{"id":797,"date":"2021-04-02T17:54:49","date_gmt":"2021-04-02T21:54:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/?post_type=back-matter&p=797"},"modified":"2021-04-04T11:12:04","modified_gmt":"2021-04-04T15:12:04","slug":"appendix-4-earth-nullschool-net-tutorial","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/back-matter\/appendix-4-earth-nullschool-net-tutorial\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix 4: Earth.nullschool.net Tutorial","rendered":"Appendix 4: Earth.nullschool.net Tutorial"},"content":{"raw":"

Appendix 4<\/span>: Earth.nullschool.net Tutorial<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
\r\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\nEarth.nullschool.net<\/span><\/a> is website that creates on the fly visualizations of current and past weather conditions on the Earth. Data available on this site is updated regularly. Shown below is the sea surface temperature anomaly image from <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span> for December 17, 2020. One can clearly see the La Ni\u00f1a (cooler than normal sea surface temperatures) across the equatorial Pacific Ocean.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\"Earthnullschool\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

CONTROL PANEL<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe <\/span>control panel<\/span> for <\/span>earth.nullschool.net <\/span>is shown below. This <\/span>control panel<\/span> is used to produce the various types of visualizations <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span>. Highlighted with the red rectangle are the five different data display <\/span>modes<\/span> available. Shown below is a visualization using <\/span>Air Mode <\/strong>with the animated wind data layer at the surface (Sfc) turned on.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\"earthnullschool_Control_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/figure>\r\n
\r\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
The first four rows in the <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span> control panel<\/span> show the following information related to created visualizations:<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. \r\n
    Data<\/strong><\/span> - <\/span>describes the data being being shown in this example we are looking at wind at the Earth's surface (Wind @ Surface).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
  2. \r\n
    Date<\/strong><\/span> - the date of the visualization shown in the image below December 18, 2020 at 07:00 local time (2020-12-18 04:00 Local).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
  3. \r\n
    Source<\/strong><\/span> - the original source of the data - GFS \/ NCEP \/ US National Weather Service.\u00a0<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
  4. \r\n
    Scale<\/strong><\/span> - color scale bar being used with the data.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n\r\nThe sixth row in the <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span> \u00a0<\/span>control panel<\/span> configures the animated background layer in the visualization. There are\u00a0three animated layers available, <\/span>Wind<\/span>, <\/span>Currents<\/span>, and <\/span>Waves,<\/span> for display as shown in the yellow rectangle highlighting the <\/span>Animation<\/span> layers available (see image below). The image below shows <\/span>Air Mode<\/span> with the animated <\/span>wind<\/span> data layer at the surface (Sfc) turned on.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\"earthnullschool_Air_Wind_window.jpg\"\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n\r\n\r\nBelow is <\/span>Air Mode<\/strong> with the animated <\/span>ocean currents <\/span>data layer at the surface (Sfc) turned on.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\"earthnullschool_Air_Currents_window.jpg\"\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n\r\n\r\nThe next screen shot shows <\/span>Air Mode<\/strong> with the animated <\/span>ocean waves<\/span> data layer at the surface (Sfc) turned on.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
    \"earthnullschool_Air_Waves_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/figure>\r\n

