{"id":5393,"date":"2025-12-08T23:17:54","date_gmt":"2025-12-09T04:17:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&p=5393"},"modified":"2026-01-12T18:38:38","modified_gmt":"2026-01-12T23:38:38","slug":"types-of-jaundice-and-their-causes","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/types-of-jaundice-and-their-causes\/","title":{"raw":"10p16 Types of Jaundice and Their Causes","rendered":"10p16 Types of Jaundice and Their Causes"},"content":{"raw":"3 Types of Jaundice (Icterus) and Their Causes<\/strong>\r\n

Overview<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Jaundice (Icterus):<\/strong>\u00a0Yellowing of skin and eyes caused by excess\u00a0bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0in blood (hyperbilirubinemia<\/strong>).<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Jaundice clues the underlying issue related to\u00a0red blood cell destruction<\/strong>,\u00a0liver function<\/strong>, or\u00a0bile flow<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nTypes of Jaundice (Icterus) and Their Causes<\/strong>\r\n\r\nOverview<\/strong>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • Jaundice results from\u00a0excess bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0in the blood, leading to\u00a0yellowing of skin and eyes<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • The\u00a0type of jaundice<\/strong>\u00a0helps identify the\u00a0underlying problem<\/strong>:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • Pre-hepatic<\/em>: Excessive RBC destruction.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Intrahepatic<\/em>: Liver dysfunction.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Post-hepatic<\/em>: Bile duct obstruction.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

        1.\u00a0 Pre-Hepatic Jaundice<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • Cause:<\/strong>\u00a0Excessive destruction of\u00a0red blood cells<\/strong>\u00a0before reaching the liver.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • Increased breakdown of RBCs (hemolysis).<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Liver's capacity to conjugate bilirubin becomes overwhelmed.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Mainly\u00a0unconjugated bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0accumulates in blood.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Common Causes:<\/strong>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • Hemolytic anemia<\/strong>\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0sickle cell disease<\/strong>).<\/li>\r\n \t
            • Blood transfusions<\/strong>\u00a0with incompatible blood.<\/li>\r\n \t
            • Physiologic jaundice<\/strong>\u00a0in newborns (common in first 2-3 days).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
            • Newborn Jaundice:<\/strong>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • Immature liver.<\/li>\r\n \t
              • RBCs last about\u00a060-90 days<\/strong>\u00a0(less than adult 120 days).<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Phototherapy:<\/strong>\u00a0Blue light converts bilirubin into water-soluble form for excretion.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
              • Signs:<\/strong>\u00a0Yellowing of skin and eyes; high unconjugated bilirubin.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n

