{"id":236,"date":"2018-04-16T02:08:01","date_gmt":"2018-04-16T06:08:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/chapter-5-summary-2\/"},"modified":"2021-08-23T14:04:05","modified_gmt":"2021-08-23T18:04:05","slug":"chapter-5-summary-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/chapter-5-summary-2\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 5 Summary &amp; Key Term Check","rendered":"Chapter 5 Summary &amp; Key Term Check"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Chapter 5 Main Ideas<\/h1>\r\nA mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid with a distinct chemical formula.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/part\/chapter-5-minerals#22\">Which are minerals?<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>5.1 Atoms<\/h2>\r\nAn atom is made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons arranged in energy shells around the nucleus. The first shell holds two electrons, and outer shells hold more. Atoms strive to have eight electrons in their outermost shell (or two for H and He). Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve this. In so doing they become either positively charged cations (if they lose electrons) or negatively charged anions (if they gain them).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-1-atoms#150\">Atom anatomy<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>5.2 Bonding and Lattices<\/h2>\r\nThe main types of bonding in minerals are ionic bonding (electrons transferred) and covalent bonding (electrons shared). Some minerals have metallic bonding or weak Van der Waals forces. Minerals form in three-dimensional lattices. The configuration of the lattices and the type of bonding within help determine mineral properties.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-2-bonding-and-lattices-2#152\">Cation or anion?<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-2-bonding-and-lattices-2#153\">Chemical bond types<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>5.3 Mineral Groups<\/h2>\r\nMinerals are grouped according to the anion part of their formula. Some common types are: oxides, sulphides, sulphates, halides, carbonates, phosphates, silicates, and native minerals.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-3-mineral-groups-2#23\">Beginner<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-3-mineral-groups-2#154\">Level up<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>5.4 Silicate Minerals<\/h2>\r\nSilicate minerals are the most common minerals in Earth\u2019s crust and mantle. They all have silica tetrahedra (four oxygens surrounding a single silicon atom) arranged in different structures (chains, sheets, etc).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-4-silicate-minerals-2#25\">Silicate minerals and their structures<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Extra: Do You Know the Common Silicate Minerals?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe most common rock-building minerals come up frequently in this textbook. Now is a good time to make sure you know what they are.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"164\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>5.5 How Minerals Form<\/h2>\r\nMost minerals in the crust form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. Some form from hot water solutions, during metamorphism or weathering, or through organic processes. More rarely, minerals precipitate directly from a gas, such as at a volcanic vent.\r\n<h2>5.6 Mineral Properties<\/h2>\r\nSome of the important properties for mineral identification include hardness, cleavage\/fracture, density, lustre, colour, and streak colour.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-6-mineral-properties-2#161\">Types of lustre<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-6-mineral-properties-2#159\">How to determine hardness<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-6-mineral-properties-2#158\">Crystal habit vs. cleavage vs. fracture<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-6-mineral-properties-2#162\">Using mineral properties to identify minerals<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Extra: Can You Mohs?<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"299\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Key Term Check<\/h1>\r\nWhat key term from Chapter 5 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"163\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h1>Chapter 5 Main Ideas<\/h1>\n<p>A mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid with a distinct chemical formula.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/part\/chapter-5-minerals#22\">Which are minerals?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>5.1 Atoms<\/h2>\n<p>An atom is made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons arranged in energy shells around the nucleus. The first shell holds two electrons, and outer shells hold more. Atoms strive to have eight electrons in their outermost shell (or two for H and He). Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve this. In so doing they become either positively charged cations (if they lose electrons) or negatively charged anions (if they gain them).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-1-atoms#150\">Atom anatomy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>5.2 Bonding and Lattices<\/h2>\n<p>The main types of bonding in minerals are ionic bonding (electrons transferred) and covalent bonding (electrons shared). Some minerals have metallic bonding or weak Van der Waals forces. Minerals form in three-dimensional lattices. The configuration of the lattices and the type of bonding within help determine mineral properties.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-2-bonding-and-lattices-2#152\">Cation or anion?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-2-bonding-and-lattices-2#153\">Chemical bond types<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>5.3 Mineral Groups<\/h2>\n<p>Minerals are grouped according to the anion part of their formula. Some common types are: oxides, sulphides, sulphates, halides, carbonates, phosphates, silicates, and native minerals.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-3-mineral-groups-2#23\">Beginner<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-3-mineral-groups-2#154\">Level up<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>5.4 Silicate Minerals<\/h2>\n<p>Silicate minerals are the most common minerals in Earth\u2019s crust and mantle. They all have silica tetrahedra (four oxygens surrounding a single silicon atom) arranged in different structures (chains, sheets, etc).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-4-silicate-minerals-2#25\">Silicate minerals and their structures<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Extra: Do You Know the Common Silicate Minerals?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The most common rock-building minerals come up frequently in this textbook. Now is a good time to make sure you know what they are.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-164\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-164\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"164\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Common rock-building minerals\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>5.5 How Minerals Form<\/h2>\n<p>Most minerals in the crust form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. Some form from hot water solutions, during metamorphism or weathering, or through organic processes. More rarely, minerals precipitate directly from a gas, such as at a volcanic vent.<\/p>\n<h2>5.6 Mineral Properties<\/h2>\n<p>Some of the important properties for mineral identification include hardness, cleavage\/fracture, density, lustre, colour, and streak colour.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-6-mineral-properties-2#161\">Types of lustre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-6-mineral-properties-2#159\">How to determine hardness<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-6-mineral-properties-2#158\">Crystal habit vs. cleavage vs. fracture<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-6-mineral-properties-2#162\">Using mineral properties to identify minerals<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Extra: Can You Mohs?<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-299\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-299\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"299\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Mohs hardness: Calcite versus quartz\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Key Term Check<\/h1>\n<p>What key term from Chapter 5 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-163\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-163\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"163\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Key terms about minerals\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-236","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":188,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/236","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/236\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2457,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/236\/revisions\/2457"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/188"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/236\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=236"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=236"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}