{"id":25,"date":"2017-05-31T14:15:55","date_gmt":"2017-05-31T18:15:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rjohal\/?post_type=chapter&p=25"},"modified":"2017-09-06T17:55:39","modified_gmt":"2017-09-06T21:55:39","slug":"consonants","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rjohal\/chapter\/consonants\/","title":{"raw":"Consonants","rendered":"Consonants"},"content":{"raw":"Unit 1 Sounds and Introductions\r\n\r\n****CHAPTER 1: Spaces still need to be added in exercise boxes-HM *****<\/span>\r\n\r\nCONSONANTS\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe Punjabi alphabet consists of 41* consonants and is completely phonetic. Each sound is represented by only one symbol and each symbol can only have one sound attributed to it, unlike the English alphabet.\u00a0 For example, in English, the letter \u201cc\u201d can be prounced as \u201ck\u201d (can) or as \u201cs\u201d (cent).\u00a0 However, the k and s sounds in Punjabi would be represented by two different symbols.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe alphabet is arranged very logically in 8 rows according to pronunciation.\u00a0 We will not be learning these consonants in order, from the first to the last, but according to which are the easiest to pronounce for new speakers.\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nI:i\u00a0 THE FIRST SOUNDS<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a39 \u0a38 \u0a2e \u0a5c \u0a32 \u0a35\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThese six letters will be taught first because they are the simplest sounds to make for the non-native speaker.\r\n\r\nPractise writing these letters 30-50 times each.\r\n\r\nRemember to use the lines on the paper as a guide for the tops of the characters.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIMPORTANT POINT: Every consonant will always have a vowel attached to it. Even these consonants do, although you cannot see it. This is the invisible vowel mukta.\u00a0 It makes the \u201cu\u201d sound as in \u201cbug\u201d.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a39 = hu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a38 = su\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a2e = mu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a5c = yu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a32 = lu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a35= v*u\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThis is the only sound in this first group of characters that does not have an equivalent sound in English.\u00a0 For the sake of simplicity, we will represent this sound using a \u201cv\u201d.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHowever, this sound is in between the v and w sounds in English. The teeth do not touch the lips as they do when pronouncing \u201cv\u201d, nor are the lips completely rounded, as they are when pronouncing \u201cw\u201d.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe remaining characters in the alphabet are a little more complex and do not have an English equivalent.\u00a0 The majority of these characters occur in pairs; with the first sound being the \u201csimple\u201d sound and the next being the aspirated form of the first sound; so that for rows 2-6, the columns 1 and 2 and columns 3 and 4, respectively are partner sounds.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThese and many of the remaining sounds in the Gurmukhi alphabet are always \u201cpartnered\u201d.\u00a0 There will be one \u201cunaspirated\u201d sound and then its partner sound.\u00a0 The partner sound is an aspirated form of the \u201cnormal\u201d sound.\u00a0 An aspirated sound is \u201cstronger\u201d than the \u201cunaspirated\u201d sound, occurring with a stronger breath of air.\u00a0 To check and see if you are pronouncing the aspirated sound correctly, put your hand in front of your mouth - you should feel a puff of air coming out.\u00a0 When you pronounce the \u201cnormal\u201d sound, you will not feel a puff of air.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe additional \u201ch\u201d will represent those sounds which are \u201caspirated\u201d and thus require a harsher release of breath.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n**The first sound in the partnered pairs will be represented by an \u201cequivalent\u201d English sound, but remember that these sounds have no exact English equivalent.\u00a0 They are similar to the English sounds but with a lesser release of breath.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n
\r\n

Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. \u0a39_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. \u0a38_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. \u0a2e_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. \u0a5c_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
  5. \u0a32_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
  6. \u0a35________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nI:ii\u00a0 VELARS <\/strong>\r\n\r\n(Remember to use the audio resources for an accurate representation of the sounds)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a15 \u0a16 \u0a17 \u0a18<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThese sounds are in the second line of the alphabet.\u00a0 They are called \u201cVelars<\/em>\u201d.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a15<\/strong> = soft k as in skip, but do not release your breath as hard.\u00a0 (Remember, you should not feel any breath on your hand when pronouncing this sound.\u00a0 Think of it as a sound that is pronounced as you draw your breath \u201cinwards.\u201d)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a16<\/strong> = khu\u00a0 (pronounce the k sound, but with a harsher release of breath.\u00a0 Remember, when pronouncing the aspirated form of the partnered pair, you should feel a puff of air on your hand in front of your mouth.\u00a0 Think of it as a sound that is pronounced as you push your breath \u201coutwards\u201d.)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a17<\/strong> = gu.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a18<\/strong> = ghu\r\n\r\n*tonal sound. The pronunciation differs depending upon whether it\u2019s at the beginning (k) or end of the word (g).\r\n
    \r\n

    Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. \u0a15<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. \u0a16<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. \u0a17<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. \u0a18<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nI:iii\u00a0 PALATALS<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1a \u0a1b \u0a1c \u0a1d<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThese four letters are from the third row and are called the \u201cPalatals<\/em>\u201d.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1a<\/strong> = soft chu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1b<\/strong> = chhu.\u00a0 *Many Native speakers mistakenly pronounce this as \u201csh\u201d.\u00a0 However the \u201csh\u201d sound is represented by another symbol, the S)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1c<\/strong> = ju\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1d<\/strong> = jhu\r\n\r\n*tonal sound. The pronunciation differs depending upon whether it\u2019s at the beginning (ch) or end of the word (j).\r\n\r\n \r\n
      \r\n

      Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. \u0a1a<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. \u0a1b<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. \u0a1c<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. \u0a1d<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nThe next four sounds come in the fourth line of the alphabet.\u00a0 They are called \u201cLabials<\/em>\u201d because they are pronounced with the lips.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nI:iv\u00a0 LABIALS<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a2a \u0a2b \u0a2c \u0a2d<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a2a<\/strong> = soft pu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a2b<\/strong> = phu.\u00a0 [In between the p and f sounds]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a2c<\/strong> = bu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a2d<\/strong> = bhu\r\n\r\n*tonal sound. The pronunciation differs depending upon whether it\u2019s at the beginning (p) or end of the word (b).\r\n\r\n \r\n
        \r\n

        Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. \u0a2a<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
        2. \u0a2b<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. \u0a2c<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
        4. \u0a2d<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nI:v\u00a0 RETROFLEX AND DENTAL <\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIn this lesson you will be introduced to the t, d , r and n sounds.\r\n\r\nYou will notice that Punjabi has four t sounds and four d sounds, as well as two r sounds and two n sounds \u2013 how is one to differentiate between them?\u00a0 One pair of each sound (two \u201ct\u2019s\u201d and two \u201cd\u2019s\u201d) occur in the back of the throat (retroflex sounds) and one pair of each sound (two \u201ct\u2019s\u201d and two \u201cd\u2019s\u201d) occur in the front of the mouth (dental sounds).\u00a0 The first sound of the pair is the unaspirated sound and the second sound of the pair is the aspirated sound.\r\n\r\nWhen representing these sounds using the Roman symbols for transliteration, the dental sounds will be represented using capital letters.\r\n\r\nex\/ \u00a0 <\/strong>\u0a1f<\/strong>= <\/strong>t<\/strong>, \u00a0<\/strong>\u0a20<\/strong>= <\/strong>th \u00a0 <\/strong>(retroflex sounds)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a24<\/strong>=<\/strong> T,<\/strong> \u0a25<\/strong> = <\/strong>TH\u00a0 <\/strong>(dental sounds)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1f \u0a20 \u0a21 \u0a22<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThese four letters are from the fourth row and are called the \u201cRetroflex<\/em>\u201d.\u00a0 They are pronounced with the tongue curling up and touching the back of the throat.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1f = \u00a0\u00a0 soft tu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a20 = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 thu\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a21 = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 soft du\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a22 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dhu\r\n\r\n*tonal sound. The pronunciation differs depending upon whether it\u2019s at the beginning (t) or end of the word (g).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n
          \r\n

          Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. \u0a1f_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. \u0a20_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. \u0a21_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. \u0a22_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\nThe next four sounds come in the fifth line of the alphabet.\u00a0 They are called \u201cDental<\/em>\u201d because they are pronounced with the tongue touching the teeth, or the bridge just behind the teeth.\r\n\r\n\u0a24<\/strong> \u0a25<\/strong> \u0a26 \u0a27<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a24<\/strong> = T sound but pronounced in the front of the mouth, by the teeth, as opposed to the back of the throat [ as in retroflex sounds].\r\n\r\nSoft \u201ct\u201d sound\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a25<\/strong> =\u00a0 TH.\u00a0 Pronounced similarly to the retroflex Th, but in the front of the mouth.]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a26<\/strong> = D sound, but pronounced in the front of the mouth, with the tongue touching the bridge behind the upper teeth, as opposed to the back of the throat [as in retroflex]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a27<\/strong> = DH. No English equivalent.\u00a0 [Pronounced similarly to the retroflex Dh, but in the front of the mouth.]\r\n
            \r\n

            Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. \u0a24<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. \u0a25<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. \u0a26<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. \u0a27<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\nThe last letters in each of these rows represent an \u201cn\u201d sound, the retroflex n and the dental n.\r\n\r\n \r\n
                \r\n \t
              • - the Nasal Sounds<\/li>\r\n \t
              • - the the R sounds<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a28 \u0a23 \u0a19 \u0a1e<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThese four letters occur in the last column of the second to fifth rows.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a28<\/strong> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 n as in no.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a23<\/strong> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N.\u00a0 It is pronounced in the back of the throat.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a19<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cng\u201d Obsolete sound.\u00a0 Like the \u201cng\u201d in ring.<\/del>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1e<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cnj\u201d Obsolete sound.<\/del>\r\n\r\n \r\n
                \r\n

                Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. \u0a28<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                2. \u0a23<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. \u0a19<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/del><\/li>\r\n \t
                4. \u0a1e<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/del><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a30 \u0a5c<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThese next two sounds are the \u201cr\u201d sounds.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a30 = r sound as in rat.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a5c = \u00a0 R.\u00a0 No English equivalent.\u00a0 Pronounced in the back of the throat.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nListen to the practice quiz at the end of this section and see if you can correctly identify the t, d, r and n sounds.\r\n\r\n \r\n
                  \r\n

                  Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. \u0a30_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. \u0a5c_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nI:vi\u00a0 VOWEL CARRIERS<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a13 \u0a05 \u0a72\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThese next three sounds are the first letters of the alphabet.\u00a0 They do not possess any sound of their own and only make a sound when combined with a vowel; hence, they are called \u201cVowel Carriers\u201d.\u00a0 [*Note:\u00a0 A is an exception to this, because when it occurs alone it gives the \u201cu\u201d sound as in up]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a13= \u00a0 This makes \u201co\u201d sounds, as in go, fool, and a \u201cu\u201d sound as in put, when combined with certain vowels.\u00a0 [These will be explained in detail later]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a05 = This makes the \u201cu\u201d sound as in up, when it is presented without a vowel.\u00a0 It also makes \u201ca\u201d sounds as in are, \u201cae\u201d sound as in am, the \u201cau\u201d sound as in kaur, when combined with certain vowels.\u00a0 [These will be explained in detail later].\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a72 = \u00a0 This makes an \u201ce\u201d sound as in eat, \u201ci\u201d sound as in it, and \u201ca\u201d sound as in ate, when combined with certain vowels.\u00a0 [These will be explained in detail later]\r\n\r\n \r\n
                    \r\n

                    Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. \u0a13_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. \u0a05________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                    3. \u0a72_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nI:vii\u00a0 ADAPTED SOUNDS<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a36\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a16\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a17\u00a0 \u0a1c\u0a3c \u00a0\u0a3c\u0a2b\u00a0 \u0a33\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThese last six sounds are the newest sounds in Punjabi.\u00a0 They are called \u201cThe Naveen Varg<\/em>\u201d [The New Group].\u00a0 They are used especially to make sounds which were traditionally foreign in the Punjabi language.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a36 = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sh as in shut.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a3c\u0a16\u00a0 = \u00a0 kh\u00a0\u00a0 Softer version of kh.\u00a0 .\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a3c\u0a17 = \u00a0\u00a0 g\u00a0\u00a0 Softer version of G.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a1c\u0a3c = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z sound as in zoo.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a3c\u0a2b = Softer version of ph.\u00a0 [F]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a33 =\u00a0 Roll tongue to form L sound.\r\n\r\n \r\n
                      \r\n

