{"id":73,"date":"2019-09-17T12:19:28","date_gmt":"2019-09-17T16:19:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/part\/nonexperimental-research\/"},"modified":"2019-09-17T12:19:28","modified_gmt":"2019-09-17T16:19:28","slug":"nonexperimental-research","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/part\/nonexperimental-research\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 7: Nonexperimental Research","rendered":"Chapter 7: Nonexperimental Research"},"content":{"raw":"\n<div class=\"nonexperimental-research\">\n<p class=\"c4\"><span class=\"c1\">What do the following classic studies have in common?<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"c28 lst-kix_list_90-0 start\">\n\t<li class=\"c4 c56 c36\"><span class=\"c15 c1\">Stanley Milgram found that about two thirds of his research participants were willing to administer dangerous shocks to another person just because they were told to by an authority figure (Milgram, 1963)<\/span><span class=\"c15 c22\">[footnote]Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioural study of obedience. <em>Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67<\/em>, 371\u2013378.[\/footnote].<\/span><span class=\"c19 c22 c121\"><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"c4 c56 c36\"><span class=\"c15 c1\">Elizabeth Loftus and Jacqueline Pickrell showed that it is relatively easy to \u201cimplant\u201d false memories in people by repeatedly asking them about childhood events that did not actually happen to them (Loftus &amp; Pickrell, 1995)<\/span><span class=\"c15 c22\">[footnote]Loftus, E. F., &amp; Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. <em>Psychiatric Annals, 25<\/em>, 720\u2013725.[\/footnote].<\/span><span class=\"c19 c22 c121\"><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"c4 c56 c36\"><span class=\"c15 c1\">John Cacioppo and Richard Petty evaluated the validity of their Need for Cognition Scale\u2014a measure of the extent to which people like and value thinking\u2014by comparing the scores of <\/span><span class=\"c1\">university<\/span><span class=\"c15 c1\">&nbsp;professors with those of factory workers (Cacioppo &amp; Petty, 1982)<\/span><span class=\"c15 c22\">[footnote]Cacioppo, J. T., &amp; Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42<\/em>, 116\u2013131.[\/footnote].<\/span><span class=\"c19 c22 c121\"><\/span><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"c4 c56 c36\"><span class=\"c15 c1\">David Rosenhan found that confederates who went to psychiatric hospitals claiming to have heard voices saying things like \u201cempty\u201d and \u201cthud\u201d were labeled as schizophrenic by the hospital staff and kept there even though they behaved normally in all other ways (Rosenhan, 1973)<\/span><span class=\"c15 c22\">[footnote]Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. <em>Science, 179<\/em>, 250\u2013258.[\/footnote].<\/span><span class=\"c19 c22 c121\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"c4\"><span class=\"c1\">The answer for purposes of this chapter is that they are not experiments. In this chapter we look more closely at nonexperimental research. We begin with a general definition of nonexperimental research, along with a discussion of when and why nonexperimental research is more appropriate than experimental research. We then look separately at three important types of nonexperimental research: correlational research, quasi-experimental research, and qualitative research.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n","rendered":"<div class=\"nonexperimental-research\">\n<p class=\"c4\"><span class=\"c1\">What do the following classic studies have in common?<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"c28 lst-kix_list_90-0 start\">\n<li class=\"c4 c56 c36\"><span class=\"c15 c1\">Stanley Milgram found that about two thirds of his research participants were willing to administer dangerous shocks to another person just because they were told to by an authority figure (Milgram, 1963)<\/span><span class=\"c15 c22\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioural study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371\u2013378.\" id=\"return-footnote-73-1\" href=\"#footnote-73-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"c19 c22 c121\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c4 c56 c36\"><span class=\"c15 c1\">Elizabeth Loftus and Jacqueline Pickrell showed that it is relatively easy to \u201cimplant\u201d false memories in people by repeatedly asking them about childhood events that did not actually happen to them (Loftus &amp; Pickrell, 1995)<\/span><span class=\"c15 c22\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Loftus, E. F., &amp; Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720\u2013725.\" id=\"return-footnote-73-2\" href=\"#footnote-73-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"c19 c22 c121\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c4 c56 c36\"><span class=\"c15 c1\">John Cacioppo and Richard Petty evaluated the validity of their Need for Cognition Scale\u2014a measure of the extent to which people like and value thinking\u2014by comparing the scores of <\/span><span class=\"c1\">university<\/span><span class=\"c15 c1\">&nbsp;professors with those of factory workers (Cacioppo &amp; Petty, 1982)<\/span><span class=\"c15 c22\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Cacioppo, J. T., &amp; Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116\u2013131.\" id=\"return-footnote-73-3\" href=\"#footnote-73-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"c19 c22 c121\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c4 c56 c36\"><span class=\"c15 c1\">David Rosenhan found that confederates who went to psychiatric hospitals claiming to have heard voices saying things like \u201cempty\u201d and \u201cthud\u201d were labeled as schizophrenic by the hospital staff and kept there even though they behaved normally in all other ways (Rosenhan, 1973)<\/span><span class=\"c15 c22\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250\u2013258.\" id=\"return-footnote-73-4\" href=\"#footnote-73-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"c19 c22 c121\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"c4\"><span class=\"c1\">The answer for purposes of this chapter is that they are not experiments. In this chapter we look more closely at nonexperimental research. We begin with a general definition of nonexperimental research, along with a discussion of when and why nonexperimental research is more appropriate than experimental research. We then look separately at three important types of nonexperimental research: correlational research, quasi-experimental research, and qualitative research.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-73-1\">Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioural study of obedience. <em>Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67<\/em>, 371\u2013378. <a href=\"#return-footnote-73-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-73-2\">Loftus, E. F., &amp; Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. <em>Psychiatric Annals, 25<\/em>, 720\u2013725. <a href=\"#return-footnote-73-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-73-3\">Cacioppo, J. T., &amp; Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42<\/em>, 116\u2013131. <a href=\"#return-footnote-73-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-73-4\">Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. <em>Science, 179<\/em>, 250\u2013258. <a href=\"#return-footnote-73-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-73","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/73","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/73\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=73"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=73"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/rmethodspsych\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=73"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}