{"id":99,"date":"2017-06-21T16:37:49","date_gmt":"2017-06-21T20:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rjohal\/?post_type=chapter&p=99"},"modified":"2017-09-13T23:24:51","modified_gmt":"2017-09-14T03:24:51","slug":"other-sounds-addak-nasal-half-sounds","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rjohal\/chapter\/other-sounds-addak-nasal-half-sounds\/","title":{"raw":"Other sounds (Addak, Nasal, Half Sounds)","rendered":"Other sounds (Addak, Nasal, Half Sounds)"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

III:i\u00a0 Addak <\/strong>(<\/strong>\u0a71<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • looks like a little u<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
  • appears at the top (m`<\/strong>m) and before the letter that it modifies<\/li>\r\n \t
  • only used with three matras:\u00a0 sihari<\/strong>, aunkar<\/strong>, and mukta<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t
  • it doubles or exaggerates<\/strong> the sound of the consonant that it precedes<\/li>\r\n \t
  • In English, to represent a sound being stressed we write the letter twice<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\ni.e. lett<\/strong>er, butt<\/strong>er, summ<\/strong>er\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • In Punjabi the letter is written only once but an addak is inserted before it to show that the sound is being stressed<\/li>\r\n \t
    • i.e.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 butter would not be \u0a2c\u0a1f\u0a1f\u0a30\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0it would be \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1f\u0a30<\/li>\r\n \t
    • It is important to know which words use addak because it can change the meaning of a word<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n
      \r\n

      Example<\/h3>\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      \u0a2c\u0a1a\u0a3e\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e<\/td>\r\n\u0a15\u0a26\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a15\u0a71\u0a26<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      bu-cha\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 buch-cha<\/td>\r\nkud\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kuddu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      save \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 child<\/td>\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 when\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 length<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\nOther words in which the use or disuse of addak has two separate meanings:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      1<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u0a26\u0a38<\/td>\r\n\u00a0Ten<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u0a26\u0a71\u0a38<\/td>\r\n\u00a0Tell<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      2<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u0a2a\u0a15\u0a3e<\/td>\r\n\u00a0Cook\/Bake<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u0a2a\u0a71\u0a15\u0a3e<\/td>\r\nFirm\/Ripe<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      3<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u0a2c\u0a1a\u0a3e<\/td>\r\n\u00a0Save<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e<\/td>\r\nChild<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      4<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u0a15\u0a26<\/td>\r\n\u00a0When<\/td>\r\n\u00a0\u0a15\u0a71\u0a26<\/td>\r\nLength\/Height<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
      \r\n

      III:ii\u00a0 Nasal Sounds:\u00a0 Bindi and Tippee <\/strong>( <\/strong>\u0a02<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong>\u0a70 <\/strong>)<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • Sometimes in Punjabi, a word may not use the full \u201cm\u201d or \u201cn\u201d sound \u2013 only a hint of an \u201cm\u201d or an \u201cn\u201d are heard.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • In this case, rather than using the n or m the bindi or tippee is used.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • The tippee looks like a circle with an opening on the bottom, \u0a2e\u0a70<\/li>\r\n \t
      • The bindi looks like a dot, \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a70<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Both go on top of a consonant or beside a vowel that they are modifying<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Each one occurs with specific vowels.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n\r\nThe tippee <\/strong>is used with the following vowels:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        Mukta<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSihari<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAunkar<\/strong><\/td>\r\nDulankar<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u0a2e\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u0a3f\u0a2e\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u0a2e\u0a70\u0a41<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u0a2e\u0a70\u0a42<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \r\n\r\nThe bindi<\/strong> is used with the following vowels:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        Kanna<\/strong><\/td>\r\nBihari<\/strong><\/td>\r\nLanv<\/strong><\/td>\r\nDolanv<\/strong><\/td>\r\nHorha<\/strong><\/td>\r\nKanaura<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a70<\/td>\r\n\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u0a2e\u0a47\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u0a2e\u0a4b\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u0a2e\u0a4c\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nException<\/strong>:\r\n\r\nWhen Aunkar (\u00a0 \u0a41 ) and Dulankar (\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a42 ) are combined with Oorha (\u0a13) which results in\r\n\r\n(\u0a13\u0a41 and \u0a13\u0a42) then bindi is used instead of the tippee.\r\n\r\nSo:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u0a13\u0a41\u0a02 \u0a70 and \u0a13\u0a42 \u0a70 = Incorrect\r\n\r\n\u0a13\u0a41 \u0a02 and \u0a13\u0a42 \u0a02 = Correct\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n** JUST REMEMBER:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf there\u2019s room on top for a tippee then use a tippee, otherwise just use the bindi.\r\n\r\n \r\n
        \r\n

