{"id":42,"date":"2021-12-17T18:38:02","date_gmt":"2021-12-17T23:38:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/back-matter\/glossary\/"},"modified":"2021-12-17T18:38:02","modified_gmt":"2021-12-17T23:38:02","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/back-matter\/glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"","rendered":"
\n
Absolute or extreme poverty<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Accountability<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Refers to holding responsibility for participants but also communities at large, the environment, the land, homelands, ancestors, and lived history.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Achieved statuses<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Acting crowds<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Agency<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The ability for the individual to act in the world to create change and alter the conditions of social life.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Alienation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An individual\u2019s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

All my relations<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A term used by Indigenous peoples across Turtle Island to describe the interconnected relationships of all things.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Alternative movements<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Ambilineal<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A type of unilateral descent that follows either the father\u2019s or the mother\u2019s side exclusively.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Anomie<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A breakdown or absence of social norms.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Ascribed statuses<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The status outside of an individual\u2019s control, such as sex or race.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Assembling perspective<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behaviour and collective action.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Assimilation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the
\ndominant culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Bigamy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The act of entering into marriage while still married to another person.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Bilateral descent<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The tracing of kinship through both parents\u2019 ancestral lines.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Bourgeoisie<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

In capitalism, the owning class who live from the proceeds of owning or controlling productive property (capital assets like factories and machinery, or capital itself in the form of investments, stocks, and bonds).<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Bureaucracies<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An organization with formal procedures and standards, explicit rules around the division of labour, and a hierarchy of authority.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Caste systems<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Systems in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Casual crowds<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

People who share close proximity without really interacting.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Church<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A large, bureaucratically organized religious organization that is closely integrated into the larger society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Cisgender<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A term that refers to individuals whose gender identity matches the gender and sex they were assigned at birth.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Class<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Class consciousness<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The awareness of one\u2019s rank in society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Code of ethics<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Cohabiting<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

When a couple shares a residence but is not married.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Collective behaviour<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Collective consciousness<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The combined mental contents of a society that manifests itself through a religious framework.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Collective effervescence<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A feeling experienced by individuals when they come together to express beliefs and perform rituals together as a group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Colourism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Conspicuous consumption<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Buying and using products to make a statement about social standing.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Content analysis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Conventional crowds<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

People who come together for a regularly scheduled event.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Core nations<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Dominant capitalist countries.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Corporate crime<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Counterculture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Groups that reject and oppose society\u2019s widely accepted cultural patterns.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Crime<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A behaviour that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Crowd<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A fairly large number of people sharing close proximity.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Cultural capital<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Cultural relativism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Cultural universals<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Cultural traits found the world over.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Culture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Shared beliefs, values, and practices.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Culture of prejudice<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Culture shock<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Davis-Moore thesis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Degradation ceremony<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old
\nidentities and are given new ones.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Dependency theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Theory stating that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Dependent variable<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A variable changed by other variables.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Deviance<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Diagnostic framing<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

When the social problem is stated in a clear, easily understood manner.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Differential association theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theory that states individuals learn deviant behaviour from those close to them, who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Diffusion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Discrimination<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Prejudiced action against a group of people.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Doing gender<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Dominant group<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Doubly deviant<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Women (or other categories of individual) who break both laws and gender (or other) norms.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Downward mobility<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A lowering of one\u2019s social class.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Emergent norm theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Ethnicity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Ethnocentrism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one\u2019s own culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Exchange theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Social relationships are based on giving and returning valued goods or services. Individuals seek to maximize their rewards in their interactions with others.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Expressive crowds<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Crowds that share opportunities to express emotions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Expulsion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Extended family<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Family<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption, and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Family of orientation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The family into which one is born.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Family of procreation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A family that is formed through marriage.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Figuration<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process of simultaneously analyzing the behaviour of an individual and the society that shapes that behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Flash mob<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Folkways<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Direct, appropriate behaviour in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Formal norms<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Established, written rules.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Formal sanctions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Frame<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A way in which experience is organized conceptually.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Frame alignment process<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Gender<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Gender identity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A person\u2019s deeply held internal perception of one's gender.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Gender role<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Society\u2019s concept of how men and women should behave.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Gender roles<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Society\u2019s concept of how men and women should behave.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Generalized other<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The common behavioural expectations of general society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Genocide<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Gini Coefficient<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A measure of income inequality in which zero is absolute equality and one is absolute inequality.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Glass ceiling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An invisible barrier that women encounter when trying to win jobs in the highest level of business.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Glass cliff<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Where women are likelier to be promoted in chaotic times, and therefore more likely to fail at the role.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Habitualization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Habitus<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The physical embodiment of cultural capital, including the deeply ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that we possess due to our life experiences.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Heteronormative<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege straight people and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Hidden curriculum<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Homophobia<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An aversion to gay, lesbian, bisexual, or all LGBTQ people, which often manifests as prejudice and bias.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Hypothesis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A testable educated guess about predicted outcomes between two or more variables.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Independent variable<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Variables that cause changes in dependent variables.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

