{"id":4893,"date":"2025-11-22T17:56:05","date_gmt":"2025-11-22T22:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4893"},"modified":"2026-05-28T15:23:26","modified_gmt":"2026-05-28T19:23:26","slug":"urinalysis-diagnostic-tests","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/urinalysis-diagnostic-tests\/","title":{"raw":"8p5 Urinalysis Diagnostic Tests","rendered":"8p5 Urinalysis Diagnostic Tests"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>Urinalysis Diagnostic Tests:<\/strong>\r\n<h1><strong>1. Appearance:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Should be <strong>straw-colored<\/strong>(light yellow).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Dark urine <\/strong>indicates dehydration.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Clear urine:\u00a0 <\/strong>Indicates proper hydration, but if very clear, could suggest overhydration.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cloudy urine:\u00a0 <\/strong>Possible presence of:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>protein (proteinuria, albuminuria)<\/strong>,<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>blood (hematuria)<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>bacteria (bacteriuria)<\/strong>, or<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pus (pyuria)<\/strong>\u2014signs of <strong>infection<\/strong> or <strong>damage<\/strong> to <strong>glomeruli<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4160\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"297\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"wp-image-4160 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-297x300.jpg\" alt=\"Urinalysis as a common diagnostic tool for autoimmune diseases\" width=\"297\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Collage showing the procedure of urinalysis. Left: A urine test strip is immersed into the sample. Top right: A urine sample is about to be examined under a phase-contrast microscope using a Neubauer counting chamber. The urine is under the cover slide, in the upper segment formed by the H-shaped grooves. Bottom right: Phase-contrast microscopic image showing many white blood cells in the urine (pyuria). Urinalysis is a common test when diagnosing autoimmune disorders in order to assess renal injury, proteinuria, hematuria, or inflammatory markers.[\/caption]\r\n<h1><strong>2. Odour:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Generally mild. Strong odour suggests infection or other issues.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Specific gravity and Osmotic Concentration:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Measures <strong>solutes concentration<\/strong>. Normal range indicates proper hydration and kidney function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Specific gravity:\u00a0 <\/strong>Slightly above 1.000 (i.e. 1.010-1.025) \u2014reflects some solutes in water.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Higher<\/strong> <strong>specific gravity:<\/strong> concentrated urine, possibly due to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>dehydration, or<\/li>\r\n \t<li>high solute load.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Lower specific gravity:<\/strong> dilute urine, possibly due to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>overhydration,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>nephron damage (inability to concentrate urine \u2013 common in renal tubular damage and Diabetes Insipidus= a disease characterized by low ADH release by pituitary gland).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>3. Blood &amp; Microorganisms in Urine:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hematuria:\u00a0 <\/strong>Blood in urine\u2014can indicate glomerular damage or kidney trauma.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>White blood cells in Urine:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Excess indicates infection (<strong>pyuria<\/strong>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bacteria seen under microscopy suggest urinary tract infection (UTI).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pus:\u00a0 <\/strong>Collection of dead cells and bacteria, indicating infection.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Proteinuria:<\/strong> Sign of\u00a0<strong>glomerular damage<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>inflammation<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>4. Waste Products in Urine:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Urea, creatinine, ammonia, uric acid, bilirubin:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Urea:\u00a0 <\/strong>Main nitrogenous waste from <strong>protein<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Creatinine:\u00a0 <\/strong>From <strong>muscle<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ammonia:\u00a0 <\/strong>Toxic, formed from <strong>amino<\/strong> <strong>acid<\/strong> deamination during protein break-down; converted to <strong>urea<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Uric acid:\u00a0 <\/strong>From <strong>DNA<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bilirubin:\u00a0 <\/strong>From <strong>hemoglobin<\/strong> breakdown; hyperbilirubinemia (high levels of bilirubin in the blood) indicates liver or hemolytic issues.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Elevated levels indicate\u00a0<strong>kidney dysfunction <\/strong>or\u00a0<strong>liver problems<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>5. pH:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Urine pH varies but is usually\u00a0<strong>slightly acidic<\/strong>(~4.5\u20138).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong>6. Safety &amp; Cultural Notes:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Urine\u00a0<strong>should be sterile<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bright color or unusual odor <\/strong>may suggest infection or contamination.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cultural curiosity:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Drinking urine is <strong>not recommended <\/strong>due to potential toxins and bacteria.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Saltwater rinses <\/strong>can reduce toxin release from jellyfish stings; fresh water may worsen symptoms.