{"id":5643,"date":"2025-12-13T16:36:48","date_gmt":"2025-12-13T21:36:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=5643"},"modified":"2025-12-13T17:53:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T22:53:48","slug":"acute-pericarditis","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/acute-pericarditis\/","title":{"raw":"7p26  Acute Pericarditis","rendered":"7p26  Acute Pericarditis"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>Acute Pericarditis \u2013 Overview, Causes, and Signs<\/strong>\r\n<h1><strong>Overview:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<strong>pericardium<\/strong>\u00a0is a\u00a0<strong>double-walled sac<\/strong> composed of the visceral and parietal pericardium layers surrounding the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Normally, the\u00a0<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">pericardial space<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0contains a small amount of\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">serous fluid<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0(a few millimeters), which allows the heart to\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">move freely<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0without friction.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Acute pericarditis<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>inflammation of the pericardial sac<\/strong>\u00a0surrounding the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It is usually a\u00a0<strong>secondary condition<\/strong>, caused by an underlying problem or injury, not just spontaneous.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Inflammation causes the\u00a0<strong>visceral and parietal layers<\/strong>\u00a0of the pericardium to\u00a0<strong>rub against each other<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This\u00a0<strong>friction<\/strong>\u00a0can produce a\u00a0<strong>sound<\/strong>\u00a0called a\u00a0<strong>friction rub<\/strong>, heard with a stethoscope.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<strong>inflammation<\/strong>\u00a0is associated with\u00a0<strong>exudate<\/strong>\u2014fluid, fibrin, or blood\u2014building up in the pericardial cavity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Irritation or injury<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Surgery<\/strong>\u00a0near the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Myocardial infarction<\/strong>\u00a0(heart attack) especially if it affects the visceral pericardium (epicardium).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Infections:<\/strong>\u00a0Viral (most common), bacterial, or fungal infections.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Can be caused by infections (e.g., <strong>tuberculosis<\/strong>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Trauma<\/strong>\u00a0to the chest or heart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cancer,<\/strong> <strong>radiation therapy<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Autoimmune diseases<\/strong>\u00a0(like systemic lupus erythematosus).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Other causes:<\/strong>\u00a0Radiation therapy, malignancies, or metabolic conditions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Inflammation<\/strong>: Irritation or injury will cause inflammation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Chronic pericarditis<\/strong>: Leads to\u00a0<strong>fibrous scar tissue<\/strong>\u00a0formation and adhesions between the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Possible Complications of Pericarditis:<\/h1>\r\n<h1><strong>1. Pericardial Effusion:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Accumulation of\u00a0<strong>fluid<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0<strong>pericardial cavity<\/strong>\u00a0due to inflammation, infection, or trauma.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Types of fluid:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Serous fluid:<\/strong>\u00a0Watery, non-infectious.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pus:<\/strong>\u00a0Bacterial or viral infection.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Blood:<\/strong>\u00a0Due to hemorrhage or trauma.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>2.\u00a0 Cardiac Tamponade:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Excess fluid\u00a0<strong>compresses the heart<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The heart\u00a0<strong>cannot expand fully<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>pump effectively<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Impaired ventricular filling<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0<strong>decreased stroke volume<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>cardiac output<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Blood backs up into\u00a0<strong>pulmonary circulation<\/strong>\u00a0(right-sided failure) and\u00a0<strong>systemic circulation<\/strong>\u00a0(left-sided failure).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Signs:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Distended jugular veins <\/strong>in neck.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Friction rub<\/strong>\u00a0on auscultation due to membranes rubbing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hypotension<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>pulsus paradoxus<\/strong>\u00a0(drop in systolic BP &gt;10 mm Hg during inspiration).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Signs and Symptoms:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Chest pain:<\/strong>\u00a0Sharp, retinal, worsened by lying down or deep breathing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Friction rub:<\/strong>\u00a0Heard during auscultation, indicates inflamed pericardial layers rubbing together.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Related symptoms:<\/strong>\u00a0Fever, fatigue, malaise.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>\u00a0Diagnostic &amp; Therapeutic Procedures:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Pericardiocentesis:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Emergency drainage of excess fluid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fluid analyzed to determine the\u00a0<strong>cause<\/strong>\u00a0(infection, cancer, hemorrhage).