    AIR MODE<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n\r\nAir Mode<\/strong> has ten data layers or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available for producing visualizations (see yellow rectangle below).<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
    \"earthnullschool_Air_window.jpg\"\r\n
    <\/div><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/figure>\r\n
    \r\n
    Here is a list of the data available for viewing in <\/span>Air Mode<\/span> via the links in <\/span>Overlays<\/span> includes:<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    <\/div>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. \r\n
      Wind<\/strong><\/span> - shows the wind speed at specified height measured in kilometers per hour (km\/h).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    2. \r\n
      Temp<\/strong><\/span> - displays air temperature at specified height measured in degrees Celsius (C\u00b0).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    3. \r\n
      RH<\/strong><\/span> - reveals relative humidity at specified height measured in percent (%).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    4. \r\n
      WPD<\/strong><\/span> - measures of power available in the wind: \u00bd\u03c1v<\/span>3<\/span>, where \u03c1 is air density and v is wind velocity measured in kilowatts per meter squared (kW\/m<\/span>2<\/span>).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    5. \r\n
      3HPA<\/strong><\/span> - \u00a0shows the amount of precipitation accumulation that will occur over the next three hours measured in mm of water.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    6. \r\n
      CAPE<\/strong><\/span> - measures the convective available potential energy from surface which is a measure of \u00a0the buoyancy of air, a measure of atmospheric instability and predictor of severe weather measured in joules per kilogram.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    7. \r\n
      TPW<\/strong><\/span> - \u00a0quantifies the total amount of water in a column of air stretching from ground to space measured in kilograms per square meter.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    8. \r\n
      TCW<\/strong><\/span> - \u00a0measures the total amount of water in clouds in a column of air from ground to space \u00a0in kilograms per square meter.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    9. \r\n
      MSLP<\/strong><\/span>- displays air pressure adjusted to sea level (mean sea level pressure) and measured in hectopascals (hPa).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
    10. \r\n
      MI<\/strong><\/span> - determines the Misery Index measured in equivalent degrees Celsius (C\u00b0).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
      \r\n
      Much of the climate data available in <\/span>Air Mode<\/span> can be visualized via the <\/span>Height<\/span> links found in row eight of the <\/span>control panel <\/span>at the following levels in the atmosphere as measured in average atmospheric pressure in hectopascals (hPa) and meters above the ground surface: \u00a0surface (Sfc ), 1000 hPa (100 meters), 850 hPa (1,500 meters), 700 hPa (3,500 meters), 500 hPa (5,000 meters), 250 hPa (10,500 meters), 70 hPa (17,500 meters), and 10 hPa (26,500 meters).\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
      \r\n
      \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

      OCEAN MODE<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
      \r\n
      Ocean Mode<\/span> has five data layers or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available for producing visualizations (see yellow rectangle below).\u00a0Data available for viewing via the links in <\/span>Overlays<\/span> includes:<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. \r\n
        Currents<\/strong><\/span> -\u00a0overlay reveals the flow pattern of ocean surface currents and their speed of movement in meters per second.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
      2. \r\n
        Waves<\/strong><\/span> -\u00a0shows the direction (in degrees using the azimuth system) and relative speed as measured by the wave period in seconds.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
      3. \r\n
        HTSGW<\/strong><\/span> - shows a measurement of significant wave height in meters.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
      4. \r\n
        SST<\/strong><\/span> - displays sea surface temperature of the ocean surface in degrees Celsius (C\u00b0).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
      5. \r\n
        SSTA<\/strong><\/span> - the sea surface temperature anomaly difference in ocean temperature from the climate normal period 1981-2011 in degrees Celsius (C\u00b0).<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
        \r\n
        \r\n
        \r\n
        \r\n
        \r\n
        \r\n
        <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
        \r\n
        <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
        \r\n
        \r\n
        \"earthnullschool_Ocean_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/figure>\r\n

        CHEM MODE<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
        \r\n
        Chem Mode<\/span> has four data layers or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available for producing visualizations (see yellow rectangle below).\u00a0Data available \u00a0for viewing via the links in <\/span>Overlays<\/span> includes:<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. \r\n
          COsc<\/strong><\/span> - shows the fraction of <\/span>carbon monoxide<\/span><\/a> present in the air above the Earth's surface.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
        2. \r\n
          CO2<\/sub>sc<\/strong><\/span> - displays the fraction of <\/span>carbon dioxide<\/span><\/a> present in the air above the Earth's surface.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
        3. \r\n
          SO2<\/sub>sm<\/strong><\/span> - presents the quantity of <\/span>sulfur dioxide<\/span><\/a> in the air above the Earth's surface.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
        4. \r\n
          NO2<\/sub><\/strong><\/span> - reveals the amount of <\/span>nitrogen dioxide<\/span><\/a> in the air above the Earth's surface.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          \"earthnullschool_Chem_window.jpg\"\u00a0<\/span><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/figure>\r\n

          PARTICULATES MODE<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
          \r\n
          Particulates Mode<\/span> has four data layers or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available for producing visualizations (see yellow rectangle below).\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n
          <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          \r\n
          \"earthnullschool_Particulates_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/figure>\r\n
          \r\n
          Data available in <\/span>Particulates Mode<\/span> for display via the links in <\/span>Overlays<\/span> includes:<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. \r\n
            DUex<\/strong><\/span> - measures the <\/span>aerosol optical thickness<\/span><\/a> (AOT) of light at 550 nm due to <\/span>dust<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
          2. \r\n
            PM<\/strong>1<\/strong> <\/sub><\/span>- shows the mass of <\/span>atmospheric particles<\/span><\/a> with a diameter less than 1 micron.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
          3. \r\n
            PM<\/strong>2.5<\/strong> <\/sub><\/span>- displays the mass of <\/span>atmospheric particles<\/span><\/a> with a diameter less than 2.5 microns.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
          4. \r\n
            PM10<\/sub> <\/strong><\/span>- reveals the mass of <\/span>atmospheric particles<\/span><\/a> with a diameter less than 10 microns.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t
          5. \r\n
            SO4<\/sub>ex<\/strong><\/span> - measures the <\/span>aerosol optical thickness<\/span><\/a> (AOT) of light at 550 nm due to <\/span>sulfate<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