                2.\u00a0 Intrahepatic Jaundice<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • Cause:<\/strong>\u00a0Liver\u00a0dysfunction<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                • Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • Liver cells\u00a0cannot conjugate bilirubin effectively<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • Inflammation<\/strong>,\u00a0cirrhosis<\/strong>, or\u00a0trauma<\/strong>\u00a0damages hepatocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • Conjugated bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0may\u00a0back up<\/strong>\u00a0into blood due to\u00a0deterioration of bile ducts<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • Characteristic:<\/strong>\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • Elevated\u00a0conjugated bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0in blood.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    • Deteriorating liver<\/strong>\u00a0(e.g., cirrhosis) causes\u00a0scarring<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0shrinking<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    • Bile duct obstruction due to scarring leads to\u00a0bilirubin buildup<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                    • Signs:<\/strong>\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      • Jaundice.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Liver scarring<\/strong>\u00a0visible as shrunken, fibrotic liver.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • Poor excretion<\/strong>\u00a0of bilirubin causes tissue deposits.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSummary<\/strong>\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • Pre-hepatic jaundice<\/strong>: Excessive RBC destruction \u2192 high\u00a0unconjugated bilirubin<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • Intrahepatic jaundice<\/strong>: Liver damage or disease \u2192 high\u00a0conjugated bilirubin<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • Proper diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and sometimes biopsy.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • Treatment depends on cause, aiming to reduce hemolysis or improve liver function.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                          3.\u00a0 Post-Hepatic Jaundice (Obstructive Jaundice)<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nCause<\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          • Normal liver function<\/strong>: Liver conjugates bilirubin.<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • Problem occurs after bilirubin leaves the liver<\/strong>:\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • Usually due to\u00a0obstruction<\/strong>\u00a0in the bile ducts (e.g.,\u00a0gallstones<\/strong>,\u00a0tumors<\/strong>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFormation of Gallstones<\/strong>\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              • Cholelithiasis<\/strong>:\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                • Chole-<\/strong>: cholesterol.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • Lith<\/strong>: stone.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                • Gallstones\u00a0lodged<\/strong>\u00a0in bile ducts cause\u00a0obstruction<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nVisual Illustration<\/strong>\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  • Blocked\u00a0bile flow<\/strong>\u00a0prevents bilirubin excretion.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • Bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0accumulates in blood, causing jaundice.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  • Fecal color\u00a0depends on bilirubin<\/strong>:\r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    • Normal<\/strong>: brown.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • Blocked bile<\/strong>: light-colored stool due to lack of bilirubin in the intestines.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPathophysiology<\/strong>\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      • Bile\u00a0cannot flow into the duodenum<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      • Conjugated bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0builds up in the\u00a0blood<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      • Bile salts<\/strong>\u00a0leak into tissues, causing:\r\n
                                          \r\n \t
                                        • Pruritis<\/strong>\u00a0(itching).<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        • Jaundice<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nEffects on Digestion and Nutrition<\/strong>\r\n
                                            \r\n \t
                                          • Reduced bile in the intestine<\/strong>:\r\n
                                              \r\n \t
                                            • Impaired\u00a0emulsification of fats<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            • Leads to\u00a0malabsorption<\/strong>\u00a0of fats and\u00a0nutritional deficiencies<\/strong>\u00a0over time.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                              Summary of Jaundice Types and Causes<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                              Type<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCause<\/strong><\/td>\r\nBlood Bilirubin<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSerum Bilirubin<\/strong><\/td>\r\nMain Features<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
                                              Pre-hepatic<\/strong><\/td>\r\nExcessive RBC destruction<\/td>\r\nMostly\u00a0unconjugated<\/strong><\/td>\r\nElevated<\/td>\r\nHemolytic anemia, blood transfusions, newborn jaundice.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                              Intrahepatic<\/strong><\/td>\r\nLiver damage (viral, cirrhosis)<\/td>\r\nBoth\u00a0conjugated and unconjugated<\/strong><\/td>\r\nElevated<\/td>\r\nLiver disease affecting conjugation or excretion.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                              Post-hepatic<\/strong><\/td>\r\nBile duct obstruction<\/td>\r\nMainly\u00a0conjugated<\/strong><\/td>\r\nElevated<\/td>\r\nGallstones, tumors causing blockage.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                                              Diagnostic Tests<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n
                                                \r\n \t
                                              • Blood tests measure\u00a0total<\/strong>,\u00a0conjugated<\/strong>, and\u00a0unconjugated bilirubin<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              • Subtract conjugated<\/strong>\u00a0bilirubin from total to find unconjugated.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              • Imaging (ultrasound, ERCP) helps locate\u00a0obstructions<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                                Final Notes<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n
                                                  \r\n \t
                                                • Recognizing\u00a0bilirubin levels<\/strong>\u00a0helps pinpoint\u00a0where<\/strong>\u00a0the problem is.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                • Early detection allows for appropriate\u00a0treatment<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"

                                                  3 Types of Jaundice (Icterus) and Their Causes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                  Overview<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Jaundice (Icterus):<\/strong>\u00a0Yellowing of skin and eyes caused by excess\u00a0bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0in blood (hyperbilirubinemia<\/strong>).<\/li>\n
                                                  • Jaundice clues the underlying issue related to\u00a0red blood cell destruction<\/strong>,\u00a0liver function<\/strong>, or\u00a0bile flow<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    Types of Jaundice (Icterus) and Their Causes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                    Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • Jaundice results from\u00a0excess bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0in the blood, leading to\u00a0yellowing of skin and eyes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                    • The\u00a0type of jaundice<\/strong>\u00a0helps identify the\u00a0underlying problem<\/strong>:\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Pre-hepatic<\/em>: Excessive RBC destruction.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Intrahepatic<\/em>: Liver dysfunction.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Post-hepatic<\/em>: Bile duct obstruction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        1.\u00a0 Pre-Hepatic Jaundice<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • Cause:<\/strong>\u00a0Excessive destruction of\u00a0red blood cells<\/strong>\u00a0before reaching the liver.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • Increased breakdown of RBCs (hemolysis).<\/li>\n
                                                          • Liver’s capacity to conjugate bilirubin becomes overwhelmed.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Mainly\u00a0unconjugated bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0accumulates in blood.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                          • Common Causes:<\/strong>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • Hemolytic anemia<\/strong>\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0sickle cell disease<\/strong>).<\/li>\n
                                                            • Blood transfusions<\/strong>\u00a0with incompatible blood.<\/li>\n
                                                            • Physiologic jaundice<\/strong>\u00a0in newborns (common in first 2-3 days).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                            • Newborn Jaundice:<\/strong>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              • Immature liver.<\/li>\n
                                                              • RBCs last about\u00a060-90 days<\/strong>\u00a0(less than adult 120 days).<\/li>\n
                                                              • Phototherapy:<\/strong>\u00a0Blue light converts bilirubin into water-soluble form for excretion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              • Signs:<\/strong>\u00a0Yellowing of skin and eyes; high unconjugated bilirubin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                 <\/p>\n