                      Exercise<\/h3>\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. \u0a36_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. \u0a3c\u0a16_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. \u0a3c\u0a17________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                      4. \u0a1c\u0a3c_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                      5. \u0a3c\u0a2b_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n \t
                      6. \u0a33_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
                        \r\n

                        PUNJABI ALPHABET ORDER<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\u0a13 \u0a05 <\/strong>\u0a72\u00a0 \u0a38 \u0a39<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a15 \u0a16 \u0a17 \u0a18 <\/strong>\u0a19<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a1a \u0a1b \u0a1c \u0a1d \u0a1e\r\n\r\n\u0a1f \u0a20 \u0a21 \u0a22 \u0a23<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a24 \u0a25 \u0a26 \u0a27 \u0a28<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a2a \u0a2b \u0a2c \u0a2d \u0a2e<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a2f \u0a30 \u0a32 \u0a35 \u0a5c<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0a36\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a16\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a17\u00a0 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a2b \u00a0\u0a33 *\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n
                        \r\n

                        I:ix\u00a0 PRACTISE QUIZ :\u00a0 <\/strong>Listen and identify the consonants:<\/h3>\r\nA:\u00a0 ______________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n______________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nB:\u00a0 ______________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n______________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/span>\r\n
                        \r\n

                        Exercise<\/h3>\r\nC:\u00a0 Fill in the appropriate sounds\/symbols.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                        \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                        1<\/span><\/td>\r\nV<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        2<\/span><\/td>\r\ng<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        3<\/span><\/td>\r\np<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        4<\/span><\/td>\r\nkh<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        5<\/span><\/td>\r\nj<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        6<\/span><\/td>\r\nsoft g<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        7<\/span><\/td>\r\nd retro<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        8<\/span><\/td>\r\ne sounds<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        9<\/span><\/td>\r\nn retro<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        10<\/span><\/td>\r\nk<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        11<\/span><\/td>\r\nth dent<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        12<\/span><\/td>\r\no sounds<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        13<\/span><\/td>\r\nth retro<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        14<\/span><\/td>\r\nchh<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        15<\/span><\/td>\r\nt retro<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        16<\/span><\/td>\r\ny<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        17<\/span><\/td>\r\nt dent<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                        18<\/span><\/td>\r\ndh dental<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        19<\/span><\/td>\r\na sounds<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        20<\/span><\/td>\r\nsoft kh<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        21<\/span><\/td>\r\nn dental<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        22<\/span><\/td>\r\nr retro<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        23<\/span><\/td>\r\nng<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        24<\/span><\/td>\r\nd dent<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        25<\/span><\/td>\r\nnj<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        26<\/span><\/td>\r\nF<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        27<\/span><\/td>\r\nph<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        28<\/span><\/td>\r\nsh<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        29<\/span><\/td>\r\nk<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        30<\/span><\/td>\r\ngh<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        31<\/span><\/td>\r\ndh retro<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        32<\/span><\/td>\r\nh<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        33<\/span><\/td>\r\nr dent<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        34<\/span><\/td>\r\nL<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                        35<\/td>\r\nch<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        36<\/td>\r\nm<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        37<\/td>\r\nz<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        38<\/td>\r\nb<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        39<\/td>\r\ns<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        40<\/td>\r\nbh<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        41<\/td>\r\n\u0a20<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        42<\/td>\r\n\u0a26 <\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        43<\/td>\r\n\u0a2a<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        44<\/td>\r\n\u0a2d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        45<\/td>\r\n\u0a1d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        46<\/td>\r\n\u0a1b<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        47<\/td>\r\n\u0a2e<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        48<\/td>\r\n\u0a23<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        49<\/td>\r\n\u0a30<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        50<\/td>\r\n\u0a2b<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n ","rendered":"

                        Unit 1 Sounds and Introductions<\/p>\n

                        ****CHAPTER 1: Spaces still need to be added in exercise boxes-HM *****<\/span><\/p>\n

                        CONSONANTS<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        The Punjabi alphabet consists of 41* consonants and is completely phonetic. Each sound is represented by only one symbol and each symbol can only have one sound attributed to it, unlike the English alphabet.\u00a0 For example, in English, the letter \u201cc\u201d can be prounced as \u201ck\u201d (can) or as \u201cs\u201d (cent).\u00a0 However, the k and s sounds in Punjabi would be represented by two different symbols.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        The alphabet is arranged very logically in 8 rows according to pronunciation.\u00a0 We will not be learning these consonants in order, from the first to the last, but according to which are the easiest to pronounce for new speakers.<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        I:i\u00a0 THE FIRST SOUNDS<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \u0a39 \u0a38 \u0a2e \u0a5c \u0a32 \u0a35<\/p>\n

