{"id":69,"date":"2022-02-25T09:49:18","date_gmt":"2022-02-25T14:49:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=69"},"modified":"2022-03-04T17:54:33","modified_gmt":"2022-03-04T22:54:33","slug":"culture-and-cognition-emotion-motivation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/chapter\/culture-and-cognition-emotion-motivation\/","title":{"raw":"Module 5: Culture and Cognition, Emotion, Motivation","rendered":"Module 5: Culture and Cognition, Emotion, Motivation"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Readings<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 21\">\r\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\r\n<div class=\"column\">\r\n\r\nAltarriba, J., Basnight, D. M., &amp; Canary, T. M. (2003). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread01perception.pdf\">Emotion Representation and Perception Across Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1033\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1033<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.\r\n\r\nHofer, J., &amp; Chasiotis, A. (2011).<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread02implicitmotive.pdf\"> Implicit Motives Across Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1097\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1097<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.\r\n\r\nGuess, C. (2004). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread03decision.pdf\">Decision Making in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1032\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1032<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.\r\n\r\nGuess, C. (2004). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5congread04planning.pdf\">Planning in Brazil, India and Germany [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and culture,4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1031\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1031<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.\r\n\r\nFleith, D. S. (2011). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cognread05creativity.pdf\">Creativity in the Brazilian Culture [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture,4(3). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1037\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1037<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Teaching Materials<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#majorpoints\">Major Points<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/2module05cognition.pptx\">PowerPoint Presentation [PPT]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#videos\">Selected video presentations (choose 1 or 2)<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#critical\">Critical Thinking Questions<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"majorpoints\"><\/a>Major Points<\/h1>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Visual Perception\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Carpentered World theory<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Visual illusions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Depth perception<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Attention\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Salience<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Focus or context<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Holistic and Analytic perception<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Categorization\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Universals and culture specific<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Color, Shape, Function<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Counterfactual Thinking\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Universal<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Culture-specific<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Math Ability\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Asian advantage?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Numbering systems<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Memory\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Serial Position Effect<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Episodic Memory<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hindsight Bias<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Creativity\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Individualistic and Collectivist Culture<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Multicultural experiences<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Intelligence\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Culture-specific abilities<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Biologically determined?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>IQ test Controversies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Culture-fair\/ Culture-free measures<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h1><a id=\"videos\"><\/a>Videos<\/h1>\r\nCulture, Cognition and Recollection- B.R. Walters (10:30)\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2l5XbfH5qY4\r\n\r\nCreative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFPR-UCLA CMB 2012: \u201cCulture, Self, and Brain\u201d (Shinobu Kitayama, University of Michigan) (28:10)\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qCz4kFXlWAg\r\n\r\nCreative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nCognitive and Cultural Barriers to Openness (28:43)\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_3AWW3OCc4I\r\n\r\nCreative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nHumor and culture in international business | Chris Smit | TEDxLeuven (14:42)\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MB6NXzGKMKg\r\n\r\nCreative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAre there universal expressions of emotions? \u2013 Sophie Zadeh (4:51)\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-hr58Yu0yDs\r\n\r\nCreative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International<\/a>\r\n<h1><a id=\"critical\"><\/a>Critical Thinking Questions<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In which way is decision making different in individualistic and collectivist cultures??<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How would you study decision making in different cultures? Which methods would you use? Which countries would you select for comparison?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What types of motivated behavior can be regarded as being universal and which types can vary between cultures?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does culture influence motivation? Give examples.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nCritical Thinking Questions adapted from\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Guess, C. (2004). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread03decision.pdf\">Decision Making in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1032\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1032<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hofer, J., &amp; Chasiotis, A. (2011).<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread02implicitmotive.pdf\"> Implicit Motives Across Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1097\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1097<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Altarriba, J., Basnight, D. M., &amp; Canary, T. M. (2003). