{"id":5649,"date":"2025-12-13T16:46:32","date_gmt":"2025-12-13T21:46:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=5649"},"modified":"2025-12-13T17:53:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T22:53:48","slug":"hypertension","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/chapter\/hypertension\/","title":{"raw":"7p27  Hypertension","rendered":"7p27  Hypertension"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) \u2013 Types, Causes, and Effects<\/strong>\r\n<h1><strong>3 Types of Hypertension:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Primary (Essential) Hypertension:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Most common (90-95% of cases).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cause is\u00a0<strong>unknown<\/strong>\u00a0(idiopathic).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Defined as consistent blood pressure\u00a0<strong>&gt;140\/90 mm Hg<\/strong>\u00a0in adults.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Usually asymptomatic, detected via routine blood pressure measurements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong>\u00a0Excessive\u00a0<strong>vasoconstriction<\/strong>, leading to increased systemic resistance and high blood pressure.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Secondary Hypertension:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Caused by identifiable conditions (e.g., kidney disease, endocrine disorders).\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Kidney disease:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Overproduction of\u00a0<strong>renin<\/strong>\u00a0leads to excessive\u00a0<strong>vasoconstriction<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>fluid retention<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Endocrine disorders:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Excess\u00a0<strong>epinephrine and norepinephrine<\/strong>\u00a0from tumors (e.g., pheochromocytoma) promote systemic vasoconstriction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These signals increase blood pressure by increasing\u00a0<strong>vascular tone<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>blood volume<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Malignant Hypertension:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Severe, resistant to treatment, rapidly progressive.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Often associated with\u00a0<strong>organ damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h1><strong>Pathophysiology &amp; Cycle:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Vasoconstriction:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Main cause of increased resistance and hypertension.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Damages\u00a0<strong>endothelial tissue<\/strong>: promotes\u00a0<strong>sclerosis<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>loss of elasticity<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Kidney response:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Reduced blood flow causes kidneys to\u00a0<strong>secrete renin<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Initiates\u00a0<strong>renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Angiotensin II:<\/strong>\u00a0Vasoconstricts, raising resistance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Aldosterone and ADH:<\/strong>\u00a0Increase\u00a0<strong>salt and water retention<\/strong>, increasing blood volume and BP.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This forms a\u00a0<strong>vicious cycle<\/strong>\u00a0increasing hypertension.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong> Effects of Chronic Hypertension:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Damage to arterial walls,\u00a0<strong>sclerosis<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>loss of elastic fibers<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Increased risk of\u00a0<strong>aneurysm<\/strong>\u00a0(bulging and thinning of vessel walls).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>First signs:<\/strong>\u00a0Often appear in\u00a0<strong>retinal blood vessels<\/strong>, as seen in eye exams.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Retinal changes:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Aneurysms<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>cotton-wool spots<\/strong>\u00a0(lipid deposits).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hemorrhages<\/strong>\u00a0from ruptured\u00a0<strong>fragile vessels<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Impaired vision due to nerve damage and ischemia.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong> Systemic Effects:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Tissues like the\u00a0<strong>brain<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>kidneys<\/strong>\u00a0are highly sensitive to ischemia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Vessel damage can lead to\u00a0<strong>organ dysfunction<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>necrosis<\/strong>, or\u00a0<strong>stroke<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Vision loss from retinal vessel damage is common and irreversible.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Elevated <strong>vasoconstriction<\/strong> results in <strong>high systemic resistance<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Kidney response:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Detects\u00a0<strong>poor blood flow<\/strong>: secretes\u00a0<strong>renin<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Renin activates\u00a0<strong>angiotensinogen<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0<strong>angiotensin I<\/strong>, which converts to\u00a0<strong>angiotensin II<\/strong>\u00a0(potent vasoconstrictor).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Aldosterone<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>ADH<\/strong>\u00a0are released:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Increase\u00a0<strong>salt and water retention<\/strong>, expanding blood volume.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Increased plasma volume and vasoconstriction raise\u00a0<strong>blood pressure<\/strong>\u00a0further.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Vicious cycle:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Higher pressure causes\u00a0<strong>vascular damage<\/strong>, leading to\u00a0<strong>atherosclerosis<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>aneurysm formation<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Damaged vessels (brain, retina, kidneys) become\u00a0<strong>leaky<\/strong>, leading to\u00a0<strong>edema<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>hypertension<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>organ damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Common Effects of Hypertension (on Eyes, Kidneys, Heart):<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Eyes:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Causes\u00a0<strong>retinopathy<\/strong>, with\u00a0<strong>hypertensive changes<\/strong>\u00a0visible in the retina.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Features include\u00a0<strong>aneurysms<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>bleeding<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>nerve rupture<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Kidneys:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Hypertension causes\u00a0<strong>damage to capillaries<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>nephrons<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reduced blood flow<\/strong>\u00a0leads to\u00a0<strong>renal ischemia<\/strong>, impairing kidney function.