Appendix F Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation
In this glossary, key symbols and notation are briefly defined.
Symbol | Definition |
---|---|
$latex \overline{\text{any symbol}}$ | average (indicated by a bar over a symbol—e.g., $latex \bar{v}$ is average velocity) |
$latex ^{\circ} \text{C}$ | Celsius degree |
$latex ^{\circ} \text{F}$ | Fahrenheit degree |
$latex // $ | parallel |
$latex \bot $ | perpendicular |
$latex \propto $ | proportional to |
$latex \pm $ | plus or minus |
$latex _0 $ | zero as a subscript denotes an initial value |
$latex \alpha $ | alpha rays |
$latex \alpha $ | angular acceleration |
$latex \alpha $ | temperature coefficient(s) of resistivity |
$latex \beta $ | beta rays |
$latex \beta $ | sound level |
$latex \beta $ | volume coefficient of expansion |
$latex \beta ^{-} $ | electron emitted in nuclear beta decay |
$latex \beta ^{+} $ | positron decay |
$latex \gamma $ | gamma rays |
$latex \gamma $ | surface tension |
$latex \gamma = 1/ \sqrt{1 – v^2 / c^2} $ | a constant used in relativity |
$latex \Delta $ | change in whatever quantity follows |
$latex \delta $ | uncertainty in whatever quantity follows |
$latex \mathit\Delta E $ | change in energy between the initial and final orbits of an electron in an atom |
$latex \mathit\Delta E $ | uncertainty in energy |
$latex \mathit\Delta m $ | difference in mass between initial and final products |
$latex \mathit\Delta N $ | number of decays that occur |
$latex \mathit\Delta p $ | change in momentum |
$latex \mathit\Delta p $ | uncertainty in momentum |
$latex \mathit\Delta \text{PE}_{\text{g}} $ | change in gravitational potential energy |
$latex \mathit\Delta \theta $ | rotation angle |
$latex \mathit\Delta s $ | distance traveled along a circular path |
$latex \mathit\Delta t $ | uncertainty in time |
$latex \mathit\Delta t_0 $ | proper time as measured by an observer at rest relative to the process |
$latex \mathit\Delta V $ | potential difference |
$latex \mathit\Delta x $ | uncertainty in position |
$latex \epsilon _0 $ | permittivity of free space |
$latex \eta $ | viscosity |
$latex \theta $ | angle between the force vector and the displacement vector |
$latex \theta $ | angle between two lines |
$latex \theta $ | contact angle |
$latex \theta $ | direction of the resultant |
$latex \theta _b $ | Brewster’s angle |
$latex \theta _c $ | critical angle |
$latex \kappa $ | dielectric constant |
$latex \lambda $ | decay constant of a nuclide |
$latex \lambda $ | wavelength |
$latex \lambda _n $ | wavelength in a medium |
$latex \mu _0 $ | permeability of free space |
$latex \mu _k $ | coefficient of kinetic friction |
$latex \mu _s $ | coefficient of static friction |
$latex v_e $ | electron neutrino |
$latex \pi ^+ $ | positive pion |
$latex \pi ^- $ | negative pion |
$latex \pi ^0 $ | neutral pion |
$latex \rho $ | density |
$latex \rho _{\text{c}} $ | critical density, the density needed to just halt universal expansion |
$latex \rho _{\text{fl}} $ | fluid density |
$latex \overline{\rho} _{\text{obj}} $ | average density of an object |
$latex \rho / \rho _{\text{w}} $ | specific gravity |
$latex \tau $ | characteristic time constant for a resistance and inductance ($latex RL $) or resistance and capacitance ($latex RC $) circuit |
$latex \tau $ | characteristic time for a resistor and capacitor ($latex RC $) circuit |
$latex \tau $ | torque |
$latex \Upsilon $ | upsilon meson |
$latex \Phi $ | magnetic flux |
$latex \phi $ | phase angle |
$latex \Omega $ | ohm (unit) |
$latex \omega $ | angular velocity |
$latex \text{A}$ | ampere (current unit) |
$latex A $ | area |
$latex A $ | cross-sectional area |
$latex A $ | total number of nucleons |
$latex a $ | acceleration |
$latex a_{\text{B}} $ | Bohr radius |
$latex a_{\text{c}} $ | centripetal acceleration |
$latex a_{\text{t}} $ | tangential acceleration |
$latex \text{AC}$ | alternating current |
$latex \text{AM}$ | amplitude modulation |
$latex \text{atm}$ | atmosphere |
$latex B $ | baryon number |
$latex B $ | blue quark color |
$latex \overline{B} $ | antiblue (yellow) antiquark color |
$latex b $ | quark flavor bottom or beauty |
$latex B $ | bulk modulus |
