{"id":30,"date":"2017-11-20T13:03:29","date_gmt":"2017-11-20T18:03:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/chapter\/introduction-and-units\/"},"modified":"2018-06-25T12:00:03","modified_gmt":"2018-06-25T16:00:03","slug":"introduction-and-units","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/chapter\/introduction-and-units\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction and Units","rendered":"Introduction and Units"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

Learning Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nAt the end of this introductory chapter you should be able to\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Demonstrate familiarity with the study procedure, performance expectations and components of the course<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Perform units conversions problems within SI and US Customary systems<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    Study procedure<\/strong><\/div>\r\nDelivery of this course is based on the Applied Strength of Materials for Engineering Technology, by Dr. Barry Dupen.\u00a0 This resource will be referred to as the \"textbook<\/span>\".\r\n\r\nTo complement the textbook students have access to the current resource, further identified as \"supplement<\/span>\".\u00a0 This consists of summaries of main concepts developed in the textbook and assigned problems.\r\n\r\nFor best results students should adhere to the following sequence:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Before class, study the theory and review the sample problems in the textbook. Some topics were already covered in Applied Physics but you will benefit from a brief review.<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. To reinforce the concepts, review the key notes in the supplement.\u00a0 Take notes of the concepts you found challenging and ask for clarifications in class.<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. Classroom lectures:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will review the theoretical concepts and answer questions<\/li>\r\n \t
      • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will demonstrate solving selected problems.\u00a0 When needed, instructor's notes will be published on line.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Students will solve assigned problems in small groups, with guidance from instructor<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Individual work\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Students will solve\u00a0 assigned problems on their own, for self-evaluation.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will provide guidance and feedback during posted office hours or Tutorial Sessions<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nCourse evaluation:\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • Each chapter will be assessed through quizzes or assignments.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Midterm and Final examinations.\u00a0 Combined passing score is 60%.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Attendance will be monitored but is not mandatory.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
            Recommendations<\/strong><\/div>\r\nStrength of Materials is a \u201cmethodical\u201d discipline.\u00a0 This means that it deals in general with standard\/classical questions that usually have an established method of solving them.\u00a0 When solving problems students often follow steps and procedures that were previously demonstrated in class or in the textbook.\u00a0 These approaches are logical and never students would be expected to memorize them.\u00a0 However, it is important for students to practice solving questions on their own since this will help them see patterns in questions, provide them with problems solving experience and help them complete the exercise in the allotted time.\r\n\r\nFor best results, students are encouraged to work after classes between 2 and 3 hours for each hour of lecture.\u00a0 This effort will be different for each student.\u00a0 To manage your time more efficiently consider attending the weekly scheduled tutorials.\r\n
            Units and conversions<\/strong><\/div>\r\nLike in many other engineering disciplines calculations may be performed in both systems of units, US Customary and SI.\u00a0 While Canada has officially adopted the SI (metric) system in 1970, economic cooperation with US companies requires engineering graduates to be fluent in both systems.\u00a0 Some computational software that you will use may be available only in US Customary units, being developed in US, and mostly for American users.\u00a0 It is therefore imperative to be able to complete calculations in both systems of units and to be able to convert between systems.\r\n
            \r\n