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Heart:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Increased workload leads to\u00a0<strong>angina<\/strong>\u00a0and potential\u00a0<strong>myocardial infarction<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Accelerates\u00a0<strong>atherosclerosis<\/strong>\u00a0and can cause\u00a0<strong>left-sided heart failure<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Signs and Symptoms:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cerebral effects:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Intracranial pressure rise<\/strong>\u00a0causes\u00a0<strong>headache<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>visual disturbances<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>brain ischemia<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>hemorrhages<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Retinal changes:<\/strong>\u00a0hyperperfusion damages retinal veins, causing\u00a0<strong>papilledema<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>hemorrhages<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>vision loss<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Brain:<\/strong>\u00a0Potential\u00a0<strong>encephalopathy<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>cerebral edema<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Heart:<\/strong>\u00a0Increased workload leads to\u00a0<strong>left-sided congestive heart failure<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Kidneys:<\/strong>\u00a0Damage to renal vessels can cause\u00a0<strong>renal failure<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Relationship Between Diabetes and Hypertension:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Diabetes mellitus:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>High blood sugar damages\u00a0<strong>blood vessel walls<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Damaged vessels become\u00a0<strong>narrowed<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>constricted<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This\u00a0<strong>vascular damage<\/strong>\u00a0can lead to\u00a0<strong>hypertension<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Risks for diabetics:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Elevated risk of developing\u00a0<strong>hypertension<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>atherosclerosis<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Leads to damage in vital organs such as kidneys and eyes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Consequences of Uncontrolled Hypertension:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Aneurysm formation, stroke, organ ischemia, and heart failure.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Vicious cycle:<\/strong>\u00a0Elevated blood pressure damages vessels, which leads to more hypertension, worsening organ damage.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nChronic hypertension results from increased vasoconstriction, causing pressure damage and tissue ischemia, especially in the retina, brain, and kidney. It predisposes to aneurysm formation, organ infarction, and microvascular damage, emphasizing the importance of early detection and management to prevent life-threatening complications.\r\n\r\nSecondary hypertension mainly results from kidney or endocrine disorders. It involves a self-perpetuating cycle of vasoconstriction, fluid retention, and vascular damage, affecting brain, eyes, heart, and kidneys. Early detection and management are critical to prevent severe organ damage, hemorrhages, and life-threatening complications.\r\n\r\nHypertension linked to diabetes damages blood vessels, accelerating atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of aneurysm formation, especially in the aorta. Aneurysms are often silent until rupture, which is life-threatening. Early diagnosis, lifestyle management, and surgical repair are vital to prevent catastrophic outcomes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p><strong>Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) \u2013 Types, Causes, and Effects<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1><strong>3 Types of Hypertension:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Primary (Essential) Hypertension:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Most common (90-95% of cases).<\/li>\n<li>Cause is\u00a0<strong>unknown<\/strong>\u00a0(idiopathic).<\/li>\n<li>Defined as consistent blood pressure\u00a0<strong>&gt;140\/90 mm Hg<\/strong>\u00a0in adults.<\/li>\n<li>Usually asymptomatic, detected via routine blood pressure measurements.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong>\u00a0Excessive\u00a0<strong>vasoconstriction<\/strong>, leading to increased systemic resistance and high blood pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Secondary Hypertension:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Caused by identifiable conditions (e.g., kidney disease, endocrine disorders).\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kidney disease:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Overproduction of\u00a0<strong>renin<\/strong>\u00a0leads to excessive\u00a0<strong>vasoconstriction<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>fluid retention<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Endocrine disorders:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Excess\u00a0<strong>epinephrine and norepinephrine<\/strong>\u00a0from tumors (e.g., pheochromocytoma) promote systemic vasoconstriction.<\/li>\n<li>These signals increase blood pressure by increasing\u00a0<strong>vascular tone<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>blood volume<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Malignant Hypertension:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Severe, resistant to treatment, rapidly progressive.<\/li>\n<li>Often associated with\u00a0<strong>organ damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1><strong>Pathophysiology &amp; Cycle:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vasoconstriction:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Main cause of increased resistance and hypertension.<\/li>\n<li>Damages\u00a0<strong>endothelial tissue<\/strong>: promotes\u00a0<strong>sclerosis<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>loss of elasticity<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kidney response:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced blood flow causes kidneys to\u00a0<strong>secrete renin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Initiates\u00a0<strong>renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Angiotensin II:<\/strong>\u00a0Vasoconstricts, raising resistance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aldosterone and ADH:<\/strong>\u00a0Increase\u00a0<strong>salt and water retention<\/strong>, increasing blood volume and BP.<\/li>\n<li>This forms a\u00a0<strong>vicious cycle<\/strong>\u00a0increasing hypertension.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong> Effects of Chronic Hypertension:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Damage to arterial walls,\u00a0<strong>sclerosis<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>loss of elastic fibers<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Increased risk of\u00a0<strong>aneurysm<\/strong>\u00a0(bulging and thinning of vessel walls).<\/li>\n<li><strong>First signs:<\/strong>\u00a0Often appear in\u00a0<strong>retinal blood vessels<\/strong>, as seen in eye exams.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Retinal changes:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aneurysms<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>cotton-wool spots<\/strong>\u00a0(lipid deposits).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hemorrhages<\/strong>\u00a0from ruptured\u00a0<strong>fragile vessels<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Impaired vision due to nerve damage and ischemia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> Systemic Effects:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tissues like the\u00a0<strong>brain<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>kidneys<\/strong>\u00a0are highly sensitive to ischemia.