$latex B $ | magnetic field strength |
$latex B_{\text{int}} $ | electron’s intrinsic magnetic field |
$latex B_{\text{orb}} $ | orbital magnetic field |
$latex \text{BE} $ | binding energy of a nucleus—it is the energy required to completely disassemble it into separate protons and neutrons |
$latex \text{BE/A} $ | binding energy per nucleon |
$latex \text{Bq} $ | becquerel—one decay per second |
$latex C $ | capacitance (amount of charge stored per volt) |
$latex C $ | coulomb (a fundamental SI unit of charge) |
$latex C_{\text{p}} $ | total capacitance in parallel |
$latex C_{\text{s}} $ | total capacitance in series |
$latex \text{CG} $ | center of gravity |
$latex \text{CM} $ | center of mass |
$latex c $ | quark flavor charm |
$latex c $ | specific heat |
$latex c $ | speed of light |
$latex \text{Cal} $ | kilocalorie |
$latex \text{cal} $ | calorie |
$latex \textit{\text{COP}}_{\text{hp}} $ | heat pump’s coefficient of performance |
$latex \textit{\text{COP}}_{\text{ref}} $ | coefficient of performance for refrigerators and air conditioners |
$latex \text{cos} \theta $ | cosine |
$latex \text{cot} \theta $ | cotangent |
$latex \text{csc} \theta $ | cosecant |
$latex D $ | diffusion constant |
$latex d $ | displacement |
$latex d $ | quark flavor down |
$latex \text{dB} $ | decibel |
$latex d_i $ | distance of an image from the center of a lens |
$latex d_o $ | distance of an object from the center of a lens |
$latex \text{DC} $ | direct current |
$latex E $ | electric field strength |
$latex \epsilon $ | emf (voltage) or Hall electromotive force |
$latex \text{emf} $ | electromotive force |
$latex E $ | energy of a single photon |
$latex E $ | nuclear reaction energy |
$latex E $ | relativistic total energy |
$latex E $ | total energy |
$latex E_0 $ | ground state energy for hydrogen |
$latex E_0 $ | rest energy |
$latex \text{EC} $ | electron capture |
$latex E_{\text{cap}} $ | energy stored in a capacitor |
$latex \textit{\text{Eff}} $ | efficiency—the useful work output divided by the energy input |
$latex \textit{\text{Eff}}_{\textit{\text{C}}} $ | Carnot efficiency |
$latex E_{\text{in}} $ | energy consumed (food digested in humans) |
$latex E_{\text{ind}} $ | energy stored in an inductor |
$latex E_{\text{out}} $ | energy output |
$latex e $ | emissivity of an object |
$latex e^+ $ | antielectron or positron |
$latex \text{eV} $ | electron volt |
$latex \text{F} $ | farad (unit of capacitance, a coulomb per volt) |
$latex \text{F} $ | focal point of a lens |
$latex \textbf{\text{F}} $ | force |
$latex F $ | magnitude of a force |
$latex F $ | restoring force |
$latex F_{\text{B}} $ | buoyant force |
$latex F_{\text{c}} $ | centripetal force |
$latex F_{\text{i}} $ | force input |
$latex \textbf{F}_{\text{net}} $ | net force |
$latex F_{\text{o}} $ | force output |
$latex \text{FM} $ | frequency modulation |
$latex f $ | focal length |
$latex f $ | frequency |
$latex f_0 $ | resonant frequency of a resistance, inductance, and capacitance ($latex RLC $) series circuit |
$latex f_0 $ | threshold frequency for a particular material (photoelectric effect) |
$latex f_1 $ | fundamental |
$latex f_2 $ | first overtone |
$latex f_3 $ | second overtone |
$latex f_{\text{B}} $ | beat frequency |
$latex f_{\text{k}} $ | magnitude of kinetic friction |
$latex f_{\text{s}} $ | magnitude of static friction |
$latex G $ | gravitational constant |
$latex G $ | green quark color |
$latex \overline{G} $ | antigreen (magenta) antiquark color |
$latex g $ | acceleration due to gravity |
$latex g $ | gluons (carrier particles for strong nuclear force) |
$latex h $ | change in vertical position |
$latex h $ | height above some reference point |
$latex h $ | maximum height of a projectile |
$latex h $ | Planck’s constant |
$latex hf $ | photon energy |
$latex h_i $ | height of the image |
$latex h_o $ | height of the object |
$latex I $ | electric current |
$latex I $ | intensity |
$latex I $ | intensity of a transmitted wave |
$latex I $ | moment of inertia (also called rotational inertia) |
$latex I_0 $ | intensity of a polarized wave before passing through a filter |