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A\u00a0<strong>long needle<\/strong>\u00a0(8 inches, 16 or 18 gauge) inserted into the\u00a0<strong>xiphoid region<\/strong>\u00a0at a\u00a0<strong>45\u00b0 angle toward the left shoulder<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Needle advanced carefully into the\u00a0<strong>pericardial space<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fluid (blood, pus, or serous fluid) is\u00a0<strong>withdrawn<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Rapidly\u00a0<strong>relieves pressure<\/strong>\u00a0on the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Restores normal\u00a0<strong>heart filling<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>pumping<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Importance of rapid intervention of Cardiac Tamponade:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Necessary to prevent <strong>cardiac arrest<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>organ failure<\/strong>\u00a0due to severely reduced cardiac output.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Address primary cause:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Treat infections (antibiotics).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Manage cancer or remove fibrous tissue if possible.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Monitor<\/strong>\u00a0for signs of\u00a0<strong>cardiac tamponade<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Early intervention:<\/strong>\u00a0Percutaneous drainage to prevent hemodynamic collapse.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong> Long-term &amp; Chronic Effects:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fibrous adhesions<\/strong>\u00a0can develop, restricting heart movement.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Chronic pericarditis<\/strong>\u00a0can lead to\u00a0<strong>constrictive pericarditis<\/strong>, impairing stroke volume and cardiac output.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Symptoms include\u00a0<strong>pain<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>dyspnea<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>fatigue<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>weakness<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>edema<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>ascites<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nAcute pericarditis is an inflammatory condition with characteristic chest pain and a rubbing sound. It's usually caused by secondary factors such as heart attack, infection, or trauma.\r\n\r\nPericarditis can progress to <strong>pericardial effusion<\/strong> and potentially <strong>cardiac tamponade<\/strong>, a life-threatening condition requiring immediate drainage. Causes include infections, cancer, trauma, or inflammation. Proper diagnosis, prompt drainage, and addressing the primary causes are essential for good outcomes and preventing shock or organ failure.\r\n\r\nCardiac tamponade occurs when fluid or blood builds up in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and impairing its function. It is an emergency that requires immediate <strong>pericardiocentesis<\/strong>\u2014a needle aspiration procedure\u2014to remove the excess fluid and restore normal heart function.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p><strong>Acute Pericarditis \u2013 Overview, Causes, and Signs<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1><strong>Overview:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>pericardium<\/strong>\u00a0is a\u00a0<strong>double-walled sac<\/strong> composed of the visceral and parietal pericardium layers surrounding the heart.<\/li>\n<li>Normally, the\u00a0<strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">pericardial space<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0contains a small amount of\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">serous fluid<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0(a few millimeters), which allows the heart to\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">move freely<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0without friction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Acute pericarditis<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>inflammation of the pericardial sac<\/strong>\u00a0surrounding the heart.<\/li>\n<li>It is usually a\u00a0<strong>secondary condition<\/strong>, caused by an underlying problem or injury, not just spontaneous.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Inflammation causes the\u00a0<strong>visceral and parietal layers<\/strong>\u00a0of the pericardium to\u00a0<strong>rub against each other<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>This\u00a0<strong>friction<\/strong>\u00a0can produce a\u00a0<strong>sound<\/strong>\u00a0called a\u00a0<strong>friction rub<\/strong>, heard with a stethoscope.<\/li>\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>inflammation<\/strong>\u00a0is associated with\u00a0<strong>exudate<\/strong>\u2014fluid, fibrin, or blood\u2014building up in the pericardial cavity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Irritation or injury<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Surgery<\/strong>\u00a0near the heart.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Myocardial infarction<\/strong>\u00a0(heart attack) especially if it affects the visceral pericardium (epicardium).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Infections:<\/strong>\u00a0Viral (most common), bacterial, or fungal infections.\n<ul>\n<li>Can be caused by infections (e.g., <strong>tuberculosis<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trauma<\/strong>\u00a0to the chest or heart.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cancer,<\/strong> <strong>radiation therapy<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Autoimmune diseases<\/strong>\u00a0(like systemic lupus erythematosus).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Other causes:<\/strong>\u00a0Radiation therapy, malignancies, or metabolic conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inflammation<\/strong>: Irritation or injury will cause inflammation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chronic pericarditis<\/strong>: Leads to\u00a0<strong>fibrous scar tissue<\/strong>\u00a0formation and adhesions between the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Possible Complications of Pericarditis:<\/h1>\n<h1><strong>1. Pericardial Effusion:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Accumulation of\u00a0<strong>fluid<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0<strong>pericardial cavity<\/strong>\u00a0due to inflammation, infection, or trauma.