{"id":323,"date":"2019-05-15T16:53:37","date_gmt":"2019-05-15T20:53:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=323"},"modified":"2019-07-24T11:02:34","modified_gmt":"2019-07-24T15:02:34","slug":"summary-13","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/chapter\/summary-13\/","title":{"raw":"Summary","rendered":"Summary"},"content":{"raw":"Chapter XIII focused on unobtrusive research, which enables researchers to gather data without interfering or interacting with the research subjects.\u00a0 Unobtrusive methods can be utilized in both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.\u00a0 Overall, it is a cost-effective manner of undertaking research, however, it can suffer from validity issues, data availability and the challenge of accounting for the social context in which the data was produced.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Unobtrusive research<\/strong><\/em> refers to methods of collecting data that do not interfere with the subjects under study (because these methods are not obtrusive). It is a cost-effective way to do research and more forgiving of mistakes; however, there can be potential problems with validity, limitations in the data availability, and difficulty in accounting for social context.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <em><strong>Hawthorne effect<\/strong><\/em>, which is the effect of the researchers on the participants, is not a concern with unobtrusive measures because researchers do not interact directly with their research participants.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Primary data sources<\/strong><\/em> are original data sources, whereas <em><strong>secondary data sources<\/strong><\/em> are those that have already been analyzed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Physical traces<\/em><\/strong> are those materials that are left by humans and the material artifacts that tell us something about their beliefs, values, or norms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are two types of physical trace materials. <em><strong>Erosion<\/strong><\/em> refers to the wearing away of or removal of material because of a physical activity (e.g. a worn foot path). On the other hand, <em><strong>accretion<\/strong><\/em> is the building up of material because of physical activity (e.g. a pile of garbage).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Archival measures<\/strong><\/em> are hard copy documents or records, including written or taped-recorded material, photographs, newspaper, books, magazines, diaries, and letters. Webpages are also a source of archival measures and can include documents, images, videos, and audio files in addition to written materials.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Stability<\/strong><\/em> is an issue in unobtrusive research when the results of coding by the same person vary across different time period.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Reproducibility<\/strong><\/em> means that one coder's results are the same to other coders' results for the same text.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Accuracy<\/strong><\/em> refers to the extent to which one's coding procedures correspond to some preexisting standard.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Ethnomethodologists<\/strong><\/em> study everyday reality and how people produce those realities through their presentations of self and interactions with others.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Conversation analysis<\/strong><\/em> is considered a more formal ethnomethodological approach. If focuses specifically on the dynamics of talk.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">References<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Babbie, E. (2010). <em>The practice of social research <\/em>(12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Esterberg, K. G. (2002). <em>Qualitative methods in social research<\/em>. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Garfinkle, H. (1967). <em>Studies in ethnomethodology. <\/em>Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gubrium, J. F., &amp; Holstein, J. A. (2000).\u00a0 Analyzing interpretative practice.\u00a0 In N. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), <em>The Handbook of Qualitative Research <\/em>(2nd ed.), (pp. 487-508). Thousand Oaks,\u00a0 CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Heritage, J. C. (1984). <em>Garfinkel &amp; ethnomethodology. <\/em>Cambridge: UK.\u00a0 Polity Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Krippendorff, K. (2004a). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.).\u00a0Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Krippendorf, K. (2004b). \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x\">Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations<\/a>. <em>Human Communication Research 30<\/em>(3), 411-433.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., &amp; Campenella Bracken, C. (2010). <a href=\"http:\/\/matthewlombard.com\/reliability\/#How%20should%20researchers%20calculate%20intercoder%20reliability%20What%20software%20is%20available\">Practical resources for assessing and reporting intercoder reliability in content analysis research projects<\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/matthewlombard.com\/reliability\/#How%20should%20researchers%20calculate%20intercoder%20reliability%20What%20software%20is%20available<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Palys, T., &amp; Atchison, C. (2014). <em>Research decisions: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed <\/em><em>methods approaches <\/em>(5th ed.)<em>. <\/em>Toronto, ON: Nelson Education Ltd.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Patton, M. Q. (2015). <em>Qualitative research &amp; evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em>(4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schmitz, A. (2012).\u00a0 <em>Principles of sociological inquiry; Qualitative and quantitative methods. <\/em>Washington, DC: Saylor Academy. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.saylor.org\/site\/textbooks\/Principles%20of%20Sociological%20Inquiry.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schutt, R. K. (2012). <em>Investigating the social world: the process and practice of research. <\/em><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sheppard, V. A., &amp; Fennell, D. A. (2019). Progress in public sector tourism policy: Toward an<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">ethic for non-human animals. <em>Journal details here.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>Chapter XIII focused on unobtrusive research, which enables researchers to gather data without interfering or interacting with the research subjects.