            Please note:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nWhen solving problems, if the data is given in SI units, complete the solution in SI units.\u00a0 Similarly for US Customary units; there is not need to switch the system of units.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn the metric system prefixes are added to base and derived units to form names and symbols that are multiples of SI units. The following table shows the commonly used SI prefixes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
            Prefix<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSymbol<\/strong><\/td>\r\nMultiplying Factor<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Giga X<\/td>\r\nGX<\/td>\r\n109<\/sup> = 1000 000 000<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Mega X<\/td>\r\nMX<\/td>\r\n106<\/sup> = 1000 000<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Kilo X<\/td>\r\nkX<\/td>\r\n103<\/sup> = 1000<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Hecto X<\/td>\r\nhX<\/td>\r\n102<\/sup> = 100<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Deca X<\/td>\r\ndaX<\/td>\r\n101<\/sup> = 10<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Base SI Unit \"X\"<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0\"X\" can be m, g, W, J, etc.<\/td>\r\n100<\/sup> = 1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Deci<\/td>\r\ndX<\/td>\r\n10-1<\/sup> = 0.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Centi<\/td>\r\ncX<\/td>\r\n10-2<\/sup> = 0.01<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Milli<\/td>\r\nmX<\/td>\r\n10-3<\/sup> = 0.001<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Micro<\/td>\r\n\u03bcX<\/td>\r\n10-6<\/sup> = 0.000 001<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nThere are different ways to perform units conversions but in the end, they all lead to the same answer.\u00a0 The following are simple examples to demonstrate the procedure.\r\n
            Examples - SI system:<\/div>\r\n1.\u00a0 Convert 0.2 km to cm\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • When performing SI conversions it is easy to see if your answer is reasonable or not.\u00a0 For instance if you move from a large unit (kilo) to a smaller one (centi), the resulting value should be greater.<\/li>\r\n \t
            • Looking at Fig. 1, you may also consider moving the decimal point to the right, three steps from Kilo to base and two more steps from base to your final answer.\u00a0 This is an alternative approach to performing SI conversions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 Convert 50 000 cW to kW\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • Note that some units may be presented with a less commonly used prefixes.\u00a0 For instance, while \u201ccentimeter\u201d is frequently used, \u201ccentiwatts\u201d not so much.\u00a0 However, you should be able to identify the prefix and the unit it applies to.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n

                3.\u00a0 Convert 300 000 cm3<\/sup> to dam3<\/sup><\/p>\r\n\"\"\r\n

                  \r\n \t
                • \u00a0 You may look at this conversion as follows:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\"\"\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • Pay extra attention when using powers, as in volume or area conversions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor the purpose of this course most of the US Customary conversions will deal with linear dimensions.\u00a0 The conversion factors we use are presented in Appendix A.\u00a0 It is desirable to remember the most used factors such as 1 ft = 12 in or 1 yd = 3 ft.\r\n
                    Examples - US Customary system<\/div>\r\n4. \u00a0 Convert 1.2 yards to inches\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n5. \u00a0 Convert 2 square feet to square inches\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n
                    \r\n

                    Assigned Problems<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\nProblem 1:<\/strong> The hoop stress in a pressure vessel is calculated with the formula\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"\" where p<\/em> is the design pressure, di<\/sub><\/em> is the inside diameter and t <\/em>is the wall thickness.\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. If p<\/em> = 4450 kPa, di<\/sub><\/em> = 1.8 m and t<\/em> = 20 mm, determine the hoop stress in the wall, in MPa.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. If p<\/em> = 645 psi, di<\/sub><\/em> = 6 feet and t<\/em> = \u00be in,\u00a0 determine the hoop stress in the wall, in ksi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nProblem 2:<\/strong> To determine the dead load on a foundation you are required to estimate the weigh of a spherical tank (V=4\/3 \u03c0r3<\/sup>), full with a liquid of given density.\u00a0 Tank mass is negligible compared to the mass of the product.\u00a0 Determine its weight based on the following:\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. Diameter = 200 cm, density = 1.12 g\/cm3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Answer in N.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. Diameter = 80 in., density = 70 lb\/ft3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Answer in lb.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nProblem 3:<\/strong> Suggest one improvement to this chapter.\r\n\r\nThe improvements have to be specific and clear, for example:\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • correct this typo<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • replace this phrase with this<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • add this explanation to this section<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • add this problem to the chapter problems<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • etc<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou may use screen captures to identify the section that you would like improved or expanded.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n ","rendered":"
                          \n

                          Learning Objectives<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                          At the end of this introductory chapter you should be able to<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Demonstrate familiarity with the study procedure, performance expectations and components of the course<\/li>\n
                          • Perform units conversions problems within SI and US Customary systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                            Study procedure<\/strong><\/div>\n