<\/li>\n<li>Types of fluid:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Serous fluid:<\/strong>\u00a0Watery, non-infectious.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pus:<\/strong>\u00a0Bacterial or viral infection.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Blood:<\/strong>\u00a0Due to hemorrhage or trauma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>2.\u00a0 Cardiac Tamponade:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Excess fluid\u00a0<strong>compresses the heart<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>The heart\u00a0<strong>cannot expand fully<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>pump effectively<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Impaired ventricular filling<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0<strong>decreased stroke volume<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>cardiac output<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Blood backs up into\u00a0<strong>pulmonary circulation<\/strong>\u00a0(right-sided failure) and\u00a0<strong>systemic circulation<\/strong>\u00a0(left-sided failure).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Signs:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Distended jugular veins <\/strong>in neck.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Friction rub<\/strong>\u00a0on auscultation due to membranes rubbing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hypotension<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>pulsus paradoxus<\/strong>\u00a0(drop in systolic BP &gt;10 mm Hg during inspiration).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Signs and Symptoms:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chest pain:<\/strong>\u00a0Sharp, retinal, worsened by lying down or deep breathing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Friction rub:<\/strong>\u00a0Heard during auscultation, indicates inflamed pericardial layers rubbing together.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Related symptoms:<\/strong>\u00a0Fever, fatigue, malaise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>\u00a0Diagnostic &amp; Therapeutic Procedures:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pericardiocentesis:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Emergency drainage of excess fluid.<\/li>\n<li>Fluid analyzed to determine the\u00a0<strong>cause<\/strong>\u00a0(infection, cancer, hemorrhage).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>A\u00a0<strong>long needle<\/strong>\u00a0(8 inches, 16 or 18 gauge) inserted into the\u00a0<strong>xiphoid region<\/strong>\u00a0at a\u00a0<strong>45\u00b0 angle toward the left shoulder<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Needle advanced carefully into the\u00a0<strong>pericardial space<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Fluid (blood, pus, or serous fluid) is\u00a0<strong>withdrawn<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Rapidly\u00a0<strong>relieves pressure<\/strong>\u00a0on the heart.<\/li>\n<li>Restores normal\u00a0<strong>heart filling<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>pumping<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Importance of rapid intervention of Cardiac Tamponade:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Necessary to prevent <strong>cardiac arrest<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>organ failure<\/strong>\u00a0due to severely reduced cardiac output.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Address primary cause:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Treat infections (antibiotics).<\/li>\n<li>Manage cancer or remove fibrous tissue if possible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Monitor<\/strong>\u00a0for signs of\u00a0<strong>cardiac tamponade<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Early intervention:<\/strong>\u00a0Percutaneous drainage to prevent hemodynamic collapse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong> Long-term &amp; Chronic Effects:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fibrous adhesions<\/strong>\u00a0can develop, restricting heart movement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chronic pericarditis<\/strong>\u00a0can lead to\u00a0<strong>constrictive pericarditis<\/strong>, impairing stroke volume and cardiac output.<\/li>\n<li>Symptoms include\u00a0<strong>pain<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>dyspnea<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>fatigue<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>weakness<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>edema<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>ascites<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Acute pericarditis is an inflammatory condition with characteristic chest pain and a rubbing sound. It&#8217;s usually caused by secondary factors such as heart attack, infection, or trauma.<\/p>\n<p>Pericarditis can progress to <strong>pericardial effusion<\/strong> and potentially <strong>cardiac tamponade<\/strong>, a life-threatening condition requiring immediate drainage. Causes include infections, cancer, trauma, or inflammation. Proper diagnosis, prompt drainage, and addressing the primary causes are essential for good outcomes and preventing shock or organ failure.<\/p>\n<p>Cardiac tamponade occurs when fluid or blood builds up in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and impairing its function. It is an emergency that requires immediate <strong>pericardiocentesis<\/strong>\u2014a needle aspiration procedure\u2014to remove the excess fluid and restore normal heart function.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":32,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-5643","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":55,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5643","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5643\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5674,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5643\/revisions\/5674"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/55"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5643\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5643"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5643"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5643"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5643"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}