informal norms<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Casual behaviours that are generally and widely conformed to.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Informal sanctions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Innovation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

New objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Institutional anomie<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

a condition where higher rates of criminal activity are attributed to the cultural pressure exerted by economic goals that are generalized throughout a society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Institutional racism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Racism embedded in social institutions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Intergenerational mobility<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A difference in social class between different generations of a family.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Interpretive framework<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Intersection theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual
\norientation, and other attributes.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Intersex<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

People born with sex characteristics (including genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns) that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Intragenerational mobility<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A difference in social class between different members of the same generation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Karma<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The accumulated effects of acts committed in former lives and their influence on fortunes and suffering in this life.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Kinship<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A person\u2019s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and\/or adoption).<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Latent functions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Macro-level<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A wide-scale view of the role of social structures within society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Marriage<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A person\u2019s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and\/or adoption).<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Mass<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A relatively large group with a common interest, even if the group members may not be in close proximity.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Material culture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The objects or belongings of a group of people.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Matrilineal descent<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A type of unilateral descent that follows the mother\u2019s side only.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Matrilocal residence<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A system in which it is customary for a husband to live with his wife\u2019s family.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Means of production<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Productive property, including the things used to produce the goods and services needed for survival: tools, technologies, resources, land, workplaces, etc.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Mechanical solidarity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A type of social order based on sameness and maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Meritocracy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An ideal system in which personal effort\u2014or merit\u2014determines social standing.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Micro-level<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Minority group<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal
\ntreatment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Modernization theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes toward work.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Monogamy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

When someone is married to only one person at a time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Mores<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The moral views and principles of a group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Motivational framing<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A call to action.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Negative sanctions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Punishments for violating norms.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Neoliberalism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

New Religious Movements<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A small religious organization that is at great odds with the norms and values of the larger society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

New social movement theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Nonmaterial culture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Nonreactive research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Using secondary data, does not include direct contact with research subjects and does not alter or influence people\u2019s behaviors.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Normalization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process by which norms are used to differentiate, rank, and correct individual behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Nuclear family<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A cohabiting man and woman who maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and have at least one child.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Operational definition<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Organic solidarity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A type of social order based around interdependence and acceptance of economic and social differences.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Panopticon<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Jeremy Bentham\u2019s \u201cseeing machine\u201d that became the model for the ideal prison.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Paradigms<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Participant observation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

When a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an \u201cinsider\u201d perspective.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Patriarchy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Institutions of male power in society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Patrilineal descent<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A type of unilateral descent that follows the father's side only.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Patrilocal residence<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A system in which it is customary for a wife to live with (or near) her husband\u2019s family.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Pay gap<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The difference in earnings between men and women.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Peer group<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Peripheral nations<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Phenomenology<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A sociological perspective that argues that all phenomena appear spontaneously and immediately within the experience and awareness of individual subjects before they become the basis for subjective and objective reality.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Pluralism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A society where minority groups participate in political life but maintain their own distinct cultural identities.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Polyamory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The practice of engaging in multiple romantic relationships, with the consent of all the people involved.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Polyandry<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Polygamy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Polygyny<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Popular culture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Mainstream, widespread patterns among a society\u2019s population.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Positive sanctions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Rewards given for conforming to norms.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Positivism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theory of knowledge that is dependent on science for explanations.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Power elite<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Predestination<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The belief that the gods predetermine the fate of individuals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Prejudice<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Primary data<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Data that are collected directly from firsthand experience.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Primitive accumulation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The original theft of capitalism which allows the system to get started. It includes the seizure of land from peasant farmers and Indigenous peoples.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Profane<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Everyday objects, states of being or practices that do not hold any spiritual or religious significance.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Prognostic framing<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

