{"id":128,"date":"2019-08-07T16:55:30","date_gmt":"2019-08-07T20:55:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/chapter\/death-and-dying\/"},"modified":"2021-07-15T01:35:25","modified_gmt":"2021-07-15T05:35:25","slug":"death-and-dying","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/chapter\/death-and-dying\/","title":{"raw":"Death and Dying","rendered":"Death and Dying"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss hospice care<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the five stages of grief<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define living will and DNR<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm9064048\">Every story has an ending. Death marks the end of your life story. Our culture and individual backgrounds influence how we view death. In some cultures, death is accepted as a natural part of life and is embraced. In contrast, until about 50 years ago in the United States, a doctor might not inform someone that they were dying, and the majority of deaths occurred in hospitals. In 1967 that reality began to change with Cicely Saunders, who created the first modern <span data-type=\"term\">hospice<\/span> in England. The aim of hospice is to help provide a death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable environment, which is usually outside of a hospital setting. In 1974, Florence Wald founded the first hospice in the United States. Today, hospice provides care for 1.65 million Americans and their families. Because of hospice care, many terminally ill people are able to spend their last days at home.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"Figure_09_05_Cemetery\" class=\"bc-figure figure\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"325\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2293\/2017\/08\/01160459\/CNX_Psych_09_05_Cemetery.jpg\" alt=\"A cemetery with many gravestones among the grass and trees is shown.\" width=\"325\" height=\"244\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> In some cultures, people\u2019s bodies may be buried in a cemetery after death. (credit: Christina Rutz)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm49531696\">Research has indicated that hospice care is beneficial for the patient (Brumley, Enquidanos, &amp; Cherin, 2003; Brumley et al., 2007; Godkin, Krant, &amp; Doster, 1984) and for the patient\u2019s family (Rhodes, Mitchell, Miller, Connor, &amp; Teno, 2008; Godkin et al., 1984). Hospice patients report high levels of satisfaction with hospice care because they are able to remain at home and are not completely dependent on strangers for care (Brumley et al., 2007). In addition, hospice patients tend to live longer than non-hospice patients (Connor, Pyenson, Fitch, Spence, &amp; Iwasaki, 2007; Temel et al., 2010). Family members receive emotional support and are regularly informed of their loved one\u2019s treatment and condition. The family member\u2019s burden of care is also reduced (McMillan et al., 2006). Both the patient and the patient\u2019s family members report increased family support, increased social support, and improved coping while receiving hospice services (Godkin et al., 1984).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm12082480\">How do you think you might react if you were diagnosed with a terminal illness like cancer? Elizabeth K\u00fcbler-Ross (1969), who worked with the founders of hospice care, described the process of an individual accepting his own death. She proposed five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Most individuals experience these stages, but the stages may occur in different orders, depending on the individual. In addition, not all people experience all of the stages. It is also important to note that some psychologists believe that the more a dying person fights death, the more likely he is to remain stuck in the denial phase. This could make it difficult for the dying person to face death with dignity. However, other psychologists believe that not facing death until the very end is an adaptive coping mechanism for some people.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp10571072\">Whether due to illness or old age, not everyone facing death or the loss of a loved one experiences the negative emotions outlined in the K\u00fcbler-Ross model (Nolen-Hoeksema &amp; Larson, 1999). For example, research suggests that people with religious or spiritual beliefs are better able to cope with death because of their hope in an afterlife and because of social support from religious or spiritual associations (Hood, Spilka, Hunsberger, &amp; Corsuch, 1996; McIntosh, Silver, &amp; Wortman, 1993; Paloutzian, 1996; Samarel, 1991; Wortman &amp; Park, 2008).<\/p>\r\nA prominent example of a person creating meaning through death is Randy Pausch, who was a well-loved and respected professor at Carnegie Mellon University. Diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer in his mid-40s and given only 3\u20136 months to live, Pausch focused on living in a fulfilling way in the time he had left. Instead of becoming angry and depressed, he presented his now famous last lecture called \u201cReally Achieving Your Childhood Dreams.\u201d In his moving, yet humorous talk, he shares his insights on seeing the good in others, overcoming obstacles, and experiencing zero gravity, among many other things. Despite his terminal diagnosis, Pausch lived the final year of his life with joy and hope, showing us that our plans for the future still matter, even if we know that we are dying.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<em data-effect=\"italics\">Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 14pt\"> is Randy Pausch\u2019s last lecture. Listen to his inspiring talk: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ji5_MqicxSo&amp;feature=emb_title\">Randy Pausch Last Lecture: Achieving Your Childhood Dreams<\/a>.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ji5_MqicxSo[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp17484640\" class=\"summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Test Your Understanding<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[h5p id=\"498\"]&nbsp;\r\n<div>[h5p id=\"567\"]<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>[h5p id=\"568\"]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Summary<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm38651232\">Death marks the endpoint of our lifespan. There are many ways that we might react when facing death. K\u00fcbler-Ross developed a five-stage model of grief as a way to explain this process. Many people facing death choose hospice care, which allows their last days to be spent at home in a comfortable, supportive environment.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm115883904\" class=\"review-questions\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Review Questions<\/h1>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp45427200\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm94275952\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">[h5p id=\"341\"]<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp34337632\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Critical Thinking Questions<\/h1>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm46748400\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm20386000\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><details><summary><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Describe the five stages of grief and provide examples of how a person might react in each stage.