                        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        These six letters will be taught first because they are the simplest sounds to make for the non-native speaker.<\/p>\n

                        Practise writing these letters 30-50 times each.<\/p>\n

                        Remember to use the lines on the paper as a guide for the tops of the characters.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        IMPORTANT POINT: Every consonant will always have a vowel attached to it. Even these consonants do, although you cannot see it. This is the invisible vowel mukta.\u00a0 It makes the \u201cu\u201d sound as in \u201cbug\u201d.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        \u0a39 = hu<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        \u0a38 = su<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        \u0a2e = mu<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        \u0a5c = yu<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        \u0a32 = lu<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        \u0a35= v*u<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        This is the only sound in this first group of characters that does not have an equivalent sound in English.\u00a0 For the sake of simplicity, we will represent this sound using a \u201cv\u201d.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        However, this sound is in between the v and w sounds in English. The teeth do not touch the lips as they do when pronouncing \u201cv\u201d, nor are the lips completely rounded, as they are when pronouncing \u201cw\u201d.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        The remaining characters in the alphabet are a little more complex and do not have an English equivalent.\u00a0 The majority of these characters occur in pairs; with the first sound being the \u201csimple\u201d sound and the next being the aspirated form of the first sound; so that for rows 2-6, the columns 1 and 2 and columns 3 and 4, respectively are partner sounds.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        These and many of the remaining sounds in the Gurmukhi alphabet are always \u201cpartnered\u201d.\u00a0 There will be one \u201cunaspirated\u201d sound and then its partner sound.\u00a0 The partner sound is an aspirated form of the \u201cnormal\u201d sound.\u00a0 An aspirated sound is \u201cstronger\u201d than the \u201cunaspirated\u201d sound, occurring with a stronger breath of air.\u00a0 To check and see if you are pronouncing the aspirated sound correctly, put your hand in front of your mouth – you should feel a puff of air coming out.\u00a0 When you pronounce the \u201cnormal\u201d sound, you will not feel a puff of air.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        The additional \u201ch\u201d will represent those sounds which are \u201caspirated\u201d and thus require a harsher release of breath.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        **The first sound in the partnered pairs will be represented by an \u201cequivalent\u201d English sound, but remember that these sounds have no exact English equivalent.\u00a0 They are similar to the English sounds but with a lesser release of breath.<\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        \n

                        Exercise<\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        1. \u0a39_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                        2. \u0a38_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                        3. \u0a2e_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                        4. \u0a5c_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                        5. \u0a32_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                        6. \u0a35________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                          <\/p>\n

                          I:ii\u00a0 VELARS <\/strong><\/p>\n

                          (Remember to use the audio resources for an accurate representation of the sounds)<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          \u0a15 \u0a16 \u0a17 \u0a18<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          These sounds are in the second line of the alphabet.\u00a0 They are called \u201cVelars<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          \u0a15<\/strong> = soft k as in skip, but do not release your breath as hard.\u00a0 (Remember, you should not feel any breath on your hand when pronouncing this sound.\u00a0 Think of it as a sound that is pronounced as you draw your breath \u201cinwards.\u201d)<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          \u0a16<\/strong> = khu\u00a0 (pronounce the k sound, but with a harsher release of breath.\u00a0 Remember, when pronouncing the aspirated form of the partnered pair, you should feel a puff of air on your hand in front of your mouth.\u00a0 Think of it as a sound that is pronounced as you push your breath \u201coutwards\u201d.)<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          \u0a17<\/strong> = gu.<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          \u0a18<\/strong> = ghu<\/p>\n

                          *tonal sound. The pronunciation differs depending upon whether it\u2019s at the beginning (k) or end of the word (g).<\/p>\n

                          \n

                          Exercise<\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          1. \u0a15<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                          2. \u0a16<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                          3. \u0a17<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                          4. \u0a18<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                            <\/p>\n

