{"id":4943,"date":"2025-11-22T19:05:13","date_gmt":"2025-11-23T00:05:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4943"},"modified":"2025-12-07T23:15:18","modified_gmt":"2025-12-08T04:15:18","slug":"acute-kidney-injury-three-categories-1-pre-renal-2-intrarenal-and-3-post-renal","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/acute-kidney-injury-three-categories-1-pre-renal-2-intrarenal-and-3-post-renal\/","title":{"raw":"8p15 Acute Kidney Injury - Three Categories:\u00a0 1. Pre-Renal, 2. Intrarenal and 3. Post-Renal","rendered":"8p15 Acute Kidney Injury &#8211; Three Categories:\u00a0 1. Pre-Renal, 2. Intrarenal and 3. Post-Renal"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>Acute Kidney Injury - Three Categories:\u00a0 1. Pre-Renal, 2. Intrarenal and 3. Post-Renal:<\/strong>\r\n<h1><strong> Pre-renal Kidney Injury:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Definition:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Damage or impairment\u00a0<strong>before<\/strong>\u00a0the blood reaches the kidney.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Causes:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Circulatory shock:<\/strong>\u00a0Severe reduction in blood flow due to\u00a0<strong>hemorrhage<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>burns<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>crush injuries<\/strong>, <strong>myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism,<\/strong> or <strong>severe dehydration<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cardiogenic Shock <\/strong>due to <strong>Heart failure or MI:<\/strong>\u00a0Heart's inability to pump effectively reduces blood pressure and flow to kidneys.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hypovolemic Shock<\/strong> due to <strong>hemorrhaging, burns, or severe dehydration<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Systemic vasodilation:<\/strong> Due to\u00a0<strong>septic shock<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>severe infections<\/strong>, or\u00a0<strong>drug effects<\/strong>, leading to\u00a0<strong>low blood pressure<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>reduced renal perfusion<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hemolytic transfusion reactions<\/strong> or severe muscle injury -resulting in large proteins (hemoglobin or myoglobin) <strong>damaging <\/strong>the glomeruli and nephron tubules.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Bad blood transfusions - cause hemolysis with <strong>free hemoglobin<\/strong> accumulating in glomeruli causing damage<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Rhabdomyolysis<\/strong> (skeletal muscle damage) leading to accumulation of myoglobin in glomeruli causing damage<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ischemia:<\/strong>\u00a0Reduced blood flow causes\u00a0<strong>tubular necrosis<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Damage primarily affects\u00a0<strong>nephrons<\/strong>, especially the\u00a0<strong>glomerulus<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Damage can extend to\u00a0<strong>surrounding capillaries<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>glomerular structures<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Outcome:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Rapid cell death (<strong>necrosis<\/strong>), leading to\u00a0<strong>acute tubular necrosis (ATN)<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The damage is\u00a0<strong>outside the kidney<\/strong>, but flow into the kidney is\u00a0<strong>impeded<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Link Between Damage and Function:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Damage to glomeruli<\/strong>\u00a0or tubules reduces\u00a0<strong>filtration<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Inflammation and edema<\/strong> further worsen renal tissue injury.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Blood flow impairment<\/strong>\u00a0causes\u00a0<strong>tissue cell dysfunction\/death<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>damage to renal capillaries<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary:\u00a0 <\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Prerenal<\/strong> injury results from <strong>low blood flow<\/strong> or <strong>impaired perfusion<\/strong> causing <strong>ischemic damage<\/strong> to the nephron tissue, which can become <strong>irreversible<\/strong> if blood flow is not restored quickly.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The damage\u00a0<strong>occurs outside<\/strong>\u00a0the kidney but affects\u00a0<strong>its function directly<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Early recognition and correction of blood flow issues can prevent\u00a0<strong>permanent kidney damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Intra-Renal Kidney Injury (Intrinsic Renal Damage):<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<strong>Definition:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Intra-renal<\/strong>\u00a0(within the kidney) injury refers to\u00a0<strong>damage occurring directly inside the kidney<\/strong>\u00a0itself.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Causes:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Infection:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN):<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Autoimmune response involving\u00a0<strong>antibody deposition<\/strong>\u00a0in the glomeruli.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results in\u00a0<strong>glomerular destruction<\/strong>\u00a0and impaired filtration.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pyelonephritis:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bacterial infection<\/strong>\u00a0that ascends from the urinary tract.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Causes\u00a0<strong>inflammation<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>tissue damage<\/strong>\u00a0within the kidney.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Nephrotoxic drugs:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Chemicals or toxins<\/strong>\u00a0that damage kidney tissue.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>NSAIDs<\/strong>\u00a0(e.g., ibuprofen), which impair blood flow and cause\u00a0<strong>tubular necrosis<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Acetaminophen<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>aspirin<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Penicillin<\/strong>\u00a0(especially in high doses or prolonged use).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Toxins or bacteria cause\u00a0<strong>tubular necrosis<\/strong>, damaging the\u00a0<strong>nephrons<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>White blood cell accumulation<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>pus formation<\/strong>\u00a0occur as part of the inflammatory response.