            SPACE MODE<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n\r\nSpace Mode<\/span> has only one data layer or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available (see yellow rectangle below) called <\/span>Aurora<\/span>. This data layer allows one to see the location of current <\/span>auroras<\/span><\/a> in the Earth's atmosphere around the North and South Pole.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
            <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n
            \"earthnullschool_Space_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/figure>\r\n

            HISTORICAL DATA<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n\r\nYou can also display historical data on <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span>. The controls for this are located on the links found on the fifth row from the top on the <\/span>control panel<\/span>. The calendar icon allows one to quickly select a past date for visualization. The image below shows the ocean sea surface temperature anomaly for December 16, 2015 at 16:00 local time. In this image, we can see a strong El Ni\u00f1o (warmer than normal sea surface temperatures) occurring along the equatorial Pacific Ocean.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n
            \"Earthnullschool<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/figure>\r\n

            MAP PROJECTIONS<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n\r\nVisualizations on <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span> can be displayed on eight different map projection systems. The default display is the Orographic map projection system. The other seven map projection systems include: Atlantis (A), Conic Equidistant (CE), Equirectangular (E), Patterson (P), Stereographic (S), Waterman Butterfly (WB), and Winkel Tripel (W3). The row (ninth from the top) titled \"Projection\" in the <\/span>control panel <\/span>is used to switch map projections.<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
            <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
            <\/div>\r\n
            \r\n\r\nThis Appendix is Licensed Under\u00a0Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/em>\r\n\r\n \r\n

            Updated April 2, 2021<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

            Appendix 4<\/span>: Earth.nullschool.net Tutorial<\/span><\/h1>\n
            \n
            \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
            \n
            \n

            Earth.nullschool.net<\/span><\/a> is website that creates on the fly visualizations of current and past weather conditions on the Earth. Data available on this site is updated regularly. Shown below is the sea surface temperature anomaly image from <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span> for December 17, 2020. One can clearly see the La Ni\u00f1a (cooler than normal sea surface temperatures) across the equatorial Pacific Ocean.<\/span><\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            \"Earthnullschool<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            \n
            \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            CONTROL PANEL<\/span><\/h1>\n
            \n
            \n

            The <\/span>control panel<\/span> for <\/span>earth.nullschool.net <\/span>is shown below. This <\/span>control panel<\/span> is used to produce the various types of visualizations <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span>. Highlighted with the red rectangle are the five different data display <\/span>modes<\/span> available. Shown below is a visualization using <\/span>Air Mode <\/strong>with the animated wind data layer at the surface (Sfc) turned on.<\/span><\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            \n
            \n
            \n
            \n
            \"earthnullschool_Control_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n
            \n
            \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
            \n
            The first four rows in the <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span> control panel<\/span> show the following information related to created visualizations:<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
              \n
            1. \n
              Data<\/strong><\/span> – <\/span>describes the data being being shown in this example we are looking at wind at the Earth’s surface (Wind @ Surface).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
            2. \n
              Date<\/strong><\/span> – the date of the visualization shown in the image below December 18, 2020 at 07:00 local time (2020-12-18 04:00 Local).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
            3. \n
              Source<\/strong><\/span> – the original source of the data – GFS \/ NCEP \/ US National Weather Service.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
            4. \n
              Scale<\/strong><\/span> – color scale bar being used with the data.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              \n
              \n

              The sixth row in the <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span> \u00a0<\/span>control panel<\/span> configures the animated background layer in the visualization. There are\u00a0three animated layers available, <\/span>Wind<\/span>, <\/span>Currents<\/span>, and <\/span>Waves,<\/span> for display as shown in the yellow rectangle highlighting the <\/span>Animation<\/span> layers available (see image below). The image below shows <\/span>Air Mode<\/span> with the animated <\/span>wind<\/span> data layer at the surface (Sfc) turned on.<\/span><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              \"earthnullschool_Air_Wind_window.jpg\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