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<h1><strong>7. Microscopic Analysis:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Urinary casts:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Cylindrical structures formed from\u00a0<strong>cell debris, proteins, or blood<\/strong>\u00a0within the tubules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Clumped cells or fibers:<\/strong>\u00a0Sign of\u00a0<strong>glomerular damage<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>tubular injury<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Not normal, can occur if bacteria or protein are present.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>8. Glucose and Ketones:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Glucose:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Usually reabsorbed in the nephron; presence in urine indicates <strong>nephron<\/strong> <strong>overload <\/strong>or\u00a0<strong>damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Risk Factor: High blood glucose (<strong>hyperglycemia<\/strong>) typical in\u00a0<strong>diabetes mellitus<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ketones:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Products of <strong>fatty acid breakdown<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Elevated in <strong>diabetic ketoacidosis <\/strong>when glucose utilization is impaired and <strong>lipids<\/strong> are used as fuel molecule.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Excessive breakdown of <strong>fats<\/strong> leads to <strong>ketonemia<\/strong> (ketones in blood) and then\u00a0<strong>ketonuria<\/strong>(ketones in urine).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>9. Blood and Waste Products:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Elevated\u00a0<strong>urea<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>creatinine<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>ammonia<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>uric acid<\/strong>, or\u00a0<strong>bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0suggest\u00a0<strong>organ dysfunction<\/strong>\u00a0(kidney or liver).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>High urea<\/strong> can also be due to increased protein intake, or dehydration, or GI bleeding (due to plasma protein breakdown in GI)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<h1><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nUrinalysis provides crucial information on kidney function, hydration, infection, and metabolic status. Detection of glucose, ketones, blood, or bacteria indicates underlying pathology such as diabetes or infection. Microscopic examination reveals evidence of tissue damage, renal injury, or disease progression, supporting diagnosis and treatment planning.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p><strong>Urinalysis Diagnostic Tests:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1><strong>1. Appearance:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Should be <strong>straw-colored<\/strong>(light yellow).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dark urine <\/strong>indicates dehydration.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Clear urine:\u00a0 <\/strong>Indicates proper hydration, but if very clear, could suggest overhydration.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cloudy urine:\u00a0 <\/strong>Possible presence of:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>protein (proteinuria, albuminuria)<\/strong>,<\/li>\n<li><strong>blood (hematuria)<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>bacteria (bacteriuria)<\/strong>, or<\/li>\n<li><strong>pus (pyuria)<\/strong>\u2014signs of <strong>infection<\/strong> or <strong>damage<\/strong> to <strong>glomeruli<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4160\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4160\" style=\"width: 297px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4160 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-297x300.jpg\" alt=\"Urinalysis as a common diagnostic tool for autoimmune diseases\" width=\"297\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-297x300.jpg 297w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-1014x1024.jpg 1014w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-768x775.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-1522x1536.jpg 1522w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-2029x2048.jpg 2029w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-65x66.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-225x227.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1961\/2024\/09\/Urinalysis_collage-scaled-4-350x353.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 297px) 100vw, 297px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4160\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collage showing the procedure of urinalysis. Left: A urine test strip is immersed into the sample. Top right: A urine sample is about to be examined under a phase-contrast microscope using a Neubauer counting chamber. The urine is under the cover slide, in the upper segment formed by the H-shaped grooves. Bottom right: Phase-contrast microscopic image showing many white blood cells in the urine (pyuria). Urinalysis is a common test when diagnosing autoimmune disorders in order to assess renal injury, proteinuria, hematuria, or inflammatory markers.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1><strong>2. Odour:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Generally mild. Strong odour suggests infection or other issues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Specific gravity and Osmotic Concentration:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Measures <strong>solutes concentration<\/strong>. Normal range indicates proper hydration and kidney function.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Specific gravity:\u00a0 <\/strong>Slightly above 1.000 (i.e. 1.010-1.025) \u2014reflects some solutes in water.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Higher<\/strong> <strong>specific gravity:<\/strong> concentrated urine, possibly due to:\n<ul>\n<li>dehydration, or<\/li>\n<li>high solute load.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lower specific gravity:<\/strong> dilute urine, possibly due to:\n<ul>\n<li>overhydration,<\/li>\n<li>nephron damage (inability to concentrate urine \u2013 common in renal tubular damage and Diabetes Insipidus= a disease characterized by low ADH release by pituitary gland).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>3. Blood &amp; Microorganisms in Urine:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hematuria:\u00a0 <\/strong>Blood in urine\u2014can indicate glomerular damage or kidney trauma.