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Edema and\u00a0<strong>collateral damage<\/strong>\u00a0further impair function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ischemia<\/strong>\u00a0worsens the injury, leading to\u00a0<strong>tissue death<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong>\r\nThis type of injury can be <strong>acute<\/strong> and severe, often reversible if identified early and the offending agents are removed or treated.\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIntra-renal kidney injury involves directly damaging processes inside the kidney, mainly due to infection or toxins. Recognizing causes like <strong>glomerulonephritis<\/strong> or <strong>drug toxicity<\/strong> is essential, as early intervention can prevent permanent damage leading to <strong>kidney failure<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong>Post-Renal Kidney Injury (Obstructive Kidney Damage):<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<strong>Definition:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Post-renal<\/strong>\u00a0injury occurs\u00a0<strong>after<\/strong>\u00a0the kidneys, caused by an\u00a0<strong>obstruction<\/strong>\u00a0that prevents urine from draining.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unilateral<\/strong>\u00a0obstruction (one ureter) typically does not cause significant loss of renal function because the other kidney compensates.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bilateral<\/strong>\u00a0obstruction can be\u00a0<strong>life-threatening<\/strong>, leading to\u00a0<strong>acute kidney injury<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Causes:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Obstruction of both ureters:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Critical for causing renal failure because both kidneys are blocked.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Could be caused by:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Stones (calculi):<\/strong>\u00a0Impacted in both ureters.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tumors affecting the ureters or\u00a0<strong>bladder mass<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Strictures<\/strong> or fibrosis obstructing urine flow.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Clots or blood accumulation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Obstruction of lower urinary tract:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bladder outlet obstruction:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bladder tumors.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Urethral blockage:<\/strong>\u00a0Due to strictures or urethral trauma.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Obstruction causes\u00a0<strong>urine retention<\/strong>\u00a0proximal to the blockage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Urine backup<\/strong>\u00a0increases pressure in the kidneys, leading to\u00a0<strong>hydronephrosis<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Increased pressure damages renal tissue, causing\u00a0<strong>necrosis<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>scarring<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If unchecked, this damage results in\u00a0<strong>kidney failure<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Post-renal failure results from <strong>obstruction<\/strong> downstream of the kidneys\u2014most critically when <strong>both ureters are blocked<\/strong>\u2014leading to <strong>urine build-up, pressure damage,<\/strong> and<strong> potential kidney failure<\/strong>. Early detection and relieving the obstruction are essential to prevent irreversible renal damage.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p><strong>Acute Kidney Injury &#8211; Three Categories:\u00a0 1. Pre-Renal, 2. Intrarenal and 3. Post-Renal:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1><strong> Pre-renal Kidney Injury:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Definition:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Damage or impairment\u00a0<strong>before<\/strong>\u00a0the blood reaches the kidney.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Causes:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Circulatory shock:<\/strong>\u00a0Severe reduction in blood flow due to\u00a0<strong>hemorrhage<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>burns<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>crush injuries<\/strong>, <strong>myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism,<\/strong> or <strong>severe dehydration<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cardiogenic Shock <\/strong>due to <strong>Heart failure or MI:<\/strong>\u00a0Heart&#8217;s inability to pump effectively reduces blood pressure and flow to kidneys.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hypovolemic Shock<\/strong> due to <strong>hemorrhaging, burns, or severe dehydration<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Systemic vasodilation:<\/strong> Due to\u00a0<strong>septic shock<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>severe infections<\/strong>, or\u00a0<strong>drug effects<\/strong>, leading to\u00a0<strong>low blood pressure<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>reduced renal perfusion<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hemolytic transfusion reactions<\/strong> or severe muscle injury -resulting in large proteins (hemoglobin or myoglobin) <strong>damaging <\/strong>the glomeruli and nephron tubules.\n<ul>\n<li>Bad blood transfusions &#8211; cause hemolysis with <strong>free hemoglobin<\/strong> accumulating in glomeruli causing damage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rhabdomyolysis<\/strong> (skeletal muscle damage) leading to accumulation of myoglobin in glomeruli causing damage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ischemia:<\/strong>\u00a0Reduced blood flow causes\u00a0<strong>tubular necrosis<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Damage primarily affects\u00a0<strong>nephrons<\/strong>, especially the\u00a0<strong>glomerulus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Damage can extend to\u00a0<strong>surrounding capillaries<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>glomerular structures<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Outcome:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Rapid cell death (<strong>necrosis<\/strong>), leading to\u00a0<strong>acute tubular necrosis (ATN)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The damage is\u00a0<strong>outside the kidney<\/strong>, but flow into the kidney is\u00a0<strong>impeded<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Link Between Damage and Function:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Damage to glomeruli<\/strong>\u00a0or tubules reduces\u00a0<strong>filtration<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inflammation and edema<\/strong> further worsen renal tissue injury.