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread01perception.pdf\">Emotion Representation and Perception Across Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1033\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1033<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h1>Readings<\/h1>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 21\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Altarriba, J., Basnight, D. M., &amp; Canary, T. M. (2003). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread01perception.pdf\">Emotion Representation and Perception Across Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1033\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1033<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Hofer, J., &amp; Chasiotis, A. (2011).<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread02implicitmotive.pdf\"> Implicit Motives Across Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1097\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1097<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Guess, C. (2004). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread03decision.pdf\">Decision Making in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1032\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1032<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Guess, C. (2004). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5congread04planning.pdf\">Planning in Brazil, India and Germany [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and culture,4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1031\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1031<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Fleith, D. S. (2011). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cognread05creativity.pdf\">Creativity in the Brazilian Culture [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture,4(3). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1037\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1037<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Teaching Materials<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#majorpoints\">Major Points<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/2module05cognition.pptx\">PowerPoint Presentation [PPT]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#videos\">Selected video presentations (choose 1 or 2)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#critical\">Critical Thinking Questions<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"majorpoints\"><\/a>Major Points<\/h1>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li>Visual Perception\n<ol>\n<li>Carpentered World theory<\/li>\n<li>Visual illusions<\/li>\n<li>Depth perception<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Attention\n<ol>\n<li>Salience<\/li>\n<li>Focus or context<\/li>\n<li>Holistic and Analytic perception<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Categorization\n<ol>\n<li>Universals and culture specific<\/li>\n<li>Color, Shape, Function<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Counterfactual Thinking\n<ol>\n<li>Universal<\/li>\n<li>Culture-specific<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Math Ability\n<ol>\n<li>Asian advantage?<\/li>\n<li>Numbering systems<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Memory\n<ol>\n<li>Serial Position Effect<\/li>\n<li>Episodic Memory<\/li>\n<li>Hindsight Bias<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Creativity\n<ol>\n<li>Individualistic and Collectivist Culture<\/li>\n<li>Multicultural experiences<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Intelligence\n<ol>\n<li>Culture-specific abilities<\/li>\n<li>Biologically determined?<\/li>\n<li>IQ test Controversies<\/li>\n<li>Culture-fair\/ Culture-free measures<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1><a id=\"videos\"><\/a>Videos<\/h1>\n<p>Culture, Cognition and Recollection- B.R. Walters (10:30)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Culture, Cognition and Recollection - B.R. Walters\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2l5XbfH5qY4?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Creative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">CC BY 3.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>FPR-UCLA CMB 2012: \u201cCulture, Self, and Brain\u201d (Shinobu Kitayama, University of Michigan) (28:10)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"FPR-UCLA CMB 2012: &quot;Culture, Self, and Brain&quot; (Shinobu Kitamaya, University of Michigan)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qCz4kFXlWAg?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Creative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">CC BY 3.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cognitive and Cultural Barriers to Openness (28:43)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Cognitive and Cultural Barriers to Openness\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_3AWW3OCc4I?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Creative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">CC BY 3.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Humor and culture in international business | Chris Smit | TEDxLeuven (14:42)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-4\" title=\"Humor and culture in international business | Chris Smit | TEDxLeuven\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MB6NXzGKMKg?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Creative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Are there universal expressions of emotions? \u2013 Sophie Zadeh (4:51)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-5\" title=\"Are there universal expressions of emotion? - Sophie Zadeh\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-hr58Yu0yDs?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Creative Commons Attribution License <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International<\/a><\/p>\n<h1><a id=\"critical\"><\/a>Critical Thinking Questions<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In which way is decision making different in individualistic and collectivist cultures??<\/li>\n<li>How would you study decision making in different cultures? Which methods would you use? Which countries would you select for comparison?<\/li>\n<li>What types of motivated behavior can be regarded as being universal and which types can vary between cultures?<\/li>\n<li>How does culture influence motivation? Give examples.<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Critical Thinking Questions adapted from<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Guess, C. (2004). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread03decision.pdf\">Decision Making in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1032\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1032<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Hofer, J., &amp; Chasiotis, A. (2011).<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread02implicitmotive.pdf\"> Implicit Motives Across Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1097\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1097<\/a>. This work is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Altarriba, J., Basnight, D. M., &amp; Canary, T. M. (2003). <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psyc4700psychculture\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1628\/2022\/02\/module5cogread01perception.pdf\">Emotion Representation and Perception Across Cultures [PDF]<\/a>. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1033\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9707\/2307-0919.1033<\/a>. 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