{"id":5084,"date":"2025-11-26T19:46:00","date_gmt":"2025-11-27T00:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=5084"},"modified":"2025-12-07T21:49:55","modified_gmt":"2025-12-08T02:49:55","slug":"endocrine-system-the-pancreas-pineal-gland-heart-thymus-and-other-organs","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/endocrine-system-the-pancreas-pineal-gland-heart-thymus-and-other-organs\/","title":{"raw":"9p4 Endocrine System \u2013 The Pancreas, Pineal Gland, Heart, Thymus, and Other Organs","rendered":"9p4 Endocrine System \u2013 The Pancreas, Pineal Gland, Heart, Thymus, and Other Organs"},"content":{"raw":"<h1><strong>The Pancreas<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Located right under the stomach.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Secretes two\u00a0<strong>key hormones<\/strong>\u00a0that regulate blood glucose levels:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Insulin<\/strong>\u00a0(produced by pancreatic beta cells)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Glucagon<\/strong>\u00a0(produced by pancreatic alpha cells)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Function of Insulin and Glucagon:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Work\u00a0<strong>oppositely<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0<strong>tighten regulation<\/strong>\u00a0of blood glucose.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Maintain\u00a0<strong>energy balance<\/strong>\u00a0as glucose is essential for cellular activity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Roles of Insulin<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Recognized as an\u00a0<strong>anabolic hormone (as it promotes protein synthesis, cellular growth, maintenance, as well as healing)<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Promotes\u00a0<strong>uptake of glucose, amino acids, and lipids<\/strong> by cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Supports the formation of\u00a0<strong>proteins<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>cell maintenance<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Helps in\u00a0<strong>storage and utilization<\/strong>\u00a0of nutrients.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Critical to prevent problems associated with\u00a0<strong>low or high<\/strong>\u00a0levels of insulin.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h1><strong>Pineal Gland<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Located in the brain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Secretes\u00a0<strong>melatonin<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Function:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Regulates\u00a0<strong>sleep-wake cycle<\/strong>\u00a0(circadian rhythm).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Helps control\u00a0<strong>sleep patterns<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Heart: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>ANP hormones are secreted from the <strong>heart<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Work\u00a0<strong>oppositely<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0<strong>ADH (antidiuretic hormone)<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>aldosterone<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Function:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Maintain\u00a0<strong>water-salt balance<\/strong>\u00a0in the blood.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Promote\u00a0<strong>excretion of salt and water<\/strong> in urine when blood volume or pressure is high.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>The Thymus<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Located in the neck region.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Produces\u00a0<strong>thymosin hormones<\/strong> which are\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Essential for\u00a0<strong>maturation of T lymphocytes<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>T lymphocytes are crucial for\u00a0<strong>adaptive immunity<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The thymus atrophies during <strong>adulthood<\/strong>, which may contribute to\u00a0<strong>weakened immune response<\/strong>\u00a0in aging.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Adipose Tissue<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Produces the hormone <strong>leptin<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Function:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Suppresses\u00a0<strong>appetite<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sends signals to tell the brain when you are\u00a0<strong>full<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Regulates\u00a0<strong>fat storage<\/strong>\u00a0in adipose tissue.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Adipose tissue stores\u00a0<strong>fat<\/strong> for energy between meals and is also used in regions such as joints as padding to allow for compression of tissues during movement.\u00a0 Adipose also provides insulation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Digestive Tract Hormones<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Produces several hormones involved in digestion:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Gastrin:<\/strong> increases gastric motility and gastric juice secretion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cholecystokinin (CCK): <\/strong>increases gall bladder contraction (and opens hepatopancreatic sphincter releasing bile into duodenum) and increases production of digestive enzymes by the pancreas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Secretin:<\/strong> increases production of bile by the liver and bicarbonate buffer by the pancreas<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP):<\/strong> induces vasodilation of intestinal blood vessels<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP): <\/strong>inhibits gastric motility and gastric juice production<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Enterocrinin:<\/strong> increases secretion of intestinal alkaline mucus<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These hormones stimulate <strong>gastrointestinal secretions<\/strong>\u00a0(enzymes, acids, mucus, buffers).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Also regulate\u00a0<strong>motility<\/strong>\u00a0(movement of material) along the GI tract.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Kidneys and Endocrine Function<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Secrete\u00a0<strong>Erythropoietin (EPO)<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>EPO:<\/strong>\u00a0 Stimulates <strong>red blood cell production<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Produces\u00a0<strong>calcitriol<\/strong> hormone.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Initially produced in the <strong>skin<\/strong> as vitamin D (precursor to calcitriol)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Vitamin D can also be ingested in dairy products supplemented with vitamin D.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Vitamin D is converted to an intermediary product by the liver, which is then sent to <strong>kidneys<\/strong> for conversion into calcitriol.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Function of Calcitriol:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Promotes\u00a0<strong>calcium absorption<\/strong>\u00a0in the intestines.