                            I:iii\u00a0 PALATALS<\/strong><\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            \u0a1a \u0a1b \u0a1c \u0a1d<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            These four letters are from the third row and are called the \u201cPalatals<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            \u0a1a<\/strong> = soft chu<\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            \u0a1b<\/strong> = chhu.\u00a0 *Many Native speakers mistakenly pronounce this as \u201csh\u201d.\u00a0 However the \u201csh\u201d sound is represented by another symbol, the S)<\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            \u0a1c<\/strong> = ju<\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            \u0a1d<\/strong> = jhu<\/p>\n

                            *tonal sound. The pronunciation differs depending upon whether it\u2019s at the beginning (ch) or end of the word (j).<\/p>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            \n

                            Exercise<\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            1. \u0a1a<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                            2. \u0a1b<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                            3. \u0a1c<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                            4. \u0a1d<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                              <\/p>\n

                              The next four sounds come in the fourth line of the alphabet.\u00a0 They are called \u201cLabials<\/em>\u201d because they are pronounced with the lips.<\/p>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              I:iv\u00a0 LABIALS<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \u0a2a \u0a2b \u0a2c \u0a2d<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \u0a2a<\/strong> = soft pu<\/p>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              \u0a2b<\/strong> = phu.\u00a0 [In between the p and f sounds]<\/p>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              \u0a2c<\/strong> = bu<\/p>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              \u0a2d<\/strong> = bhu<\/p>\n

                              *tonal sound. The pronunciation differs depending upon whether it\u2019s at the beginning (p) or end of the word (b).<\/p>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              \n

                              Exercise<\/h3>\n
                                \n
                              1. \u0a2a<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                              2. \u0a2b<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                              3. \u0a2c<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                              4. \u0a2d<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                <\/p>\n

                                I:v\u00a0 RETROFLEX AND DENTAL <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                In this lesson you will be introduced to the t, d , r and n sounds.<\/p>\n

                                You will notice that Punjabi has four t sounds and four d sounds, as well as two r sounds and two n sounds \u2013 how is one to differentiate between them?\u00a0 One pair of each sound (two \u201ct\u2019s\u201d and two \u201cd\u2019s\u201d) occur in the back of the throat (retroflex sounds) and one pair of each sound (two \u201ct\u2019s\u201d and two \u201cd\u2019s\u201d) occur in the front of the mouth (dental sounds).\u00a0 The first sound of the pair is the unaspirated sound and the second sound of the pair is the aspirated sound.<\/p>\n

                                When representing these sounds using the Roman symbols for transliteration, the dental sounds will be represented using capital letters.<\/p>\n

                                ex\/ \u00a0 <\/strong>\u0a1f<\/strong>= <\/strong>t<\/strong>, \u00a0<\/strong>\u0a20<\/strong>= <\/strong>th \u00a0 <\/strong>(retroflex sounds)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \u0a24<\/strong>=<\/strong> T,<\/strong> \u0a25<\/strong> = <\/strong>TH\u00a0 <\/strong>(dental sounds)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                \u0a1f \u0a20 \u0a21 \u0a22<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                These four letters are from the fourth row and are called the \u201cRetroflex<\/em>\u201d.\u00a0 They are pronounced with the tongue curling up and touching the back of the throat.<\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                \u0a1f = \u00a0\u00a0 soft tu<\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                \u0a20 = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 thu<\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                \u0a21 = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 soft du<\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                \u0a22 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dhu<\/p>\n

                                *tonal sound. The pronunciation differs depending upon whether it\u2019s at the beginning (t) or end of the word (g).<\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                 <\/p>\n

                                \n

                                Exercise<\/h3>\n
                                  \n
                                1. \u0a1f_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                2. \u0a20_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                3. \u0a21_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                4. \u0a22_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                  The next four sounds come in the fifth line of the alphabet.\u00a0 They are called \u201cDental<\/em>\u201d because they are pronounced with the tongue touching the teeth, or the bridge just behind the teeth.<\/p>\n

                                  \u0a24<\/strong> \u0a25<\/strong> \u0a26 \u0a27<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                  \u0a24<\/strong> = T sound but pronounced in the front of the mouth, by the teeth, as opposed to the back of the throat [ as in retroflex sounds].<\/p>\n