When social movements state a clear solution and a means of implementation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Public<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Qualitative data<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Non-numerical, descriptive data that is often subjective and based on what is experienced in a natural setting.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Quantitative data<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Data collected in numerical form that can be counted and analyzed using statistics.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Quota sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

refers to a type of non-probability sampling where participants are selected based on meeting various proportional requirements<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Racism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Random sample<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A study\u2019s participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Rational choice theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theory which states that human action is motivated by individual self-interest and that all social activities are a product of rational decision making that weighs costs against benefits.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Rationalization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Redemptive movements<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Reform movements<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Relationality<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Refers to research being based in relationship and context.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Relative poverty<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Living without the minimum amount of income or resources needed to be able to participate in the ordinary living patterns, customs, and activities of a society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Reliability<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A measure of a study\u2019s consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Religion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person holds to be sacred or spiritually significant.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Resistance movements<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Movements that seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Resocialization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process by which old behaviours are removed and new behaviours are learned in their place.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Revolutionary movements<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Ritual<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Behaviours or practices that are either required for or expected of the members of a particular group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Role performance<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The expression of a role.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Role strain<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Sacred<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Objects, states of being, or practices that are set apart and considered forbidden because of their connection to divine presence.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The way that people understand the world based on their form of language.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Secondary deviance<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A change in a person\u2019s self-concept and behaviour after his or her actions are labelled as deviant by members of society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Secularization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process by which religion and the sacred gradually have less validity, influence, and significance in society and the lives of individuals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Segregation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Self<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A person\u2019s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Semi-peripheral nations<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

In-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and providing an expanding middle-class marketplace.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Sex<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Sexism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Sexual orientation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A person\u2019s physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Snowball sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A form of non-probability sampling where new participants are recruited by existing participants.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Social construction of race<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Social differentiation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The division of people into categories based on socially significant characteristics, identities, and roles.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Social disorganization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

an approach that links crime and delinquency to the disordered ecological characteristics of a neighbourhood.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Social facts<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Facts that transcend the individual and affect their lives and actions. They include such things as institutions, values, and norms.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Social inequality<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The unequal distribution of valued resources, rewards, and positions in a society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Social institutions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Social movement<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A purposeful, organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Social stratification<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A socioeconomic system that divides society\u2019s members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Socialization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society\u2019s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Socioeconomic status<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A group\u2019s social position in a hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Sociological imagination<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The ability to understand how your own biography is shaped by larger social forces and the social structure you inhabit.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Status<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Stereotypes<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Oversimplified ideas about groups of people.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Strain theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Subculture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society\u2019s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Surveillance<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Various means used to make the lives and activities of individuals visible to authorities.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Symbols<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Theodicy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An explanation for why God or gods or other spiritual system allows suffering, misfortune and injustice to occur.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Theoretical paradigms<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Thomas theorem<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Totem<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A plant, animal or object that serves as a symbolic, material expression of the sacred.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Transgender<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other than their biological sex.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Turtle Island<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A term used by some Indigenous people for what is colonially known as North America.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Unilateral descent<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The tracing of kinship through one parent only.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Validity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Value neutrality<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Value-added theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behaviour to occur.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Values<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A culture\u2019s standard for discerning desirable states in society (what is true, good, just, or beautiful).<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

White privilege<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"author":733,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Glossary","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[38],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-42","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry","back-matter-type-glossary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/42","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/733"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/42\/revisions"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/42\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=42"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=42"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/society2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=42"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}