        Exercises<\/h3>\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        A. BINDI VOCABULARY<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
         \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        \u00a0Word<\/td>\r\n\u00a0Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        \u00a0Word<\/td>\r\n\u00a0Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        B. TIPPI VOCABULARY<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        \u00a0Word<\/td>\r\n\u00a0Translation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a2e\u0a41\u0a70\u0a21\u0a3e<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a26\u0a3e<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a24\u0a42\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
        \u00a0Word<\/td>\r\nTranslation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a3e<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
        \u00a0\u0a24\u0a42\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
        \r\n

        III:iii\u00a0 Half Sounds:\u00a0Adha Rara ( \u00a0\u00a0) \/ Adha Haha ( \u00a0\u0a75 ) Adha Vava (\u00a0\u00cd\u00a0<\/span>)<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nAdha Rara\u00a0( \u00a0\u00a0)<\/strong>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • partial \u201cr\u201d sound<\/li>\r\n \t
        • horizontal loop and appears at the bottom right corner<\/li>\r\n \t
        • used when you wish to blend two sounds together, such as br, pr, kr.\u00a0 Therefore:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBread\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a2c\u0a30\u0a48\u0a21\u00a0 buraed\u00a0 = br\r\n\r\ninstead of \u0a2c\u0a30 (buru) it would be \u0a2c\u0a4d\u0a30 (bru)\r\n\r\n \r\n
          \r\n

          Exercise<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
          \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a47\u0a2e<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          <\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nAdha Haha\u00a0 ( \u00a0\u0a75 )<\/strong>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • tone marker** (\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a39\/\u0a18\u0a3e\u0a39)<\/li>\r\n \t
          • It modifies the sound of the consonant that it is attached to<\/li>\r\n \t
          • It is shaped like a little u and is placed at the bottom right corner of the consonant<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
            \r\n

            Exercise<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
            \u00a0\u0a2a\u0a5c\u0a75<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            <\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nFull h also acts as a tonal marker\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
            \u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a39<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n\u0a2c\u0a41\u0a39\u0a24<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n*Adha Vava (\u00a0 \u00cd<\/span> )<\/strong>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • Makes a partial \u201cv\u201d sound<\/li>\r\n \t
            • shaped like a regular \u0a35, with the top cut off and appears at the bottom right corner of the consonant that it appears with<\/li>\r\n \t
            • It is used when you wish to blend the v sound with another consonant<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n
              \r\n

              Exercises<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
              \u00a0\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a40<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
              \r\n

              Exercise<\/h3>\r\nIII:iv\u00a0 All Sounds: Listening Practise<\/strong>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nListen to the CD and write the words you hear, using the Punjabi script.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nA.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nB.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nC.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nD.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n ","rendered":"
              \n

              III:i\u00a0 Addak <\/strong>(<\/strong>\u0a71<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                \n
              • looks like a little u<\/strong><\/li>\n
              • appears at the top (m`<\/strong>m) and before the letter that it modifies<\/li>\n
              • only used with three matras:\u00a0 sihari<\/strong>, aunkar<\/strong>, and mukta<\/strong><\/li>\n
              • it doubles or exaggerates<\/strong> the sound of the consonant that it precedes<\/li>\n
              • In English, to represent a sound being stressed we write the letter twice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                i.e. lett<\/strong>er, butt<\/strong>er, summ<\/strong>er<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • In Punjabi the letter is written only once but an addak is inserted before it to show that the sound is being stressed<\/li>\n
                • i.e.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 butter would not be \u0a2c\u0a1f\u0a1f\u0a30\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0it would be \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1f\u0a30<\/li>\n
                • It is important to know which words use addak because it can change the meaning of a word<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  \n

                  Example<\/h3>\n

                   <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \u0a2c\u0a1a\u0a3e\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e<\/td>\n\u0a15\u0a26\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a15\u0a71\u0a26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  bu-cha\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 buch-cha<\/td>\nkud\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kuddu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  save \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 child<\/td>\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 when\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 vs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 length<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Other words in which the use or disuse of addak has two separate meanings:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  1<\/td>\n\u00a0\u0a26\u0a38<\/td>\n\u00a0Ten<\/td>\n\u00a0\u0a26\u0a71\u0a38<\/td>\n\u00a0Tell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  2<\/td>\n\u00a0\u0a2a\u0a15\u0a3e<\/td>\n\u00a0Cook\/Bake<\/td>\n\u00a0\u0a2a\u0a71\u0a15\u0a3e<\/td>\nFirm\/Ripe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  3<\/td>\n\u00a0\u0a2c\u0a1a\u0a3e<\/td>\n\u00a0Save<\/td>\n\u00a0\u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e<\/td>\nChild<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  4<\/td>\n\u00a0\u0a15\u0a26<\/td>\n\u00a0When<\/td>\n\u00a0\u0a15\u0a71\u0a26<\/td>\nLength\/Height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