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/summary>The first stage is denial. The person receives news that he is dying, and either does not take it seriously or tries to escape from the reality of the situation. He might say something like, \u201cCancer could never happen to me. I take good care of myself. This has to be a mistake.\u201d The next stage is anger. He realizes time is short, and he may not have a chance to accomplish what he wanted in life. \u201cIt\u2019s not fair. I promised my grandchildren that we would go to Disney World, and now I\u2019ll never have the chance to take them.\u201d The third stage is bargaining. In this stage, he tries to delay the inevitable by bargaining or pleading for extra time, usually with God, family members, or medical care providers. \u201cGod, just give me one more year so I can take that trip with my grandchildren. They\u2019re too young to understand what\u2019s happening and why I can\u2019t take them.\u201d The fourth stage is depression. He becomes sad about his impending death. \u201cI can\u2019t believe this is how I\u2019m going to die. I\u2019m in so much pain. What\u2019s going to become of my family when I\u2019m gone?\u201d The final stage is acceptance. This stage is usually reached in the last few days or weeks before death. He recognizes that death is inevitable. \u201cI need to get everything in order and say all of my good-byes to the people I love.\u201d\r\n\r\n<\/details>&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<details><summary><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u00a0 \u00a0 What is the purpose of hospice care?<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/summary>Hospice is a program of services that provide medical, social, and spiritual support for dying people and their families.\r\n\r\n<\/details><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm97605568\" class=\"personal-application\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Personal Application Questions<\/h1>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp37312384\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm132111632\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp70481968\">Have you ever had to cope with the loss of a loved one? If so, what concepts described in this section provide context that may help you understand your experience and process of grieving?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm41407888\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp41305200\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm84467312\">If you were diagnosed with a terminal illness would you choose hospice care or a traditional death in a hospital? Why?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\r\n<h1 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h1>\r\n[h5p id=\"343\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 14pt\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 14pt\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ji5_MqicxSo&amp;feature=emb_title\">Randy Pausch Last Lecture: Achieving Your Childhood Dreams<\/a>\" by <\/span><\/span><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" style=\"font-size: 14pt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCf-COwmdNelXvbj-KaMCuLw\">Carnegie Mellon University<\/a>. Standard YouTube License.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss hospice care<\/li>\n<li>Describe the five stages of grief<\/li>\n<li>Define living will and DNR<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm9064048\">Every story has an ending. Death marks the end of your life story. Our culture and individual backgrounds influence how we view death. In some cultures, death is accepted as a natural part of life and is embraced. In contrast, until about 50 years ago in the United States, a doctor might not inform someone that they were dying, and the majority of deaths occurred in hospitals. In 1967 that reality began to change with Cicely Saunders, who created the first modern <span data-type=\"term\">hospice<\/span> in England. The aim of hospice is to help provide a death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable environment, which is usually outside of a hospital setting. In 1974, Florence Wald founded the first hospice in the United States. Today, hospice provides care for 1.65 million Americans and their families. Because of hospice care, many terminally ill people are able to spend their last days at home.<\/p>\n<div id=\"Figure_09_05_Cemetery\" class=\"bc-figure figure\">\n<figure style=\"width: 325px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2293\/2017\/08\/01160459\/CNX_Psych_09_05_Cemetery.jpg\" alt=\"A cemetery with many gravestones among the grass and trees is shown.\" width=\"325\" height=\"244\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In some cultures, people\u2019s bodies may be buried in a cemetery after death. (credit: Christina Rutz)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm49531696\">Research has indicated that hospice care is beneficial for the patient (Brumley, Enquidanos, &amp; Cherin, 2003; Brumley et al., 2007; Godkin, Krant, &amp; Doster, 1984) and for the patient\u2019s family (Rhodes, Mitchell, Miller, Connor, &amp; Teno, 2008; Godkin et al., 1984). Hospice patients report high levels of satisfaction with hospice care because they are able to remain at home and are not completely dependent on strangers for care (Brumley et al., 2007). In addition, hospice patients tend to live longer than non-hospice patients (Connor, Pyenson, Fitch, Spence, &amp; Iwasaki, 2007; Temel et al., 2010). Family members receive emotional support and are regularly informed of their loved one\u2019s treatment and condition. The family member\u2019s burden of care is also reduced (McMillan et al., 2006). Both the patient and the patient\u2019s family members report increased family support, increased social support, and improved coping while receiving hospice services (Godkin et al., 1984).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm12082480\">How do you think you might react if you were diagnosed with a terminal illness like cancer? Elizabeth K\u00fcbler-Ross (1969), who worked with the founders of hospice care, described the process of an individual accepting his own death. She proposed five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Most individuals experience these stages, but the stages may occur in different orders, depending on the individual. In addition, not all people experience all of the stages. It is also important to note that some psychologists believe that the more a dying person fights death, the more likely he is to remain stuck in the denial phase. This could make it difficult for the dying person to face death with dignity. However, other psychologists believe that not facing death until the very end is an adaptive coping mechanism for some people.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp10571072\">Whether due to illness or old age, not everyone facing death or the loss of a loved one experiences the negative emotions outlined in the K\u00fcbler-Ross model (Nolen-Hoeksema &amp; Larson, 1999). For example, research suggests that people with religious or spiritual beliefs are better able to cope with death because of their hope in an afterlife and because of social support from religious or spiritual associations (Hood, Spilka, Hunsberger, &amp; Corsuch, 1996; McIntosh, Silver, &amp; Wortman, 1993; Paloutzian, 1996; Samarel, 1991; Wortman &amp; Park, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>A prominent example of a person creating meaning through death is Randy Pausch, who was a well-loved and respected professor at Carnegie Mellon University. Diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer in his mid-40s and given only 3\u20136 months to live, Pausch focused on living in a fulfilling way in the time he had left. Instead of becoming angry and depressed, he presented his now famous last lecture called \u201cReally Achieving Your Childhood Dreams.