$latex I_{\text{ave}} $ | average intensity for a continuous sinusoidal electromagnetic wave |
$latex I_{\text{rms}} $ | average current |
$latex J $ | joule |
$latex J / \psi $ | Joules/psi meson |
$latex \text{K} $ | kelvin |
$latex k $ | Boltzmann constant |
$latex k $ | force constant of a spring |
$latex K_{\alpha} $ | x rays created when an electron falls into an $latex n = 1 $ shell vacancy from the $latex n = 3 $ shell |
$latex K_{\beta} $ | x rays created when an electron falls into an $latex n = 2 $ shell vacancy from the $latex n = 3 $ shell |
$latex \text{kcal} $ | kilocalorie |
$latex \text{KE} $ | translational kinetic energy |
$latex \text{KE} + \text{PE} $ | mechanical energy |
$latex \text{KE}_e $ | kinetic energy of an ejected electron |
$latex \text{KE}_{\text{rel}} $ | relativistic kinetic energy |
$latex \text{KE}_{\text{rot}} $ | rotational kinetic energy |
$latex \overline{\text{KE}} $ | thermal energy |
$latex \text{kg} $ | kilogram (a fundamental SI unit of mass) |
$latex L $ | angular momentum |
$latex \text{L} $ | liter |
$latex L $ | magnitude of angular momentum |
$latex L $ | self-inductance |
$latex \ell $ | angular momentum quantum number |
$latex L_{\alpha} $ | x rays created when an electron falls into an $latex n = 2 $ shell from the $latex n = 3 $ shell |
$latex L_e $ | electron total family number |
$latex L_{\mu} $ | muon family total number |
$latex L_{\tau} $ | tau family total number |
$latex L_{\text{f}} $ | heat of fusion |
$latex L_{\text{f}}$ and $latex L_{\text{v}} $ | latent heat coefficients |
$latex L_{\text{orb}} $ | orbital angular momentum |
$latex L_{\text{s}} $ | heat of sublimation |
$latex L_{\text{v}} $ | heat of vaporization |
$latex L_z $ | z – component of the angular momentum |
$latex M $ | angular magnification |
$latex M $ | mutual inductance |
$latex \text{m} $ | indicates metastable state |
$latex m $ | magnification |
$latex m $ | mass |
$latex m $ | mass of an object as measured by a person at rest relative to the object |
$latex \text{m} $ | meter (a fundamental SI unit of length) |
$latex m $ | order of interference |
$latex m $ | overall magnification (product of the individual magnifications) |
$latex m(^AX) $ | atomic mass of a nuclide |
$latex \text{MA} $ | mechanical advantage |
$latex m_{\text{e}} $ | magnification of the eyepiece |
$latex m_e $ | mass of the electron |
$latex m_{\ell} $ | angular momentum projection quantum number |
$latex m_n $ | mass of a neutron |
$latex m_{\text{o}} $ | magnification of the objective lens |
$latex \text{mol} $ | mole |
$latex m_p $ | mass of a proton |
$latex m_{\text{s}} $ | spin projection quantum number |
$latex N $ | magnitude of the normal force |
$latex \text{N} $ | newton |
$latex \textbf{\text{N}}$ | normal force |
$latex N $ | number of neutrons |
$latex n $ | index of refraction |
$latex n $ | number of free charges per unit volume |
$latex N_A $ | Avogadro’s number |
$latex N_{\text{r}} $ | Reynolds number |
$latex \text{N} \cdot \text{m} $ | newton-meter (work-energy unit) |
$latex \text{N} \cdot \text{m} $ | newtons times meters (SI unit of torque) |
$latex \text{OE} $ | other energy |
$latex P $ | power |
$latex P $ | power of a lens |
$latex P $ | pressure |
$latex \textbf{\text{p}} $ | momentum |
$latex p $ | momentum magnitude |
$latex p $ | relativistic momentum |
$latex \textbf{\text{p}}_{\text{tot}} $ | total momentum |
$latex \textbf{\text{p}}^{\prime}_{\text{tot}} $ | total momentum some time later |
$latex p_{\text{abs}} $ | absolute pressure |
$latex p_{\text{atm}} $ | atmospheric pressure |
$latex p_{\text{atm}} $ | standard atmospheric pressure |
$latex \text{PE} $ | potential energy |
$latex \text{PE}_{el} $ | elastic potential energy |
$latex \text{PE}_{\text{elec}} $ | electric potential energy |
$latex \text{PE}_s $ | potential energy of a spring |
$latex P_g $ | gauge pressure |
$latex P_{in} $ | power consumption or input |
$latex P_{out} $ | useful power output going into useful work or a desired, form of energy |
$latex Q $ | latent heat |
$latex Q $ | net heat transferred into a system |
$latex Q $ | flow rate—volume per unit time flowing past a point |
$latex +Q $ | positive charge |
