{"id":450,"date":"2018-08-24T15:05:09","date_gmt":"2018-08-24T19:05:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/chapter-10-summary-2\/"},"modified":"2021-07-28T00:59:34","modified_gmt":"2021-07-28T04:59:34","slug":"chapter-10-summary-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/chapter-10-summary-2\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 10 Summary &amp; Key Term Check","rendered":"Chapter 10 Summary &amp; Key Term Check"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Chapter 10 Main Ideas<\/h1>\r\n<h2>10.1 Controls on Metamorphic Processes<\/h2>\r\nMetamorphism is controlled by five main factors: the composition of the parent rock, the temperature to which the rock is heated, the amount and direction of pressure, the volumes and compositions of fluids that are present, and the amount of time available for metamorphic reactions to take place.\r\n<h2>10.2 Foliation and Rock Cleavage<\/h2>\r\nWhen the pressure acting on a rock is not uniform in all directions, foliation can develop. Foliation may occur in the form of platy or elongated mineral crystals that have grown at right angles to the maximum pressure, or it may develop when crystals or clasts within a rock are deformed. Foliation causes crystals or clasts within a rock to become aligned. When metamorphic rocks break parallel to the direction of foliation, rock cleavage results.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/10-2-foliation-and-rock-cleavage\/#220\">Identifying the presence of foliation and cleavage<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>10.3 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks<\/h2>\r\nMetamorphic rocks are classified on the basis of texture and mineral composition. Foliation is a key feature of metamorphic rocks formed under directed pressure; foliated metamorphic rocks include slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss. Metamorphic rocks formed in environments without strong directed pressure include hornfels, marble, and quartzite.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/10-2-classification-of-metamorphic-rocks-2\/#222\">Practice with types of metamorphic rocks<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>10.4 Types of Metamorphism and Where They Occur<\/h2>\r\nAlmost all regions that experience metamorphism are being acted upon by plate-tectonic processes. Oceanic crustal rock can be metamorphosed near the spreading ridge where it was formed. Regional metamorphism takes place in areas where mountain ranges are forming, which are most common at convergent boundaries. Contact metamorphism takes place around magma bodies in the crust, which are also most common above convergent boundaries. Shock metamorphism happens when extraterrestrial bodies impact Earth, and is unusual among metamorphic processes because it occurs in seconds or minutes, rather than taking millions of years. Dynamic metamorphism occurs when shear stress is applied to rocks, such as along faults.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/10-3-types-of-metamorphism-and-where-they-occur-2\/#71\">Types of metamorphism<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>10.5 Metamorphic Facies and Index Minerals<\/h2>\r\nMetamorphic facies are groups of metamorphic rocks that form under the same range of pressure and temperature conditions, but from different parent rocks. Geologists use index minerals such as chlorite, garnet, andalusite, and sillimanite to identify metamorphic zones. Index minerals tell us about the pressure and temperature conditions under which metamorphic rocks formed.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Putting It Together: Using Metamorphic Grade &amp; Index Minerals to Solve a Mystery<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"73\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>10.6 Metamorphic Hydrothermal Processes and Metasomatism<\/h2>\r\nContact metamorphism takes place around magma bodies that have intruded into cool rocks in the crust. Heat from magma is transferred to the surrounding country rock, resulting in mineralogical and textural changes. Hot water from a cooling body of magma, or from convection of groundwater driven by the heat of the pluton, can lead to hydrothermal alteration. When large volumes of fluid are flushed through rocks experiencing metamorphic pressures and temperatures, metasomatism results. Metasomatism can cause valuable metals to accumulate in the surrounding rocks.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/10-6-metamorphic-hydrothermal-processes-and-metasomatism-2\/#225\">Contact metamorphism and metasomatism<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Key Term Check<\/h1>\r\nWhat key term from Chapter 10 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"226\"]","rendered":"<h1>Chapter 10 Main Ideas<\/h1>\n<h2>10.1 Controls on Metamorphic Processes<\/h2>\n<p>Metamorphism is controlled by five main factors: the composition of the parent rock, the temperature to which the rock is heated, the amount and direction of pressure, the volumes and compositions of fluids that are present, and the amount of time available for metamorphic reactions to take place.<\/p>\n<h2>10.2 Foliation and Rock Cleavage<\/h2>\n<p>When the pressure acting on a rock is not uniform in all directions, foliation can develop. Foliation may occur in the form of platy or elongated mineral crystals that have grown at right angles to the maximum pressure, or it may develop when crystals or clasts within a rock are deformed. Foliation causes crystals or clasts within a rock to become aligned. When metamorphic rocks break parallel to the direction of foliation, rock cleavage results.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/10-2-foliation-and-rock-cleavage\/#220\">Identifying the presence of foliation and cleavage<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>10.3 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks<\/h2>\n<p>Metamorphic rocks are classified on the basis of texture and mineral composition. Foliation is a key feature of metamorphic rocks formed under directed pressure; foliated metamorphic rocks include slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss. Metamorphic rocks formed in environments without strong directed pressure include hornfels, marble, and quartzite.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/10-2-classification-of-metamorphic-rocks-2\/#222\">Practice with types of metamorphic rocks<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>10.4 Types of Metamorphism and Where They Occur<\/h2>\n<p>Almost all regions that experience metamorphism are being acted upon by plate-tectonic processes. Oceanic crustal rock can be metamorphosed near the spreading ridge where it was formed. Regional metamorphism takes place in areas where mountain ranges are forming, which are most common at convergent boundaries. Contact metamorphism takes place around magma bodies in the crust, which are also most common above convergent boundaries. Shock metamorphism happens when extraterrestrial bodies impact Earth, and is unusual among metamorphic processes because it occurs in seconds or minutes, rather than taking millions of years. Dynamic metamorphism occurs when shear stress is applied to rocks, such as along faults.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/10-3-types-of-metamorphism-and-where-they-occur-2\/#71\">Types of metamorphism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>10.5 Metamorphic Facies and Index Minerals<\/h2>\n<p>Metamorphic facies are groups of metamorphic rocks that form under the same range of pressure and temperature conditions, but from different parent rocks. Geologists use index minerals such as chlorite, garnet, andalusite, and sillimanite to identify metamorphic zones. Index minerals tell us about the pressure and temperature conditions under which metamorphic rocks formed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Putting It Together: Using Metamorphic Grade &amp; Index Minerals to Solve a Mystery<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-73\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-73\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"73\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Challenge puzzle: Organizing metamorphic rocks according to metamorphic grade\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>10.6 Metamorphic Hydrothermal Processes and Metasomatism<\/h2>\n<p>Contact metamorphism takes place around magma bodies that have intruded into cool rocks in the crust. Heat from magma is transferred to the surrounding country rock, resulting in mineralogical and textural changes. Hot water from a cooling body of magma, or from convection of groundwater driven by the heat of the pluton, can lead to hydrothermal alteration. When large volumes of fluid are flushed through rocks experiencing metamorphic pressures and temperatures, metasomatism results. Metasomatism can cause valuable metals to accumulate in the surrounding rocks.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/10-6-metamorphic-hydrothermal-processes-and-metasomatism-2\/#225\">Contact metamorphism and metasomatism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Key Term Check<\/h1>\n<p>What key term from Chapter 10 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-226\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-226\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"226\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 10 key terms\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-450","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":394,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1952,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/450\/revisions\/1952"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/394"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/450\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=450"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=450"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}