                            Delivery of this course is based on the Applied Strength of Materials for Engineering Technology, by Dr. Barry Dupen.\u00a0 This resource will be referred to as the “textbook<\/span>“.<\/p>\n

                            To complement the textbook students have access to the current resource, further identified as “supplement<\/span>“.\u00a0 This consists of summaries of main concepts developed in the textbook and assigned problems.<\/p>\n

                            For best results students should adhere to the following sequence:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Before class, study the theory and review the sample problems in the textbook. Some topics were already covered in Applied Physics but you will benefit from a brief review.<\/li>\n
                            2. To reinforce the concepts, review the key notes in the supplement.\u00a0 Take notes of the concepts you found challenging and ask for clarifications in class.<\/li>\n
                            3. Classroom lectures:\n
                                \n
                              • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will review the theoretical concepts and answer questions<\/li>\n
                              • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will demonstrate solving selected problems.\u00a0 When needed, instructor’s notes will be published on line.<\/li>\n
                              • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Students will solve assigned problems in small groups, with guidance from instructor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                              • Individual work\n
                                  \n
                                • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Students will solve\u00a0 assigned problems on their own, for self-evaluation.<\/li>\n
                                • \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will provide guidance and feedback during posted office hours or Tutorial Sessions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Course evaluation:<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • Each chapter will be assessed through quizzes or assignments.<\/li>\n
                                  • Midterm and Final examinations.\u00a0 Combined passing score is 60%.<\/li>\n
                                  • Attendance will be monitored but is not mandatory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                    Recommendations<\/strong><\/div>\n

                                    Strength of Materials is a \u201cmethodical\u201d discipline.\u00a0 This means that it deals in general with standard\/classical questions that usually have an established method of solving them.\u00a0 When solving problems students often follow steps and procedures that were previously demonstrated in class or in the textbook.\u00a0 These approaches are logical and never students would be expected to memorize them.\u00a0 However, it is important for students to practice solving questions on their own since this will help them see patterns in questions, provide them with problems solving experience and help them complete the exercise in the allotted time.<\/p>\n

                                    For best results, students are encouraged to work after classes between 2 and 3 hours for each hour of lecture.\u00a0 This effort will be different for each student.\u00a0 To manage your time more efficiently consider attending the weekly scheduled tutorials.<\/p>\n

                                    Units and conversions<\/strong><\/div>\n

                                    Like in many other engineering disciplines calculations may be performed in both systems of units, US Customary and SI.\u00a0 While Canada has officially adopted the SI (metric) system in 1970, economic cooperation with US companies requires engineering graduates to be fluent in both systems.\u00a0 Some computational software that you will use may be available only in US Customary units, being developed in US, and mostly for American users.\u00a0 It is therefore imperative to be able to complete calculations in both systems of units and to be able to convert between systems.<\/p>\n

                                    \n

                                    Please note:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                    When solving problems, if the data is given in SI units, complete the solution in SI units.\u00a0 Similarly for US Customary units; there is not need to switch the system of units.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                                    In the metric system prefixes are added to base and derived units to form names and symbols that are multiples of SI units. The following table shows the commonly used SI prefixes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                    Prefix<\/strong><\/td>\nSymbol<\/strong><\/td>\nMultiplying Factor<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Giga X<\/td>\nGX<\/td>\n109<\/sup> = 1000 000 000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Mega X<\/td>\nMX<\/td>\n106<\/sup> = 1000 000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Kilo X<\/td>\nkX<\/td>\n103<\/sup> = 1000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Hecto X<\/td>\nhX<\/td>\n102<\/sup> = 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Deca X<\/td>\ndaX<\/td>\n101<\/sup> = 10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Base SI Unit “X”<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0“X” can be m, g, W, J, etc.<\/td>\n100<\/sup> = 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Deci<\/td>\ndX<\/td>\n10-1<\/sup> = 0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Centi<\/td>\ncX<\/td>\n10-2<\/sup> = 0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Milli<\/td>\nmX<\/td>\n10-3<\/sup> = 0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Micro<\/td>\n\u03bcX<\/td>\n10-6<\/sup> = 0.000 001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                    There are different ways to perform units conversions but in the end, they all lead to the same answer.\u00a0 The following are simple examples to demonstrate the procedure.<\/p>\n