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Essential for\u00a0<strong>bone health<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The endocrine system involves a complex interaction of hormones from multiple organs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These hormones regulate\u00a0<strong>metabolism<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>growth<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>immune function<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>water balance<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>reproduction<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>digestion<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Proper function of each component is vital for overall health and homeostasis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1><strong>Summary \u2013 My Table Version:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Hormone<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\"><strong>Source<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\"><strong>Primary Effects<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Hypothalamic-releasing hormones<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Hypothalamus<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release specific hormone<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Hypothalamus<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Inhibits anterior pituitary gland to release specific hormone by anterior pituitary gland<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Growth hormones (e.g., GH, somatotropin)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates protein synthesis Promotes amino acid uptake (from blood into cells)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete primarily cortisol<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates thyroid gland<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Females: stimulates growth of ovarian follicles (which house oocytes) and estrogen secretion from ovaries\r\n\r\nMales: stimulates sperm production<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Luteinizing hormone (LH)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Females: stimulates monthly maturation of ovum and ovulation\r\n\r\nMales: stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Prolactin<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates breast milk production during lactation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>ADH<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Hypothalamus -travels to and is secreted by Posterior Pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Increases reabsorption of water in kidney<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Oxytocin<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Hypothalamus -travels to and is secreted by Posterior Pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Insulin<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Pancreas \u2013 beta cells of islets of Langerhans<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Transport of glucose, amino acids and lipids into cells\r\n\r\nStimulates glycogenesis\r\n\r\nLowers blood glucose level<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Glucagon<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Pancreas \u2013 alpha cells of islets of Langerhans<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver\r\n\r\nLowers blood glucose level<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Parathyroid Hormone<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Parathyroid gland<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts (and bone demineralization) and increase calcium absorption by GI tract and kidneys<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Calcitonin<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Thyroid gland<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Decreases osteoclast activity (decreases release of calcium from the bone)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Thyroid gland<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Increases metabolic rate in all cells<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Aldosterone<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Adrenal cortex<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Cortisol<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Adrenal cortex<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Anti-inflammatory and decreases immune response\r\n\r\nCatabolic effect on tissues; stress response<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Norepinephrine<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Adrenal medulla<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">General vasoconstriction<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Epinephrine <\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Adrenal medulla<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stress response\r\n\r\nVisceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction\r\n\r\nVasodilation in skeletal muscles\r\n\r\nIncreases rate and force of heart and contraction\r\n\r\nBronchodilation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","rendered":"<h1><strong>The Pancreas<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Located right under the stomach.<\/li>\n<li>Secretes two\u00a0<strong>key hormones<\/strong>\u00a0that regulate blood glucose levels:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Insulin<\/strong>\u00a0(produced by pancreatic beta cells)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Glucagon<\/strong>\u00a0(produced by pancreatic alpha cells)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Function of Insulin and Glucagon:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Work\u00a0<strong>oppositely<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0<strong>tighten regulation<\/strong>\u00a0of blood glucose.<\/li>\n<li>Maintain\u00a0<strong>energy balance<\/strong>\u00a0as glucose is essential for cellular activity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Roles of Insulin<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Recognized as an\u00a0<strong>anabolic hormone (as it promotes protein synthesis, cellular growth, maintenance, as well as healing)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Promotes\u00a0<strong>uptake of glucose, amino acids, and lipids<\/strong> by cells.<\/li>\n<li>Supports the formation of\u00a0<strong>proteins<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>cell maintenance<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Helps in\u00a0<strong>storage and utilization<\/strong>\u00a0of nutrients.\n<ul>\n<li>Critical to prevent problems associated with\u00a0<strong>low or high<\/strong>\u00a0levels of insulin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1><strong>Pineal Gland<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Located in the brain.<\/li>\n<li>Secretes\u00a0<strong>melatonin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Regulates\u00a0<strong>sleep-wake cycle<\/strong>\u00a0(circadian rhythm).<\/li>\n<li>Helps control\u00a0<strong>sleep patterns<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Heart: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>ANP hormones are secreted from the <strong>heart<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Work\u00a0<strong>oppositely<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0<strong>ADH (antidiuretic hormone)<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>aldosterone<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Maintain\u00a0<strong>water-salt balance<\/strong>\u00a0in the blood.<\/li>\n<li>Promote\u00a0<strong>excretion of salt and water<\/strong> in urine when blood volume or pressure is high.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>The Thymus<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Located in the neck region.<\/li>\n<li>Produces\u00a0<strong>thymosin hormones<\/strong> which are\n<ul>\n<li>Essential for\u00a0<strong>maturation of T lymphocytes<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>T lymphocytes are crucial for\u00a0<strong>adaptive immunity<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The thymus atrophies during <strong>adulthood<\/strong>, which may contribute to\u00a0<strong>weakened immune response<\/strong>\u00a0in aging.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Adipose Tissue<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Produces the hormone <strong>leptin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Suppresses\u00a0<strong>appetite<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Sends signals to tell the brain when you are\u00a0<strong>full<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Regulates\u00a0<strong>fat storage<\/strong>\u00a0in adipose tissue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Adipose tissue stores\u00a0<strong>fat<\/strong> for energy between meals and is also used in regions such as joints as padding to allow for compression of tissues during movement.