\u201d In his moving, yet humorous talk, he shares his insights on seeing the good in others, overcoming obstacles, and experiencing zero gravity, among many other things. Despite his terminal diagnosis, Pausch lived the final year of his life with joy and hope, showing us that our plans for the future still matter, even if we know that we are dying.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><em data-effect=\"italics\">Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 14pt\"> is Randy Pausch\u2019s last lecture. Listen to his inspiring talk: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ji5_MqicxSo&amp;feature=emb_title\">Randy Pausch Last Lecture: Achieving Your Childhood Dreams<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Randy Pausch Last Lecture: Achieving Your Childhood Dreams\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ji5_MqicxSo?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp17484640\" class=\"summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Test Your Understanding<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div id=\"h5p-498\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-498\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"498\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ch 10 Death and Dying (Quiz 1)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"h5p-567\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-567\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"567\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Death and Dying 1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"h5p-568\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-568\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"568\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Death and Dying 2\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Summary<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fs-idm38651232\">Death marks the endpoint of our lifespan. There are many ways that we might react when facing death. K\u00fcbler-Ross developed a five-stage model of grief as a way to explain this process. Many people facing death choose hospice care, which allows their last days to be spent at home in a comfortable, supportive environment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm115883904\" class=\"review-questions\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Review Questions<\/h1>\n<div id=\"fs-idp45427200\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm94275952\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div id=\"h5p-341\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-341\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"341\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ch.9 Death and Dying (OS Questions)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp34337632\" class=\"critical-thinking\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Critical Thinking Questions<\/h1>\n<div id=\"fs-idm46748400\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm20386000\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<details>\n<summary><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Describe the five stages of grief and provide examples of how a person might react in each stage.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/summary>\n<p>The first stage is denial. The person receives news that he is dying, and either does not take it seriously or tries to escape from the reality of the situation. He might say something like, \u201cCancer could never happen to me. I take good care of myself. This has to be a mistake.\u201d The next stage is anger. He realizes time is short, and he may not have a chance to accomplish what he wanted in life. \u201cIt\u2019s not fair. I promised my grandchildren that we would go to Disney World, and now I\u2019ll never have the chance to take them.\u201d The third stage is bargaining. In this stage, he tries to delay the inevitable by bargaining or pleading for extra time, usually with God, family members, or medical care providers. \u201cGod, just give me one more year so I can take that trip with my grandchildren. They\u2019re too young to understand what\u2019s happening and why I can\u2019t take them.\u201d The fourth stage is depression. He becomes sad about his impending death. \u201cI can\u2019t believe this is how I\u2019m going to die. I\u2019m in so much pain. What\u2019s going to become of my family when I\u2019m gone?\u201d The final stage is acceptance. This stage is usually reached in the last few days or weeks before death. He recognizes that death is inevitable. \u201cI need to get everything in order and say all of my good-byes to the people I love.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u00a0 \u00a0 What is the purpose of hospice care?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/summary>\n<p>Hospice is a program of services that provide medical, social, and spiritual support for dying people and their families.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm97605568\" class=\"personal-application\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Personal Application Questions<\/h1>\n<div id=\"fs-idp37312384\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm132111632\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp70481968\">Have you ever had to cope with the loss of a loved one? If so, what concepts described in this section provide context that may help you understand your experience and process of grieving?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm41407888\" class=\"exercise\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp41305200\" class=\"problem\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm84467312\">If you were diagnosed with a terminal illness would you choose hospice care or a traditional death in a hospital? Why?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\">\n<h1 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h1>\n<div id=\"h5p-343\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-343\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"343\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ch.9 Death and Dying (OS Glossary)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 14pt\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 14pt\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ji5_MqicxSo&amp;feature=emb_title\">Randy Pausch Last Lecture: Achieving Your Childhood Dreams<\/a>&#8221; by <\/span><\/span><a class=\"yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string\" style=\"font-size: 14pt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCf-COwmdNelXvbj-KaMCuLw\">Carnegie Mellon University<\/a>. Standard YouTube License.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-128","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":119,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":571,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/revisions\/571"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/119"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/128\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=128"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=128"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/psychologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}