              \n
              \n


              \nBelow is <\/span>Air Mode<\/strong> with the animated <\/span>ocean currents <\/span>data layer at the surface (Sfc) turned on.<\/span><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              \"earthnullschool_Air_Currents_window.jpg\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

              \n
              \n


              \nThe next screen shot shows <\/span>Air Mode<\/strong> with the animated <\/span>ocean waves<\/span> data layer at the surface (Sfc) turned on.<\/span><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

              \n
              \n
              \n
              \n
              \"earthnullschool_Air_Waves_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

              AIR MODE<\/span><\/h1>\n
              \n
              \n

              Air Mode<\/strong> has ten data layers or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available for producing visualizations (see yellow rectangle below).<\/span><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

              \n
              \n
              \n
              \n
              \"earthnullschool_Air_window.jpg\"<\/p>\n
              <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n
              \n
              Here is a list of the data available for viewing in <\/span>Air Mode<\/span> via the links in <\/span>Overlays<\/span> includes:<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
              <\/div>\n
                \n
              1. \n
                Wind<\/strong><\/span> – shows the wind speed at specified height measured in kilometers per hour (km\/h).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              2. \n
                Temp<\/strong><\/span> – displays air temperature at specified height measured in degrees Celsius (C\u00b0).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              3. \n
                RH<\/strong><\/span> – reveals relative humidity at specified height measured in percent (%).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              4. \n
                WPD<\/strong><\/span> – measures of power available in the wind: \u00bd\u03c1v<\/span>3<\/span>, where \u03c1 is air density and v is wind velocity measured in kilowatts per meter squared (kW\/m<\/span>2<\/span>).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              5. \n
                3HPA<\/strong><\/span> – \u00a0shows the amount of precipitation accumulation that will occur over the next three hours measured in mm of water.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              6. \n
                CAPE<\/strong><\/span> – measures the convective available potential energy from surface which is a measure of \u00a0the buoyancy of air, a measure of atmospheric instability and predictor of severe weather measured in joules per kilogram.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              7. \n
                TPW<\/strong><\/span> – \u00a0quantifies the total amount of water in a column of air stretching from ground to space measured in kilograms per square meter.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              8. \n
                TCW<\/strong><\/span> – \u00a0measures the total amount of water in clouds in a column of air from ground to space \u00a0in kilograms per square meter.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              9. \n
                MSLP<\/strong><\/span>– displays air pressure adjusted to sea level (mean sea level pressure) and measured in hectopascals (hPa).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
              10. \n
                MI<\/strong><\/span> – determines the Misery Index measured in equivalent degrees Celsius (C\u00b0).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                \n
                Much of the climate data available in <\/span>Air Mode<\/span> can be visualized via the <\/span>Height<\/span> links found in row eight of the <\/span>control panel <\/span>at the following levels in the atmosphere as measured in average atmospheric pressure in hectopascals (hPa) and meters above the ground surface: \u00a0surface (Sfc ), 1000 hPa (100 meters), 850 hPa (1,500 meters), 700 hPa (3,500 meters), 500 hPa (5,000 meters), 250 hPa (10,500 meters), 70 hPa (17,500 meters), and 10 hPa (26,500 meters).\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                \n
                \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                OCEAN MODE<\/span><\/h1>\n
                \n
                Ocean Mode<\/span> has five data layers or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available for producing visualizations (see yellow rectangle below).\u00a0Data available for viewing via the links in <\/span>Overlays<\/span> includes:<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                  \n
                1. \n
                  Currents<\/strong><\/span> –\u00a0overlay reveals the flow pattern of ocean surface currents and their speed of movement in meters per second.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                2. \n
                  Waves<\/strong><\/span> –\u00a0shows the direction (in degrees using the azimuth system) and relative speed as measured by the wave period in seconds.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                3. \n
                  HTSGW<\/strong><\/span> – shows a measurement of significant wave height in meters.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                4. \n
                  SST<\/strong><\/span> – displays sea surface temperature of the ocean surface in degrees Celsius (C\u00b0).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                5. \n
                  SSTA<\/strong><\/span> – the sea surface temperature anomaly difference in ocean temperature from the climate normal period 1981-2011 in degrees Celsius (C\u00b0).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                  \n
                  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \"earthnullschool_Ocean_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

