{"id":4781,"date":"2025-08-25T00:49:01","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T04:49:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4781"},"modified":"2026-01-28T18:54:06","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T23:54:06","slug":"blood-pressure-overview-and-clinical-significance","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/blood-pressure-overview-and-clinical-significance\/","title":{"raw":"7p10 Blood Pressure: Overview and Clinical Significance","rendered":"7p10 Blood Pressure: Overview and Clinical Significance"},"content":{"raw":"<h2><strong>What is Blood Pressure?\u00a0 \u00a0What is the Clinical Significance of High or Low Blood Pressure?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5732\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-5732\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer-300x160.png\" alt=\"Blood pressure measurement\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\" \/><\/a> Measurement of blood pressure is done by a trained medical professional using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer, or with an automated blood pressure machine. Accurately performing, effectively analyzing, and routinely monitoring a patient\u2019s vital signs are key components of health care.[\/caption]\r\n<h1><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Highest when blood leaves the heart in the aorta.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Normal Ranges:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Systolic pressure:<\/strong>\u00a0~120 mm Hg \u2014 during ventricular contraction (systole).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Diastolic pressure:<\/strong>\u00a0~80 mm Hg \u2014 during ventricular relaxation (diastole).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = Diastolic BP + 1\/3 (Systolic BP - Diastolic BP) = 80 + 1\/3 (120-80) <\/strong><strong>= 80 +1\/3 (40) = 80 + 13.333 =<\/strong>\u00a0~93 mm Hg \u2014 average pressure in arteries.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[h5p id=\"117\"]\r\n<h1><strong>Pressure Gradient:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Blood flows from\u00a0<strong>high pressure<\/strong> regions (aorta, arteries) to <strong>low pressure<\/strong>\u00a0regions (veins, right atrium).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pressure drops progressively through the Systemic Circuit:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Aorta: ~120 mm Hg (systolic), 80 mm Hg (diastolic), and 93mm Hg (MAP)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Capillaries: ~35 mm Hg<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Venous system: ~18 mm Hg<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Right atrium: ~2 mm Hg<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <strong>pressure difference<\/strong> (e.g., 93mm Hg to 2 mm Hg) drives blood flow.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The body maintains blood pressure within <strong>normal limits (~120\/80 mm Hg)<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Factors Influencing Blood Pressure:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cardiac output:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Higher heart rate or stroke volume increases pressure.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Total Peripheral Resistance:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Increased resistance (e.g., narrowed arteries) raises blood pressure.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Blood Flow is inversely related to resistance, so when <strong>resistance increases (vasoconstriction),<\/strong> <strong>blood flow decreases in that area<\/strong>.\u00a0 Likewise, when <strong>resistance decreases (vasodilation)<\/strong>, <strong>blood flow increases in that area<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Importance of Maintaining Normal Blood Pressure<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<strong>Why control blood pressure?<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>High blood pressure (hypertension):<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Damages blood vessel walls, causing thickening and stiffening (loss of elasticity).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Forces the heart to work harder, risking cardiac strain, heart deterioration and failure.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Often asymptomatic but can silently cause vascular damage, increasing risks of atherosclerosis, organ damage, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular disease.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Low blood pressure (hypotension):<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Reduces tissue perfusion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Leads to hypoxia, which can especially affect the brain causing dizziness, fainting, confusion, blurred vision, fatigue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Risk of inadequate blood flow to vital organs, especially brain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The body compensates by increasing HR via medulla to restore pressure.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Local (Autoregulation) &amp; Systemic (Neural and Hormonal) Regulation of Blood Pressure:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Autoregulation (local control):<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In tissues (e.g., arm muscles), local changes (like increased activity or hypoxia) trigger vasodilation\u2014reducing resistance to increase blood flow.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Example: During exercise, muscles signal for vasodilation to meet oxygen demand.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Systemic Short-term Regulation: Neural Mechanisms<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<strong>medulla oblongata<\/strong>\u00a0adjusts HR and vessel tone via the\u00a0<strong>cardiac accelerator<\/strong>\u00a0(sympathetic) and\u00a0<strong>vagal<\/strong>\u00a0(parasympathetic) centers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>High blood pressure:<\/strong>\u00a0Triggers parasympathetic response, leading to vasodilation, slowed HR, and reduced cardiac output.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Low blood pressure:<\/strong>\u00a0Triggers sympathetic response, increasing HR, contractility, and vasoconstriction to raise BP.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Systemic Long-term Regulation: Hormonal Mechanisms<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-ADH System (RAAAS):<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Activated when blood pressure (BP) and\/or blood volume (BV) drops.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kidneys release\u00a0<strong>renin<\/strong>, converting\u00a0<strong>angiotensinogen<\/strong>\u00a0into\u00a0<strong>angiotensin I<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) produced in lungs:<\/strong>\u00a0Converts angiotensin I to\u00a0<strong>angiotensin II<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Angiotensin II:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Potent vasoconstrictor (raises BP).