<\/li>\n<li>Vessel damage can lead to\u00a0<strong>organ dysfunction<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>necrosis<\/strong>, or\u00a0<strong>stroke<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Vision loss from retinal vessel damage is common and irreversible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Pathophysiology:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Elevated <strong>vasoconstriction<\/strong> results in <strong>high systemic resistance<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kidney response:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Detects\u00a0<strong>poor blood flow<\/strong>: secretes\u00a0<strong>renin<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Renin activates\u00a0<strong>angiotensinogen<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0<strong>angiotensin I<\/strong>, which converts to\u00a0<strong>angiotensin II<\/strong>\u00a0(potent vasoconstrictor).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aldosterone<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>ADH<\/strong>\u00a0are released:\n<ul>\n<li>Increase\u00a0<strong>salt and water retention<\/strong>, expanding blood volume.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Increased plasma volume and vasoconstriction raise\u00a0<strong>blood pressure<\/strong>\u00a0further.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vicious cycle:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Higher pressure causes\u00a0<strong>vascular damage<\/strong>, leading to\u00a0<strong>atherosclerosis<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>aneurysm formation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Damaged vessels (brain, retina, kidneys) become\u00a0<strong>leaky<\/strong>, leading to\u00a0<strong>edema<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>hypertension<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>organ damage<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Common Effects of Hypertension (on Eyes, Kidneys, Heart):<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Eyes:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Causes\u00a0<strong>retinopathy<\/strong>, with\u00a0<strong>hypertensive changes<\/strong>\u00a0visible in the retina.<\/li>\n<li>Features include\u00a0<strong>aneurysms<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>bleeding<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>nerve rupture<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kidneys:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypertension causes\u00a0<strong>damage to capillaries<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>nephrons<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reduced blood flow<\/strong>\u00a0leads to\u00a0<strong>renal ischemia<\/strong>, impairing kidney function.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heart:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased workload leads to\u00a0<strong>angina<\/strong>\u00a0and potential\u00a0<strong>myocardial infarction<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Accelerates\u00a0<strong>atherosclerosis<\/strong>\u00a0and can cause\u00a0<strong>left-sided heart failure<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Signs and Symptoms:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cerebral effects:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intracranial pressure rise<\/strong>\u00a0causes\u00a0<strong>headache<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>visual disturbances<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>brain ischemia<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>hemorrhages<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Retinal changes:<\/strong>\u00a0hyperperfusion damages retinal veins, causing\u00a0<strong>papilledema<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>hemorrhages<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>vision loss<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Brain:<\/strong>\u00a0Potential\u00a0<strong>encephalopathy<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>cerebral edema<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heart:<\/strong>\u00a0Increased workload leads to\u00a0<strong>left-sided congestive heart failure<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kidneys:<\/strong>\u00a0Damage to renal vessels can cause\u00a0<strong>renal failure<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Relationship Between Diabetes and Hypertension:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Diabetes mellitus:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>High blood sugar damages\u00a0<strong>blood vessel walls<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Damaged vessels become\u00a0<strong>narrowed<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>constricted<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>This\u00a0<strong>vascular damage<\/strong>\u00a0can lead to\u00a0<strong>hypertension<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Risks for diabetics:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Elevated risk of developing\u00a0<strong>hypertension<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>atherosclerosis<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Leads to damage in vital organs such as kidneys and eyes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Consequences of Uncontrolled Hypertension:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aneurysm formation, stroke, organ ischemia, and heart failure.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Vicious cycle:<\/strong>\u00a0Elevated blood pressure damages vessels, which leads to more hypertension, worsening organ damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>Chronic hypertension results from increased vasoconstriction, causing pressure damage and tissue ischemia, especially in the retina, brain, and kidney. It predisposes to aneurysm formation, organ infarction, and microvascular damage, emphasizing the importance of early detection and management to prevent life-threatening complications.<\/p>\n<p>Secondary hypertension mainly results from kidney or endocrine disorders. It involves a self-perpetuating cycle of vasoconstriction, fluid retention, and vascular damage, affecting brain, eyes, heart, and kidneys. Early detection and management are critical to prevent severe organ damage, hemorrhages, and life-threatening complications.<\/p>\n<p>Hypertension linked to diabetes damages blood vessels, accelerating atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of aneurysm formation, especially in the aorta. Aneurysms are often silent until rupture, which is life-threatening. Early diagnosis, lifestyle management, and surgical repair are vital to prevent catastrophic outcomes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1370,"menu_order":33,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["zoe-soon"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-5649","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-zoe-soon","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":55,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5649","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1370"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5649\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5655,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5649\/revisions\/5655"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/55"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5649\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5649"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5649"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5649"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5649"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}