                  CHEM MODE<\/span><\/h1>\n
                  \n
                  Chem Mode<\/span> has four data layers or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available for producing visualizations (see yellow rectangle below).\u00a0Data available \u00a0for viewing via the links in <\/span>Overlays<\/span> includes:<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n
                  1. \n
                    COsc<\/strong><\/span> – shows the fraction of <\/span>carbon monoxide<\/span><\/a> present in the air above the Earth’s surface.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  2. \n
                    CO2<\/sub>sc<\/strong><\/span> – displays the fraction of <\/span>carbon dioxide<\/span><\/a> present in the air above the Earth’s surface.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  3. \n
                    SO2<\/sub>sm<\/strong><\/span> – presents the quantity of <\/span>sulfur dioxide<\/span><\/a> in the air above the Earth’s surface.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  4. \n
                    NO2<\/sub><\/strong><\/span> – reveals the amount of <\/span>nitrogen dioxide<\/span><\/a> in the air above the Earth’s surface.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \n
                    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \"earthnullschool_Chem_window.jpg\"\u00a0<\/span><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

                    PARTICULATES MODE<\/span><\/h1>\n
                    \n
                    Particulates Mode<\/span> has four data layers or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available for producing visualizations (see yellow rectangle below).\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
                    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \n
                    \"earthnullschool_Particulates_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\n

                     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

                    \n
                    Data available in <\/span>Particulates Mode<\/span> for display via the links in <\/span>Overlays<\/span> includes:<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                      \n
                    1. \n
                      DUex<\/strong><\/span> – measures the <\/span>aerosol optical thickness<\/span><\/a> (AOT) of light at 550 nm due to <\/span>dust<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                    2. \n
                      PM<\/strong>1<\/strong> <\/sub><\/span>– shows the mass of <\/span>atmospheric particles<\/span><\/a> with a diameter less than 1 micron.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                    3. \n
                      PM<\/strong>2.5<\/strong> <\/sub><\/span>– displays the mass of <\/span>atmospheric particles<\/span><\/a> with a diameter less than 2.5 microns.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                    4. \n
                      PM10<\/sub> <\/strong><\/span>– reveals the mass of <\/span>atmospheric particles<\/span><\/a> with a diameter less than 10 microns.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                    5. \n
                      SO4<\/sub>ex<\/strong><\/span> – measures the <\/span>aerosol optical thickness<\/span><\/a> (AOT) of light at 550 nm due to <\/span>sulfate<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      SPACE MODE<\/span><\/h1>\n
                      \n
                      \n

                      Space Mode<\/span> has only one data layer or <\/span>Overlays<\/span> available (see yellow rectangle below) called <\/span>Aurora<\/span>. This data layer allows one to see the location of current <\/span>auroras<\/span><\/a> in the Earth’s atmosphere around the North and South Pole.<\/span><\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                      \n
                      \n
                      \n
                      \n
                      \"earthnullschool_Space_window.jpg\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

                      HISTORICAL DATA<\/span><\/h1>\n
                      \n
                      \n

                      You can also display historical data on <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span>. The controls for this are located on the links found on the fifth row from the top on the <\/span>control panel<\/span>. The calendar icon allows one to quickly select a past date for visualization. The image below shows the ocean sea surface temperature anomaly for December 16, 2015 at 16:00 local time. In this image, we can see a strong El Ni\u00f1o (warmer than normal sea surface temperatures) occurring along the equatorial Pacific Ocean.<\/span><\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                      \n
                      \n
                      \n
                      \n
                      \"Earthnullschool<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

                      MAP PROJECTIONS<\/span><\/h1>\n
                      \n
                      \n

                      Visualizations on <\/span>earth.nullschool.net<\/span> can be displayed on eight different map projection systems. The default display is the Orographic map projection system. The other seven map projection systems include: Atlantis (A), Conic Equidistant (CE), Equirectangular (E), Patterson (P), Stereographic (S), Waterman Butterfly (WB), and Winkel Tripel (W3). The row (ninth from the top) titled “Projection” in the <\/span>control panel <\/span>is used to switch map projections.<\/span><\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                      <\/div>\n
                      \n

                      This Appendix is Licensed Under\u00a0Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      Updated April 2, 2021<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1284,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["michael-pidwirny"],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[],"class_list":["post-797","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-michael-pidwirny"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/797","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1284"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/797\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":894,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/797\/revisions\/894"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/797\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=797"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=797"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=797"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physgeoglabmanual1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}