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stimulates\u00a0<strong>aldosterone<\/strong> secretion from the cortex adrenal glands\u2014to retain salt and water, increasing blood volume and BP.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stimulates\u00a0<strong>posterior pituitary gland<\/strong>\u00a0to release\u00a0<strong>ADH (<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">A<\/span>nti<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">d<\/span>iuretic <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">h<\/span>ormone)<\/strong>, which reabsorbs water in kidneys, further increasing blood volume and BP.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Response to High Blood Pressure:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Release of\u00a0<strong>Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP):<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Released from atria when blood volume\/pressure is high.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Promotes\u00a0<strong>natriuresis<\/strong> (salt excretion) by the kidneys.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Within the nephron tubules, water follows salt to be excreted in the form of urine, lowering both blood volume and BP.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Inhibits\u00a0<strong>renin<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>aldosterone<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>vasoconstriction<\/strong>\u2014promoting vasodilation, further lowering blood volume and BP.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h1><strong>Clinical Considerations:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hypertension:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Common; about 25% of Canadians affected.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Often undiagnosed; increases risk of cardiovascular complications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Risk factors include obesity, inactivity, poor diet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hypotension:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Can cause dizziness, fainting, organ hypoxia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The body responds by increasing heart rate to compensate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Summary:\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nMaintaining <strong>blood pressure<\/strong> within a healthy range is essential for effective <strong>tissue perfusion<\/strong> and preventing vascular and cardiac damage. Regular monitoring and lifestyle adjustments are key to managing blood pressure health.\r\n\r\nThe body maintains blood pressure through <strong>rapid neural responses (parasympathetic and sympathetic)<\/strong> and <strong>long-term hormonal regulation<\/strong> via the RAAAS system and atrial natriuretic peptide. These systems work together to modulate HR, contractility, vessel diameter, and blood volume, ensuring tissues receive adequate blood flow under varying physiological conditions.","rendered":"<h2><strong>What is Blood Pressure?\u00a0 \u00a0What is the Clinical Significance of High or Low Blood Pressure?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5732\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5732\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5732\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer-300x160.png\" alt=\"Blood pressure measurement\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer-1024x545.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer-768x409.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer-65x35.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer-225x120.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer-350x186.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2026\/01\/Sphygmomanometer.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5732\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Measurement of blood pressure is done by a trained medical professional using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer, or with an automated blood pressure machine. Accurately performing, effectively analyzing, and routinely monitoring a patient\u2019s vital signs are key components of health care.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels.<\/li>\n<li>Highest when blood leaves the heart in the aorta.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Normal Ranges:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Systolic pressure:<\/strong>\u00a0~120 mm Hg \u2014 during ventricular contraction (systole).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Diastolic pressure:<\/strong>\u00a0~80 mm Hg \u2014 during ventricular relaxation (diastole).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = Diastolic BP + 1\/3 (Systolic BP &#8211; Diastolic BP) = 80 + 1\/3 (120-80) <\/strong><strong>= 80 +1\/3 (40) = 80 + 13.333 =<\/strong>\u00a0~93 mm Hg \u2014 average pressure in arteries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"h5p-117\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-117\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"117\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Blood Pressure\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><strong>Pressure Gradient:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Blood flows from\u00a0<strong>high pressure<\/strong> regions (aorta, arteries) to <strong>low pressure<\/strong>\u00a0regions (veins, right atrium).<\/li>\n<li>Pressure drops progressively through the Systemic Circuit:\n<ul>\n<li>Aorta: ~120 mm Hg (systolic), 80 mm Hg (diastolic), and 93mm Hg (MAP)<\/li>\n<li>Capillaries: ~35 mm Hg<\/li>\n<li>Venous system: ~18 mm Hg<\/li>\n<li>Right atrium: ~2 mm Hg<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>pressure difference<\/strong> (e.g., 93mm Hg to 2 mm Hg) drives blood flow.<\/li>\n<li>The body maintains blood pressure within <strong>normal limits (~120\/80 mm Hg)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Factors Influencing Blood Pressure:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cardiac output:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Higher heart rate or stroke volume increases pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Total Peripheral Resistance:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased resistance (e.g., narrowed arteries) raises blood pressure.<\/li>\n<li>Blood Flow is inversely related to resistance, so when <strong>resistance increases (vasoconstriction),<\/strong> <strong>blood flow decreases in that area<\/strong>.\u00a0 Likewise, when <strong>resistance decreases (vasodilation)<\/strong>, <strong>blood flow increases in that area<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Importance of Maintaining Normal Blood Pressure<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><strong>Why control blood pressure?