$latex -Q $ | negative charge |
$latex q $ | electron charge |
$latex q_p $ | charge of a proton |
$latex q $ | test charge |
$latex \text{QF} $ | quality factor |
$latex R $ | activity, the rate of decay |
$latex R $ | radius of curvature of a spherical mirror |
$latex R $ | red quark color |
$latex \overline{R} $ | antired (cyan) quark color |
$latex R $ | resistance |
$latex \text{R} $ | resultant or total displacement |
$latex R $ | Rydberg constant |
$latex R $ | universal gas constant |
$latex r $ | distance from pivot point to the point where a force is applied |
$latex r $ | internal resistance |
$latex r_{\bot} $ | perpendicular lever arm |
$latex r $ | radius of a nucleus |
$latex r $ | radius of curvature |
$latex r $ | resistivity |
$latex \text{r or rad} $ | radiation dose unit |
$latex \text{rem} $ | roentgen equivalent man |
$latex \text{rad} $ | radian |
$latex \text{RBE} $ | relative biological effectiveness |
$latex RC $ | resistor and capacitor circuit |
$latex \text{rms} $ | root mean square |
$latex r_n $ | radius of the nth H-atom orbit |
$latex R_p $ | total resistance of a parallel connection |
$latex R_s $ | total resistance of a series connection |
$latex R_s $ | Schwarzschild radius |
$latex S $ | entropy |
$latex \textbf{\text{S}} $ | intrinsic spin (intrinsic angular momentum) |
$latex S $ | magnitude of the intrinsic (internal) spin angular momentum |
$latex S $ | shear modulus |
$latex S $ | strangeness quantum number |
$latex s $ | quark flavor strange |
$latex \text{s} $ | second (fundamental SI unit of time) |
$latex s $ | spin quantum number |
$latex \textbf{\text{s}} $ | total displacement |
$latex \text{sec} \theta $ | secant |
$latex \text{sin} \theta $ | sine |
$latex s_z $ | z-component of spin angular momentum |
$latex T $ | period—time to complete one oscillation |
$latex T $ | temperature |
$latex T_c $ | critical temperature—temperature below which a material becomes a superconductor |
$latex T $ | tension |
$latex \text{T} $ | tesla (magnetic field strength B) |
$latex t $ | quark flavor top or truth |
$latex t $ | time |
$latex t_{1/2} $ | half-life—the time in which half of the original nuclei decay |
$latex \text{tan} \theta $ | tangent |
$latex U $ | internal energy |
$latex u $ | quark flavor up |
$latex \text{u} $ | unified atomic mass unit |
$latex \textbf{\text{u}} $ | velocity of an object relative to an observer |
$latex \textbf{\text{u}}^{\prime} $ | velocity relative to another observer |
$latex V $ | electric potential |
$latex V $ | terminal voltage |
$latex \text{V} $ | volt (unit) |
$latex V $ | volume |
$latex \textbf{\text{v}} $ | relative velocity between two observers |
$latex v $ | speed of light in a material |
$latex \textbf{\text{v}} $ | velocity |
$latex \overline{\textbf{\text{v}}} $ | average fluid velocity |
$latex V_B – V_A $ | change in potential |
$latex \textbf{\text{v}}_d $ | drift velocity |
$latex V_p $ | transformer input voltage |
$latex V_{\text{rms}} $ | rms voltage |
$latex V_s $ | transformer output voltage |
$latex \textbf{\text{v}}_{\text{tot}} $ | total velocity |
$latex v_{\text{w}} $ | propagation speed of sound or other wave |
$latex \textbf{\text{v}}_{\text{w}} $ | wave velocity |
$latex W $ | work |
$latex W $ | net work done by a system |
$latex \text{W} $ | watt |
$latex w $ | weight |
$latex w_{\text{fl}} $ | weight of the fluid displaced by an object |
$latex W_c $ | total work done by all conservative forces |
$latex W_{nc} $ | total work done by all nonconservative forces |
$latex W_{out} $ | useful work output |
$latex X $ | amplitude |
$latex \text{X} $ | symbol for an element |
$latex \begin{matrix} Z \\ A \end{matrix} K_N $ | notation for a particular nuclide |
$latex x $ | deformation or displacement from equilibrium |
$latex x $ | displacement of a spring from its undeformed position |
$latex x $ | horizontal axis |
$latex X_C $ | capacitive reactance |
$latex X_L $ | inductive reactance |
$latex x_{\text{rms}} $ | root mean square diffusion distance |
$latex y $ | vertical axis |
$latex Y $ | elastic modulus or Young’s modulus |
$latex Z $ | atomic number (number of protons in a nucleus) |
$latex Z $ | impedance |