                                    Examples – SI system:<\/div>\n

                                    1.\u00a0 Convert 0.2 km to cm<\/p>\n

                                    \"\"<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • When performing SI conversions it is easy to see if your answer is reasonable or not.\u00a0 For instance if you move from a large unit (kilo) to a smaller one (centi), the resulting value should be greater.<\/li>\n
                                    • Looking at Fig. 1, you may also consider moving the decimal point to the right, three steps from Kilo to base and two more steps from base to your final answer.\u00a0 This is an alternative approach to performing SI conversions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      2.\u00a0 Convert 50 000 cW to kW<\/p>\n

                                      \"\"<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • Note that some units may be presented with a less commonly used prefixes.\u00a0 For instance, while \u201ccentimeter\u201d is frequently used, \u201ccentiwatts\u201d not so much.\u00a0 However, you should be able to identify the prefix and the unit it applies to.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                        3.\u00a0 Convert 300 000 cm3<\/sup> to dam3<\/sup><\/p>\n

                                        \"\"<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • \u00a0 You may look at this conversion as follows:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          \"\"<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • Pay extra attention when using powers, as in volume or area conversions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            For the purpose of this course most of the US Customary conversions will deal with linear dimensions.\u00a0 The conversion factors we use are presented in Appendix A.\u00a0 It is desirable to remember the most used factors such as 1 ft = 12 in or 1 yd = 3 ft.<\/p>\n

                                            Examples – US Customary system<\/div>\n

                                            4. \u00a0 Convert 1.2 yards to inches<\/p>\n

                                            \"\"<\/p>\n

                                            5. \u00a0 Convert 2 square feet to square inches<\/p>\n

                                            \"\"<\/p>\n

                                            \n

                                            Assigned Problems<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

                                            Problem 1:<\/strong> The hoop stress in a pressure vessel is calculated with the formula\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"\" where p<\/em> is the design pressure, di<\/sub><\/em> is the inside diameter and t <\/em>is the wall thickness.<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            1. If p<\/em> = 4450 kPa, di<\/sub><\/em> = 1.8 m and t<\/em> = 20 mm, determine the hoop stress in the wall, in MPa.<\/li>\n
                                            2. If p<\/em> = 645 psi, di<\/sub><\/em> = 6 feet and t<\/em> = \u00be in,\u00a0 determine the hoop stress in the wall, in ksi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              Problem 2:<\/strong> To determine the dead load on a foundation you are required to estimate the weigh of a spherical tank (V=4\/3 \u03c0r3<\/sup>), full with a liquid of given density.\u00a0 Tank mass is negligible compared to the mass of the product.\u00a0 Determine its weight based on the following:<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              1. Diameter = 200 cm, density = 1.12 g\/cm3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Answer in N.<\/li>\n
                                              2. Diameter = 80 in., density = 70 lb\/ft3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Answer in lb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                Problem 3:<\/strong> Suggest one improvement to this chapter.<\/p>\n

                                                The improvements have to be specific and clear, for example:<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • correct this typo<\/li>\n
                                                • replace this phrase with this<\/li>\n
                                                • add this explanation to this section<\/li>\n
                                                • add this problem to the chapter problems<\/li>\n
                                                • etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  You may use screen captures to identify the section that you would like improved or expanded.<\/p>\n

                                                   <\/p>\n

                                                   <\/p>\n

                                                   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":239,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Units","pb_subtitle":"Units","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[57],"license":[],"class_list":["post-30","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard","contributor-alex-podut"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/239"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":618,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/revisions\/618"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/powr4406\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=30"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}