<\/li>\n<li><strong>White blood cells in Urine:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Excess indicates infection (<strong>pyuria<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>Bacteria seen under microscopy suggest urinary tract infection (UTI).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pus:\u00a0 <\/strong>Collection of dead cells and bacteria, indicating infection.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proteinuria:<\/strong> Sign of\u00a0<strong>glomerular damage<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>inflammation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>4. Waste Products in Urine:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Urea, creatinine, ammonia, uric acid, bilirubin:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Urea:\u00a0 <\/strong>Main nitrogenous waste from <strong>protein<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Creatinine:\u00a0 <\/strong>From <strong>muscle<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ammonia:\u00a0 <\/strong>Toxic, formed from <strong>amino<\/strong> <strong>acid<\/strong> deamination during protein break-down; converted to <strong>urea<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uric acid:\u00a0 <\/strong>From <strong>DNA<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Bilirubin:\u00a0 <\/strong>From <strong>hemoglobin<\/strong> breakdown; hyperbilirubinemia (high levels of bilirubin in the blood) indicates liver or hemolytic issues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Elevated levels indicate\u00a0<strong>kidney dysfunction <\/strong>or\u00a0<strong>liver problems<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>5. pH:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine pH varies but is usually\u00a0<strong>slightly acidic<\/strong>(~4.5\u20138).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong>6. Safety &amp; Cultural Notes:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine\u00a0<strong>should be sterile<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bright color or unusual odor <\/strong>may suggest infection or contamination.<\/li>\n<li>Cultural curiosity:\n<ul>\n<li>Drinking urine is <strong>not recommended <\/strong>due to potential toxins and bacteria.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Saltwater rinses <\/strong>can reduce toxin release from jellyfish stings; fresh water may worsen symptoms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1><strong>7. Microscopic Analysis:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Urinary casts:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Cylindrical structures formed from\u00a0<strong>cell debris, proteins, or blood<\/strong>\u00a0within the tubules.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Clumped cells or fibers:<\/strong>\u00a0Sign of\u00a0<strong>glomerular damage<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>tubular injury<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Not normal, can occur if bacteria or protein are present.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>8. Glucose and Ketones:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Glucose:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Usually reabsorbed in the nephron; presence in urine indicates <strong>nephron<\/strong> <strong>overload <\/strong>or\u00a0<strong>damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Risk Factor: High blood glucose (<strong>hyperglycemia<\/strong>) typical in\u00a0<strong>diabetes mellitus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ketones:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Products of <strong>fatty acid breakdown<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Elevated in <strong>diabetic ketoacidosis <\/strong>when glucose utilization is impaired and <strong>lipids<\/strong> are used as fuel molecule.<\/li>\n<li>Excessive breakdown of <strong>fats<\/strong> leads to <strong>ketonemia<\/strong> (ketones in blood) and then\u00a0<strong>ketonuria<\/strong>(ketones in urine).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>9. Blood and Waste Products:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Elevated\u00a0<strong>urea<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>creatinine<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>ammonia<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>uric acid<\/strong>, or\u00a0<strong>bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0suggest\u00a0<strong>organ dysfunction<\/strong>\u00a0(kidney or liver).<\/li>\n<li><strong>High urea<\/strong> can also be due to increased protein intake, or dehydration, or GI bleeding (due to plasma protein breakdown in GI)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Urinalysis provides crucial information on kidney function, hydration, infection, and metabolic status. Detection of glucose, ketones, blood, or bacteria indicates underlying pathology such as diabetes or infection. Microscopic examination reveals evidence of tissue damage, renal injury, or disease progression, supporting diagnosis and treatment planning.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-attributions clear\" prefix:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\" prefix:dc=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\"><h2>Media Attributions<\/h2><ul><li about=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Urinalysis_collage.jpg\"><a rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Urinalysis_collage.jpg\" property=\"dc:title\">Private: Urinalysis_collage<\/a>  &copy;  Spicy, Stevenfruitsmaak, and Bobjgalindo    is licensed under a  <a rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a> license<\/li><\/ul><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-4893","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":59,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4893","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4893\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6377,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4893\/revisions\/6377"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/59"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4893\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4893"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4893"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4893"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4893"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}