{"id":180,"date":"2018-08-24T14:55:01","date_gmt":"2018-08-24T18:55:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/chapter-4-summary-2\/"},"modified":"2021-09-19T19:13:52","modified_gmt":"2021-09-19T23:13:52","slug":"chapter-4-summary-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/chapter-4-summary-2\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 4 Summary &amp; Key Term Check","rendered":"Chapter 4 Summary &amp; Key Term Check"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Chapter 4 Main Ideas<\/h1>\r\n<h2>4.1 Alfred Wegener's Arguments for Plate Tectonics<\/h2>\r\nThe evidence for continental drift in the early 20th century included the matching of continental shapes on either side of the Atlantic, and the geological and fossil matchups between continents that are now thousands of kilometres apart.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-1-alfred-wegener-the-father-of-plate-tectonics-2#303\">Early evidence for plate tectonics<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>4.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century<\/h2>\r\nThe established theories of global geology were permanentism and contractionism, but neither of these theories was able to explain some of the evidence that supported the idea of continental drift.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-2-global-geological-models-of-the-early-20th-century-2#304\">Ideas other than plate tectonics used to explain observations<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>4.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century<\/h2>\r\nGiant strides were made in understanding Earth during the middle decades of the 20th century, including discovering magnetic evidence of continental drift, mapping the topography of the ocean floor, describing the depth relationships of earthquakes along ocean trenches, measuring heat flow differences in various parts of the ocean floor, and mapping magnetic reversals on the sea floor. By the mid-1960s, the fundamentals of the theory of plate tectonics were in place.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-3-geological-renaissance-of-the-mid-20th-century-2#281\">What's the significance of apparent polar wandering?<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-3-geological-renaissance-of-the-mid-20th-century-2#14\">What's the significance of magnetic seafloor stripes?<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>4.4 Plates, Plate Motions, and Plate-Boundary Processes<\/h2>\r\nEarth\u2019s lithosphere is made up of over 20 plates that are moving in different directions at rates of between 1 cm\/y to greater than 10 cm\/y. The three types of plate boundaries are divergent (plates moving apart and new crust forming), convergent (plates moving together and one possibly being subducted), and transform (plates moving side by side). Divergent boundaries form where existing plates are rifted apart, and it is hypothesized that this is caused by a series of mantle plumes. Subduction zones can form where accumulation of sediment at a passive margin leads to separation of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Supercontinents form and break up through these processes.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-4-plates-plate-motions-and-plate-boundary-processes-2#282\">Types of plate boundaries<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-4-plates-plate-motions-and-plate-boundary-processes-2#305\">Plate boundary features<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>4.5 Mechanisms for Plate Motion<\/h2>\r\nIt is widely believed that ridge-push and slab-pull are the main mechanisms for plate motion, as opposed to traction by mantle convection. Mantle convection is a key factor for producing the conditions necessary for ridge-push and slab-pull.\r\n<h1>Key Term Check<\/h1>\r\nWhat key term from Chapter 4 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"283\"]","rendered":"<h1>Chapter 4 Main Ideas<\/h1>\n<h2>4.1 Alfred Wegener&#8217;s Arguments for Plate Tectonics<\/h2>\n<p>The evidence for continental drift in the early 20th century included the matching of continental shapes on either side of the Atlantic, and the geological and fossil matchups between continents that are now thousands of kilometres apart.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-1-alfred-wegener-the-father-of-plate-tectonics-2#303\">Early evidence for plate tectonics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>4.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century<\/h2>\n<p>The established theories of global geology were permanentism and contractionism, but neither of these theories was able to explain some of the evidence that supported the idea of continental drift.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-2-global-geological-models-of-the-early-20th-century-2#304\">Ideas other than plate tectonics used to explain observations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>4.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century<\/h2>\n<p>Giant strides were made in understanding Earth during the middle decades of the 20th century, including discovering magnetic evidence of continental drift, mapping the topography of the ocean floor, describing the depth relationships of earthquakes along ocean trenches, measuring heat flow differences in various parts of the ocean floor, and mapping magnetic reversals on the sea floor. By the mid-1960s, the fundamentals of the theory of plate tectonics were in place.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-3-geological-renaissance-of-the-mid-20th-century-2#281\">What&#8217;s the significance of apparent polar wandering?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-3-geological-renaissance-of-the-mid-20th-century-2#14\">What&#8217;s the significance of magnetic seafloor stripes?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>4.4 Plates, Plate Motions, and Plate-Boundary Processes<\/h2>\n<p>Earth\u2019s lithosphere is made up of over 20 plates that are moving in different directions at rates of between 1 cm\/y to greater than 10 cm\/y. The three types of plate boundaries are divergent (plates moving apart and new crust forming), convergent (plates moving together and one possibly being subducted), and transform (plates moving side by side). Divergent boundaries form where existing plates are rifted apart, and it is hypothesized that this is caused by a series of mantle plumes. Subduction zones can form where accumulation of sediment at a passive margin leads to separation of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Supercontinents form and break up through these processes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-4-plates-plate-motions-and-plate-boundary-processes-2#282\">Types of plate boundaries<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/4-4-plates-plate-motions-and-plate-boundary-processes-2#305\">Plate boundary features<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>4.5 Mechanisms for Plate Motion<\/h2>\n<p>It is widely believed that ridge-push and slab-pull are the main mechanisms for plate motion, as opposed to traction by mantle convection. Mantle convection is a key factor for producing the conditions necessary for ridge-push and slab-pull.<\/p>\n<h1>Key Term Check<\/h1>\n<p>What key term from Chapter 4 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-283\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-283\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"283\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 4 key terms about plate tectonics\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-180","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":133,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2592,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/180\/revisions\/2592"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/133"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/180\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=180"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=180"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}