Fatigue, Headache, Anorexia<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  • \n
                                                                                                    Decreased mental function (in elderly) due to cerebral hypoxia<\/div>\n

                                                                                                     <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                    • Describe the 4 stages of Fever<\/strong>\n
                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                      • Prodromal<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                                      • Chills<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                                      • Flush<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                                      • Defervescence (Sweating)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      • Define and explain the significance of:<\/span><\/strong>\n
                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                        • Leukocytosis<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Differential Count<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Plasma<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • C-reactive protein<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Neutrophilia<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Neutropenia<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Lymphocytosis<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Lymphocytopenia<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Thrombocytopenia<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Eosinophilia<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Scar Tissue<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Cellular Regeneration<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Cellular Resolution<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Cellular Replacement<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Granuloma; Granulation tissue<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Healing by 1st Intention<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Healing by 2nd Intention<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Angiogenesis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Explain the presence of liver\/heart proteins in blood<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
                                                                                                        • Explain possible complications of inflammation<\/strong>\n
                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                          • Infection<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          • Deep ulcers<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          • Skeletal Muscle Spasms<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          • Chronic inflammation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          • Explain the difference between<\/strong>\n
                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                            • ASA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • Acetaminophen<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • NSAIDs<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • Glucocorticoids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • Explain RICE<\/strong> (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • Explain stenosis, strictures, contractures, adhesions, keloids<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • Distinguish between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns and basic treatment strategies<\/strong><\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • Define eschar<\/strong><\/li>\n
                                                                                                            • Define Hypovolemic shock<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                               <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

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