\u00a0 Adipose also provides insulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Digestive Tract Hormones<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Produces several hormones involved in digestion:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gastrin:<\/strong> increases gastric motility and gastric juice secretion.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cholecystokinin (CCK): <\/strong>increases gall bladder contraction (and opens hepatopancreatic sphincter releasing bile into duodenum) and increases production of digestive enzymes by the pancreas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Secretin:<\/strong> increases production of bile by the liver and bicarbonate buffer by the pancreas<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP):<\/strong> induces vasodilation of intestinal blood vessels<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP): <\/strong>inhibits gastric motility and gastric juice production<\/li>\n<li><strong>Enterocrinin:<\/strong> increases secretion of intestinal alkaline mucus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>These hormones stimulate <strong>gastrointestinal secretions<\/strong>\u00a0(enzymes, acids, mucus, buffers).<\/li>\n<li>Also regulate\u00a0<strong>motility<\/strong>\u00a0(movement of material) along the GI tract.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Kidneys and Endocrine Function<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Secrete\u00a0<strong>Erythropoietin (EPO)<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>EPO:<\/strong>\u00a0 Stimulates <strong>red blood cell production<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Produces\u00a0<strong>calcitriol<\/strong> hormone.\n<ul>\n<li>Initially produced in the <strong>skin<\/strong> as vitamin D (precursor to calcitriol)<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin D can also be ingested in dairy products supplemented with vitamin D.<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin D is converted to an intermediary product by the liver, which is then sent to <strong>kidneys<\/strong> for conversion into calcitriol.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Function of Calcitriol:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Promotes\u00a0<strong>calcium absorption<\/strong>\u00a0in the intestines.<\/li>\n<li>Essential for\u00a0<strong>bone health<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>The endocrine system involves a complex interaction of hormones from multiple organs.<\/li>\n<li>These hormones regulate\u00a0<strong>metabolism<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>growth<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>immune function<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>water balance<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>reproduction<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>digestion<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Proper function of each component is vital for overall health and homeostasis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><strong>Summary \u2013 My Table Version:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Hormone<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\"><strong>Source<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\"><strong>Primary Effects<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Hypothalamic-releasing hormones<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Hypothalamus<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release specific hormone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Hypothalamus<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Inhibits anterior pituitary gland to release specific hormone by anterior pituitary gland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Growth hormones (e.g., GH, somatotropin)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates protein synthesis Promotes amino acid uptake (from blood into cells)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete primarily cortisol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates thyroid gland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Females: stimulates growth of ovarian follicles (which house oocytes) and estrogen secretion from ovaries<\/p>\n<p>Males: stimulates sperm production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Luteinizing hormone (LH)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Females: stimulates monthly maturation of ovum and ovulation<\/p>\n<p>Males: stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Prolactin<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Anterior Pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates breast milk production during lactation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>ADH<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Hypothalamus -travels to and is secreted by Posterior Pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Increases reabsorption of water in kidney<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Oxytocin<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Hypothalamus -travels to and is secreted by Posterior Pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Insulin<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Pancreas \u2013 beta cells of islets of Langerhans<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Transport of glucose, amino acids and lipids into cells<\/p>\n<p>Stimulates glycogenesis<\/p>\n<p>Lowers blood glucose level<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Glucagon<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Pancreas \u2013 alpha cells of islets of Langerhans<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver<\/p>\n<p>Lowers blood glucose level<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Parathyroid Hormone<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Parathyroid gland<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts (and bone demineralization) and increase calcium absorption by GI tract and kidneys<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Calcitonin<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Thyroid gland<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Decreases osteoclast activity (decreases release of calcium from the bone)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Thyroid gland<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Increases metabolic rate in all cells<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Aldosterone<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Adrenal cortex<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"shaded\">\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Cortisol<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Adrenal cortex<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Anti-inflammatory and decreases immune response<\/p>\n<p>Catabolic effect on tissues; stress response<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Norepinephrine<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Adrenal medulla<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">General vasoconstriction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 26.9076%\"><strong>Epinephrine <\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.3414%\">Adrenal medulla<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 37.6171%\">Stress response<\/p>\n<p>Visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction<\/p>\n<p>Vasodilation in skeletal muscles<\/p>\n<p>Increases rate and force of heart and contraction<\/p>\n<p>Bronchodilation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-5084","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":63,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5084","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5084\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5252,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5084\/revisions\/5252"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/63"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5084\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5084"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5084"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5084"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}