                                                                2.\u00a0 Intrahepatic Jaundice<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • Cause:<\/strong>\u00a0Liver\u00a0dysfunction<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                • Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Liver cells\u00a0cannot conjugate bilirubin effectively<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • Inflammation<\/strong>,\u00a0cirrhosis<\/strong>, or\u00a0trauma<\/strong>\u00a0damages hepatocytes.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • Conjugated bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0may\u00a0back up<\/strong>\u00a0into blood due to\u00a0deterioration of bile ducts<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  • Characteristic:<\/strong>\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • Elevated\u00a0conjugated bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0in blood.<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Deteriorating liver<\/strong>\u00a0(e.g., cirrhosis) causes\u00a0scarring<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0shrinking<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Bile duct obstruction due to scarring leads to\u00a0bilirubin buildup<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Signs:<\/strong>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • Jaundice.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Liver scarring<\/strong>\u00a0visible as shrunken, fibrotic liver.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Poor excretion<\/strong>\u00a0of bilirubin causes tissue deposits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                        Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Pre-hepatic jaundice<\/strong>: Excessive RBC destruction \u2192 high\u00a0unconjugated bilirubin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Intrahepatic jaundice<\/strong>: Liver damage or disease \u2192 high\u00a0conjugated bilirubin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Proper diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and sometimes biopsy.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Treatment depends on cause, aiming to reduce hemolysis or improve liver function.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          3.\u00a0 Post-Hepatic Jaundice (Obstructive Jaundice)<\/strong><\/h1>\n

                                                                          Cause<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Normal liver function<\/strong>: Liver conjugates bilirubin.<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Problem occurs after bilirubin leaves the liver<\/strong>:\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            • Usually due to\u00a0obstruction<\/strong>\u00a0in the bile ducts (e.g.,\u00a0gallstones<\/strong>,\u00a0tumors<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              Formation of Gallstones<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              • Cholelithiasis<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • Chole-<\/strong>: cholesterol.<\/li>\n
                                                                                • Lith<\/strong>: stone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                • Gallstones\u00a0lodged<\/strong>\u00a0in bile ducts cause\u00a0obstruction<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                  Visual Illustration<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • Blocked\u00a0bile flow<\/strong>\u00a0prevents bilirubin excretion.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • Bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0accumulates in blood, causing jaundice.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • Fecal color\u00a0depends on bilirubin<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • Normal<\/strong>: brown.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • Blocked bile<\/strong>: light-colored stool due to lack of bilirubin in the intestines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                      Pathophysiology<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      • Bile\u00a0cannot flow into the duodenum<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Conjugated bilirubin<\/strong>\u00a0builds up in the\u00a0blood<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Bile salts<\/strong>\u00a0leak into tissues, causing:\n
                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        • Pruritis<\/strong>\u00a0(itching).<\/li>\n
                                                                                        • Jaundice<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                          Effects on Digestion and Nutrition<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          • Reduced bile in the intestine<\/strong>:\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            • Impaired\u00a0emulsification of fats<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • Leads to\u00a0malabsorption<\/strong>\u00a0of fats and\u00a0nutritional deficiencies<\/strong>\u00a0over time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                              Summary of Jaundice Types and Causes<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                                              Type<\/strong><\/td>\nCause<\/strong><\/td>\nBlood Bilirubin<\/strong><\/td>\nSerum Bilirubin<\/strong><\/td>\nMain Features<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                                              Pre-hepatic<\/strong><\/td>\nExcessive RBC destruction<\/td>\nMostly\u00a0unconjugated<\/strong><\/td>\nElevated<\/td>\nHemolytic anemia, blood transfusions, newborn jaundice.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                              Intrahepatic<\/strong><\/td>\nLiver damage (viral, cirrhosis)<\/td>\nBoth\u00a0conjugated and unconjugated<\/strong><\/td>\nElevated<\/td>\nLiver disease affecting conjugation or excretion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                              Post-hepatic<\/strong><\/td>\nBile duct obstruction<\/td>\nMainly\u00a0conjugated<\/strong><\/td>\nElevated<\/td>\nGallstones, tumors causing blockage.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                                              Diagnostic Tests<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              • Blood tests measure\u00a0total<\/strong>,\u00a0conjugated<\/strong>, and\u00a0unconjugated bilirubin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • Subtract conjugated<\/strong>\u00a0bilirubin from total to find unconjugated.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • Imaging (ultrasound, ERCP) helps locate\u00a0obstructions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                Final Notes<\/strong><\/h2>\n
                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                • Recognizing\u00a0bilirubin levels<\/strong>\u00a0helps pinpoint\u00a0where<\/strong>\u00a0the problem is.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • Early detection allows for appropriate\u00a0treatment<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":19,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-5393","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":67,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5399,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5393\/revisions\/5399"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/67"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5393\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5393"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5393"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}