                                  Soft \u201ct\u201d sound<\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                  \u0a25<\/strong> =\u00a0 TH.\u00a0 Pronounced similarly to the retroflex Th, but in the front of the mouth.]<\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                  \u0a26<\/strong> = D sound, but pronounced in the front of the mouth, with the tongue touching the bridge behind the upper teeth, as opposed to the back of the throat [as in retroflex]<\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                  \u0a27<\/strong> = DH. No English equivalent.\u00a0 [Pronounced similarly to the retroflex Dh, but in the front of the mouth.]<\/p>\n

                                  \n

                                  Exercise<\/h3>\n
                                    \n
                                  1. \u0a24<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                  2. \u0a25<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                  3. \u0a26<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                  4. \u0a27<\/strong>________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                     <\/p>\n

                                    The last letters in each of these rows represent an \u201cn\u201d sound, the retroflex n and the dental n.<\/p>\n

                                     <\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • – the Nasal Sounds<\/li>\n
                                    • – the the R sounds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      \u0a28 \u0a23 \u0a19 \u0a1e<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                      These four letters occur in the last column of the second to fifth rows.<\/p>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      \u0a28<\/strong> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 n as in no.<\/p>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      \u0a23<\/strong> = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N.\u00a0 It is pronounced in the back of the throat.<\/p>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      \u0a19<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cng\u201d Obsolete sound.\u00a0 Like the \u201cng\u201d in ring.<\/del><\/p>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      \u0a1e<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cnj\u201d Obsolete sound.<\/del><\/p>\n

                                       <\/p>\n

                                      \n

                                      Exercise<\/h3>\n
                                        \n
                                      1. \u0a28<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                      2. \u0a23<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                      3. \u0a19<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/del><\/li>\n
                                      4. \u0a1e<\/strong>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/del><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        \u0a30 \u0a5c<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        These next two sounds are the \u201cr\u201d sounds.<\/p>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                        \u0a30 = r sound as in rat.<\/p>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                        \u0a5c = \u00a0 R.\u00a0 No English equivalent.\u00a0 Pronounced in the back of the throat.<\/p>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                        Listen to the practice quiz at the end of this section and see if you can correctly identify the t, d, r and n sounds.<\/p>\n

                                         <\/p>\n

                                        \n

                                        Exercise<\/h3>\n
                                          \n
                                        1. \u0a30_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                        2. \u0a5c_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                          <\/p>\n

                                          I:vi\u00a0 VOWEL CARRIERS<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n

                                          \u0a13 \u0a05 \u0a72<\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n

                                          These next three sounds are the first letters of the alphabet.\u00a0 They do not possess any sound of their own and only make a sound when combined with a vowel; hence, they are called \u201cVowel Carriers\u201d.\u00a0 [*Note:\u00a0 A is an exception to this, because when it occurs alone it gives the \u201cu\u201d sound as in up]<\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n

                                          \u0a13= \u00a0 This makes \u201co\u201d sounds, as in go, fool, and a \u201cu\u201d sound as in put, when combined with certain vowels.\u00a0 [These will be explained in detail later]<\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n

                                          \u0a05 = This makes the \u201cu\u201d sound as in up, when it is presented without a vowel.\u00a0 It also makes \u201ca\u201d sounds as in are, \u201cae\u201d sound as in am, the \u201cau\u201d sound as in kaur, when combined with certain vowels.\u00a0 [These will be explained in detail later].<\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n

                                          \u0a72 = \u00a0 This makes an \u201ce\u201d sound as in eat, \u201ci\u201d sound as in it, and \u201ca\u201d sound as in ate, when combined with certain vowels.\u00a0 [These will be explained in detail later]<\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n

                                          \n

                                          Exercise<\/h3>\n
                                            \n
                                          1. \u0a13_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                          2. \u0a05________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                          3. \u0a72_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                            <\/p>\n

                                            I:vii\u00a0 ADAPTED SOUNDS<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            \u0a36\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a16\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a17\u00a0 \u0a1c\u0a3c \u00a0\u0a3c\u0a2b\u00a0 \u0a33<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            These last six sounds are the newest sounds in Punjabi.\u00a0 They are called \u201cThe Naveen Varg<\/em>\u201d [The New Group].\u00a0 They are used especially to make sounds which were traditionally foreign in the Punjabi language.<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            \u0a36 = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sh as in shut.<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            \u0a3c\u0a16\u00a0 = \u00a0 kh\u00a0\u00a0 Softer version of kh.\u00a0 .<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            \u0a3c\u0a17 = \u00a0\u00a0 g\u00a0\u00a0 Softer version of G.<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            \u0a1c\u0a3c = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 z sound as in zoo.<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            \u0a3c\u0a2b = Softer version of ph.\u00a0 [F]<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            \u0a33 =\u00a0 Roll tongue to form L sound.<\/p>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            \n