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Blood flow impairment<\/strong>\u00a0causes\u00a0<strong>tissue cell dysfunction\/death<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>damage to renal capillaries<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prerenal<\/strong> injury results from <strong>low blood flow<\/strong> or <strong>impaired perfusion<\/strong> causing <strong>ischemic damage<\/strong> to the nephron tissue, which can become <strong>irreversible<\/strong> if blood flow is not restored quickly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The damage\u00a0<strong>occurs outside<\/strong>\u00a0the kidney but affects\u00a0<strong>its function directly<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Early recognition and correction of blood flow issues can prevent\u00a0<strong>permanent kidney damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Intra-Renal Kidney Injury (Intrinsic Renal Damage):<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intra-renal<\/strong>\u00a0(within the kidney) injury refers to\u00a0<strong>damage occurring directly inside the kidney<\/strong>\u00a0itself.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Infection:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Autoimmune response involving\u00a0<strong>antibody deposition<\/strong>\u00a0in the glomeruli.<\/li>\n<li>Results in\u00a0<strong>glomerular destruction<\/strong>\u00a0and impaired filtration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pyelonephritis:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bacterial infection<\/strong>\u00a0that ascends from the urinary tract.<\/li>\n<li>Causes\u00a0<strong>inflammation<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>tissue damage<\/strong>\u00a0within the kidney.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nephrotoxic drugs:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chemicals or toxins<\/strong>\u00a0that damage kidney tissue.<\/li>\n<li>Examples include:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>NSAIDs<\/strong>\u00a0(e.g., ibuprofen), which impair blood flow and cause\u00a0<strong>tubular necrosis<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acetaminophen<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>aspirin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Penicillin<\/strong>\u00a0(especially in high doses or prolonged use).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Toxins or bacteria cause\u00a0<strong>tubular necrosis<\/strong>, damaging the\u00a0<strong>nephrons<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>White blood cell accumulation<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>pus formation<\/strong>\u00a0occur as part of the inflammatory response.<\/li>\n<li>Edema and\u00a0<strong>collateral damage<\/strong>\u00a0further impair function.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ischemia<\/strong>\u00a0worsens the injury, leading to\u00a0<strong>tissue death<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong><br \/>\nThis type of injury can be <strong>acute<\/strong> and severe, often reversible if identified early and the offending agents are removed or treated.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Intra-renal kidney injury involves directly damaging processes inside the kidney, mainly due to infection or toxins. Recognizing causes like <strong>glomerulonephritis<\/strong> or <strong>drug toxicity<\/strong> is essential, as early intervention can prevent permanent damage leading to <strong>kidney failure<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Post-Renal Kidney Injury (Obstructive Kidney Damage):<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Post-renal<\/strong>\u00a0injury occurs\u00a0<strong>after<\/strong>\u00a0the kidneys, caused by an\u00a0<strong>obstruction<\/strong>\u00a0that prevents urine from draining.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unilateral<\/strong>\u00a0obstruction (one ureter) typically does not cause significant loss of renal function because the other kidney compensates.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bilateral<\/strong>\u00a0obstruction can be\u00a0<strong>life-threatening<\/strong>, leading to\u00a0<strong>acute kidney injury<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Obstruction of both ureters:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Critical for causing renal failure because both kidneys are blocked.<\/li>\n<li>Could be caused by:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Stones (calculi):<\/strong>\u00a0Impacted in both ureters.<\/li>\n<li>Tumors affecting the ureters or\u00a0<strong>bladder mass<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strictures<\/strong> or fibrosis obstructing urine flow.<\/li>\n<li>Clots or blood accumulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Obstruction of lower urinary tract:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bladder outlet obstruction:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Bladder tumors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Urethral blockage:<\/strong>\u00a0Due to strictures or urethral trauma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Obstruction causes\u00a0<strong>urine retention<\/strong>\u00a0proximal to the blockage.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Urine backup<\/strong>\u00a0increases pressure in the kidneys, leading to\u00a0<strong>hydronephrosis<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Increased pressure damages renal tissue, causing\u00a0<strong>necrosis<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>scarring<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>If unchecked, this damage results in\u00a0<strong>kidney failure<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Post-renal failure results from <strong>obstruction<\/strong> downstream of the kidneys\u2014most critically when <strong>both ureters are blocked<\/strong>\u2014leading to <strong>urine build-up, pressure damage,<\/strong> and<strong> potential kidney failure<\/strong>. Early detection and relieving the obstruction are essential to prevent irreversible renal damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":18,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-4943","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":59,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4943","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4943\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5276,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4943\/revisions\/5276"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/59"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4943\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4943"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4943"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4943"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4943"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}