                  <\/p>\n

                  \n

                  III:ii\u00a0 Nasal Sounds:\u00a0 Bindi and Tippee <\/strong>( <\/strong>\u0a02<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong>\u0a70 <\/strong>)<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • Sometimes in Punjabi, a word may not use the full \u201cm\u201d or \u201cn\u201d sound \u2013 only a hint of an \u201cm\u201d or an \u201cn\u201d are heard.<\/li>\n
                  • In this case, rather than using the n or m the bindi or tippee is used.<\/li>\n
                  • The tippee looks like a circle with an opening on the bottom, \u0a2e\u0a70<\/li>\n
                  • The bindi looks like a dot, \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a70<\/li>\n
                  • Both go on top of a consonant or beside a vowel that they are modifying<\/li>\n
                  • Each one occurs with specific vowels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    The tippee <\/strong>is used with the following vowels:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                    Mukta<\/strong><\/td>\nSihari<\/strong><\/td>\nAunkar<\/strong><\/td>\nDulankar<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0a2e\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0a3f\u0a2e\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a70\u0a41<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a70\u0a42<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    The bindi<\/strong> is used with the following vowels:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                    Kanna<\/strong><\/td>\nBihari<\/strong><\/td>\nLanv<\/strong><\/td>\nDolanv<\/strong><\/td>\nHorha<\/strong><\/td>\nKanaura<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a70<\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a47\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a4b\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a4c\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Exception<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

                    When Aunkar (\u00a0 \u0a41 ) and Dulankar (\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a42 ) are combined with Oorha (\u0a13) which results in<\/p>\n

                    (\u0a13\u0a41 and \u0a13\u0a42) then bindi is used instead of the tippee.<\/p>\n

                    So:<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    \u0a13\u0a41\u0a02 \u0a70 and \u0a13\u0a42 \u0a70 = Incorrect<\/p>\n

                    \u0a13\u0a41 \u0a02 and \u0a13\u0a42 \u0a02 = Correct<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    ** JUST REMEMBER:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    If there\u2019s room on top for a tippee then use a tippee, otherwise just use the bindi.<\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    \n

                    Exercises<\/h3>\n

                     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                    A. BINDI VOCABULARY<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \u00a0Word<\/td>\n\u00a0Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                     <\/td>\n

                    		\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \u00a0Word<\/td>\n\u00a0Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                    B. TIPPI VOCABULARY<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \u00a0Word<\/td>\n\u00a0Translation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a2e\u0a41\u0a70\u0a21\u0a3e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a26\u0a3e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a24\u0a42\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \u00a0Word<\/td>\nTranslation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a3e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u00a0\u0a24\u0a42\u0a70<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                    <\/p>\n

                    \n

                    III:iii\u00a0 Half Sounds:\u00a0Adha Rara ( \u00a0\u00a0) \/ Adha Haha ( \u00a0\u0a75 ) Adha Vava (\u00a0\u00cd\u00a0<\/span>)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Adha Rara\u00a0( \u00a0\u00a0)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • partial \u201cr\u201d sound<\/li>\n
                    • horizontal loop and appears at the bottom right corner<\/li>\n
                    • used when you wish to blend two sounds together, such as br, pr, kr.\u00a0 Therefore:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Bread\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a2c\u0a30\u0a48\u0a21\u00a0 buraed\u00a0 = br<\/p>\n

                      instead of \u0a2c\u0a30 (buru) it would be \u0a2c\u0a4d\u0a30 (bru)<\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      \n

                      Exercise<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
                      \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a47\u0a2e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      Adha Haha\u00a0 ( \u00a0\u0a75 )<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • tone marker** (\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a39\/\u0a18\u0a3e\u0a39)<\/li>\n
                      • It modifies the sound of the consonant that it is attached to<\/li>\n
                      • It is shaped like a little u and is placed at the bottom right corner of the consonant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n

                        Exercise<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
                        \u00a0\u0a2a\u0a5c\u0a75<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        Full h also acts as a tonal marker<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        \u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a39<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a41\u0a39\u0a24<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                        *Adha Vava (\u00a0 \u00cd<\/span> )<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Makes a partial \u201cv\u201d sound<\/li>\n
                        • shaped like a regular \u0a35, with the top cut off and appears at the bottom right corner of the consonant that it appears with<\/li>\n
                        • It is used when you wish to blend the v sound with another consonant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          \n

                          Exercises<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                          \u00a0\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a40<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

                           <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                          <\/p>\n

                          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n

                          Exercise<\/h3>\n

                          III:iv\u00a0 All Sounds: Listening Practise<\/strong><\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          Listen to the CD and write the words you hear, using the Punjabi script.<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          A.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          ________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          ________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          B.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          ________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          ________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          C.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          ________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          ________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          D.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          ________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n

                          ________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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