\u00a0 Unobtrusive methods can be utilized in both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.\u00a0 Overall, it is a cost-effective manner of undertaking research, however, it can suffer from validity issues, data availability and the challenge of accounting for the social context in which the data was produced.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Unobtrusive research<\/strong><\/em> refers to methods of collecting data that do not interfere with the subjects under study (because these methods are not obtrusive). It is a cost-effective way to do research and more forgiving of mistakes; however, there can be potential problems with validity, limitations in the data availability, and difficulty in accounting for social context.<\/li>\n<li>The <em><strong>Hawthorne effect<\/strong><\/em>, which is the effect of the researchers on the participants, is not a concern with unobtrusive measures because researchers do not interact directly with their research participants.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Primary data sources<\/strong><\/em> are original data sources, whereas <em><strong>secondary data sources<\/strong><\/em> are those that have already been analyzed.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Physical traces<\/em><\/strong> are those materials that are left by humans and the material artifacts that tell us something about their beliefs, values, or norms.<\/li>\n<li>There are two types of physical trace materials. <em><strong>Erosion<\/strong><\/em> refers to the wearing away of or removal of material because of a physical activity (e.g. a worn foot path). On the other hand, <em><strong>accretion<\/strong><\/em> is the building up of material because of physical activity (e.g. a pile of garbage).<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Archival measures<\/strong><\/em> are hard copy documents or records, including written or taped-recorded material, photographs, newspaper, books, magazines, diaries, and letters. Webpages are also a source of archival measures and can include documents, images, videos, and audio files in addition to written materials.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Stability<\/strong><\/em> is an issue in unobtrusive research when the results of coding by the same person vary across different time period.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Reproducibility<\/strong><\/em> means that one coder&#8217;s results are the same to other coders&#8217; results for the same text.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Accuracy<\/strong><\/em> refers to the extent to which one&#8217;s coding procedures correspond to some preexisting standard.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Ethnomethodologists<\/strong><\/em> study everyday reality and how people produce those realities through their presentations of self and interactions with others.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Conversation analysis<\/strong><\/em> is considered a more formal ethnomethodological approach. If focuses specifically on the dynamics of talk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">References<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Babbie, E. (2010). <em>The practice of social research <\/em>(12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Esterberg, K. G. (2002). <em>Qualitative methods in social research<\/em>. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Garfinkle, H. (1967). <em>Studies in ethnomethodology. <\/em>Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gubrium, J. F., &amp; Holstein, J. A. (2000).\u00a0 Analyzing interpretative practice.\u00a0 In N. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), <em>The Handbook of Qualitative Research <\/em>(2nd ed.), (pp. 487-508). Thousand Oaks,\u00a0 CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Heritage, J. C. (1984). <em>Garfinkel &amp; ethnomethodology. <\/em>Cambridge: UK.\u00a0 Polity Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Krippendorff, K. (2004a). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.).\u00a0Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Krippendorf, K. (2004b). \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x\">Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations<\/a>. <em>Human Communication Research 30<\/em>(3), 411-433.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., &amp; Campenella Bracken, C. (2010). <a href=\"http:\/\/matthewlombard.com\/reliability\/#How%20should%20researchers%20calculate%20intercoder%20reliability%20What%20software%20is%20available\">Practical resources for assessing and reporting intercoder reliability in content analysis research projects<\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/matthewlombard.com\/reliability\/#How%20should%20researchers%20calculate%20intercoder%20reliability%20What%20software%20is%20available<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Palys, T., &amp; Atchison, C. (2014). <em>Research decisions: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed <\/em><em>methods approaches <\/em>(5th ed.)<em>. <\/em>Toronto, ON: Nelson Education Ltd.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Patton, M. Q. (2015). <em>Qualitative research &amp; evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em>(4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schmitz, A. (2012).\u00a0 <em>Principles of sociological inquiry; Qualitative and quantitative methods. <\/em>Washington, DC: Saylor Academy. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.saylor.org\/site\/textbooks\/Principles%20of%20Sociological%20Inquiry.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Schutt, R. K. (2012). <em>Investigating the social world: the process and practice of research. <\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sheppard, V. A., &amp; Fennell, D. A. (2019). Progress in public sector tourism policy: Toward an<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">ethic for non-human animals. <em>Journal details here.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":724,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-323","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":303,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/724"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/323\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":620,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/323\/revisions\/620"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/303"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/323\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=323"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=323"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}