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>High blood pressure (hypertension):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Damages blood vessel walls, causing thickening and stiffening (loss of elasticity).<\/li>\n<li>Forces the heart to work harder, risking cardiac strain, heart deterioration and failure.<\/li>\n<li>Often asymptomatic but can silently cause vascular damage, increasing risks of atherosclerosis, organ damage, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Low blood pressure (hypotension):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces tissue perfusion.<\/li>\n<li>Leads to hypoxia, which can especially affect the brain causing dizziness, fainting, confusion, blurred vision, fatigue.<\/li>\n<li>Risk of inadequate blood flow to vital organs, especially brain.<\/li>\n<li>The body compensates by increasing HR via medulla to restore pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Local (Autoregulation) &amp; Systemic (Neural and Hormonal) Regulation of Blood Pressure:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Autoregulation (local control):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>In tissues (e.g., arm muscles), local changes (like increased activity or hypoxia) trigger vasodilation\u2014reducing resistance to increase blood flow.<\/li>\n<li>Example: During exercise, muscles signal for vasodilation to meet oxygen demand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Systemic Short-term Regulation: Neural Mechanisms<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>medulla oblongata<\/strong>\u00a0adjusts HR and vessel tone via the\u00a0<strong>cardiac accelerator<\/strong>\u00a0(sympathetic) and\u00a0<strong>vagal<\/strong>\u00a0(parasympathetic) centers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>High blood pressure:<\/strong>\u00a0Triggers parasympathetic response, leading to vasodilation, slowed HR, and reduced cardiac output.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Low blood pressure:<\/strong>\u00a0Triggers sympathetic response, increasing HR, contractility, and vasoconstriction to raise BP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Systemic Long-term Regulation: Hormonal Mechanisms<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-ADH System (RAAAS):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Activated when blood pressure (BP) and\/or blood volume (BV) drops.<\/li>\n<li>Kidneys release\u00a0<strong>renin<\/strong>, converting\u00a0<strong>angiotensinogen<\/strong>\u00a0into\u00a0<strong>angiotensin I<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) produced in lungs:<\/strong>\u00a0Converts angiotensin I to\u00a0<strong>angiotensin II<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Angiotensin II:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Potent vasoconstrictor (raises BP).<\/li>\n<li>Stimulates\u00a0<strong>aldosterone<\/strong> secretion from the cortex adrenal glands\u2014to retain salt and water, increasing blood volume and BP.<\/li>\n<li>Stimulates\u00a0<strong>posterior pituitary gland<\/strong>\u00a0to release\u00a0<strong>ADH (<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">A<\/span>nti<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">d<\/span>iuretic <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">h<\/span>ormone)<\/strong>, which reabsorbs water in kidneys, further increasing blood volume and BP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Response to High Blood Pressure:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Release of\u00a0<strong>Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Released from atria when blood volume\/pressure is high.<\/li>\n<li>Promotes\u00a0<strong>natriuresis<\/strong> (salt excretion) by the kidneys.<\/li>\n<li>Within the nephron tubules, water follows salt to be excreted in the form of urine, lowering both blood volume and BP.<\/li>\n<li>Inhibits\u00a0<strong>renin<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>aldosterone<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>vasoconstriction<\/strong>\u2014promoting vasodilation, further lowering blood volume and BP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1><strong>Clinical Considerations:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypertension:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Common; about 25% of Canadians affected.<\/li>\n<li>Often undiagnosed; increases risk of cardiovascular complications.<\/li>\n<li>Risk factors include obesity, inactivity, poor diet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hypotension:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Can cause dizziness, fainting, organ hypoxia.<\/li>\n<li>The body responds by increasing heart rate to compensate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Summary:\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Maintaining <strong>blood pressure<\/strong> within a healthy range is essential for effective <strong>tissue perfusion<\/strong> and preventing vascular and cardiac damage. Regular monitoring and lifestyle adjustments are key to managing blood pressure health.<\/p>\n<p>The body maintains blood pressure through <strong>rapid neural responses (parasympathetic and sympathetic)<\/strong> and <strong>long-term hormonal regulation<\/strong> via the RAAAS system and atrial natriuretic peptide. These systems work together to modulate HR, contractility, vessel diameter, and blood volume, ensuring tissues receive adequate blood flow under varying physiological conditions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-attributions clear\" prefix:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\" prefix:dc=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\"><h2>Media Attributions<\/h2><ul><li about=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/fundamentals-nursing\/pages\/7-introduction\"><a rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/fundamentals-nursing\/pages\/7-introduction\" property=\"dc:title\">Sphygmomanometer<\/a>  &copy;  NIH Clinical Center\/Flickr  adapted by  <a rel=\"dc:source\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/fundamentals-nursing\/pages\/7-introduction\">OpenStax Fundamentals of Nursing<\/a>  is licensed under a  <a rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\">CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a> license<\/li><\/ul><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":16,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-4781","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":55,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4781","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5742,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4781\/revisions\/5742"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/55"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4781\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4781"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4781"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}