                                            Exercise<\/h3>\n
                                              \n
                                            1. \u0a36_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                            2. \u0a3c\u0a16_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                            3. \u0a3c\u0a17________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                            4. \u0a1c\u0a3c_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                            5. \u0a3c\u0a2b_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n
                                            6. \u0a33_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                              <\/p>\n

                                              \n

                                              PUNJABI ALPHABET ORDER<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                              \u0a13 \u0a05 <\/strong>\u0a72\u00a0 \u0a38 \u0a39<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \u0a15 \u0a16 \u0a17 \u0a18 <\/strong>\u0a19<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \u0a1a \u0a1b \u0a1c \u0a1d \u0a1e<\/p>\n

                                              \u0a1f \u0a20 \u0a21 \u0a22 \u0a23<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \u0a24 \u0a25 \u0a26 \u0a27 \u0a28<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \u0a2a \u0a2b \u0a2c \u0a2d \u0a2e<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \u0a2f \u0a30 \u0a32 \u0a35 \u0a5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \u0a36\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a16\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a17\u00a0 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u00a0 \u0a3c\u0a2b \u00a0\u0a33 *<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                                              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                               <\/p>\n

                                              \n

                                              I:ix\u00a0 PRACTISE QUIZ :\u00a0 <\/strong>Listen and identify the consonants:<\/h3>\n

                                              A:\u00a0 ______________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                                               <\/p>\n

                                              ______________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                                               <\/p>\n

                                              B:\u00a0 ______________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                                               <\/p>\n

                                              ______________________________________________________________<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                                               <\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                              \n

                                              Exercise<\/h3>\n

                                              C:\u00a0 Fill in the appropriate sounds\/symbols.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                               <\/p>\n

                                              \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                              \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                              1<\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              2<\/span><\/td>\ng<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              3<\/span><\/td>\np<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              4<\/span><\/td>\nkh<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              5<\/span><\/td>\nj<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              6<\/span><\/td>\nsoft g<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              7<\/span><\/td>\nd retro<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              8<\/span><\/td>\ne sounds<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              9<\/span><\/td>\nn retro<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              10<\/span><\/td>\nk<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              11<\/span><\/td>\nth dent<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              12<\/span><\/td>\no sounds<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              13<\/span><\/td>\nth retro<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              14<\/span><\/td>\nchh<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              15<\/span><\/td>\nt retro<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              16<\/span><\/td>\ny<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              17<\/span><\/td>\nt dent<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                              18<\/span><\/td>\ndh dental<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              19<\/span><\/td>\na sounds<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              20<\/span><\/td>\nsoft kh<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              21<\/span><\/td>\nn dental<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              22<\/span><\/td>\nr retro<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              23<\/span><\/td>\nng<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              24<\/span><\/td>\nd dent<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              25<\/span><\/td>\nnj<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              26<\/span><\/td>\nF<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              27<\/span><\/td>\nph<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              28<\/span><\/td>\nsh<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              29<\/span><\/td>\nk<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              30<\/span><\/td>\ngh<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              31<\/span><\/td>\ndh retro<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              32<\/span><\/td>\nh<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              33<\/span><\/td>\nr dent<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              34<\/span><\/td>\nL<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                              35<\/td>\nch<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              36<\/td>\nm<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              37<\/td>\nz<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              38<\/td>\nb<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              39<\/td>\ns<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              40<\/td>\nbh<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              41<\/td>\n\u0a20<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              42<\/td>\n\u0a26 <\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              43<\/td>\n\u0a2a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              44<\/td>\n\u0a2d<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              45<\/td>\n\u0a1d<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              46<\/td>\n\u0a1b<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              47<\/td>\n\u0a2e<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              48<\/td>\n\u0a23<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              49<\/td>\n\u0a30<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                              50<\/td>\n\u0a2b<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

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