{"id":25,"date":"2017-11-09T15:31:58","date_gmt":"2017-11-09T20:31:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=25"},"modified":"2017-11-16T16:00:59","modified_gmt":"2017-11-16T21:00:59","slug":"introduction-and-units","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/chapter\/introduction-and-units\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction and Units","rendered":"Introduction and Units"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Become familiar with study procedure and expectations<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Perform units conversions within SI and US Customary systems<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Study Procedure<\/h3>\r\nDelivery of this course is based on the Applied Strength of Materials for Engineering Technology textbook, by Dr. Barry Dupen.\u00a0 You have access to the textbook in electronic format and\/or hard copy.\r\n\r\nFor best results I suggest following this sequence:\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Before commencing a new chapter, read the corresponding theory from the textbook and review the example problems. Some topics were already covered in Applied Physics but you will benefit from a brief review.\u00a0 Moving to a new topic will be announced in class.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Classroom lectures:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will review the theoretical concepts and answer questions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will demonstrate solving selected problems. Hand notes of these solutions will be available through D2L.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Students will solve assigned problems in small groups, with guidance from instructor<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Individual work\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Students will solve on their own assigned problems to self-evaluate their understanding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will provide guidance and feedback during posted office hours or Tutorial Sessions<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Evaluation \u2013 selected topics will be assessed through quizzes, announced in class<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nStrength of Materials is a \u201cmethodical\u201d discipline.\u00a0 This means that it deals in general with standard\/classical questions that usually have an established method of solving them.\u00a0 When solving problems students often follow steps and procedures that were previously demonstrated in class or in the textbook.\u00a0 These approaches are logical and never students would be expected to memorize them.\u00a0 However, it is important for students to practice solving questions on their own since this will help them see patterns in questions, provide them with problems solving experience and help them complete the exercise in the allotted time.\r\n\r\nIt is recommended to work at home between 2 and 3 hours for each hour of class lecture.\u00a0 This effort will be different for each student.\u00a0 For best efficiency consider attending the scheduled tutorials where you can reach to your instructor for help.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Units and Conversions<\/h3>\r\nLike in many other engineering disciplines calculations may be performed in both systems of units, US Customary and SI.\u00a0 While Canada has officially adopted the SI (metric) system in 1970, economic cooperation with US companies requires engineering graduates to be fluent in both systems.\u00a0 Some computational software that you will use may be available only in US Customary units, being developed in US, and mostly for American users.\u00a0 It is therefore imperative to be able to complete calculations in both systems of units and to be able to convert between systems.\r\n\r\nWhen solving problems, if the data is given in SI units, complete the solution in SI units.\u00a0 Similarly for US Customary units; there is not need to switch the system of units.\r\n\r\nWhen performing conversions please observe the following.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Conversions within the SI system of units<\/div>\r\nIn the metric system prefixes are added to base and derived units to form names and symbols that are multiples of SI units.\u00a0 A list of commonly used SI prefixes is given in Appendix A.\u00a0 For a complete list see Figure 1.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig1-300x231.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\" wp-image-70 aligncenter\" width=\"444\" height=\"342\" \/> Fig. 1 - SI System Prefixes<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">SI Examples:<\/div>\r\n1.\u00a0 Convert 0.2 km to cm\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig2-300x49.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-72\" width=\"392\" height=\"64\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>When performing SI conversions it is easy to see if your answer is reasonable or not.\u00a0 For instance if you move from a large unit (kilo) to a smaller one (centi), the resulting value should be greater.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Looking at Fig. 1, you may also consider moving the decimal point to the right, three steps from Kilo to base and two more steps from base to your final answer.\u00a0 This is an alternative approach to performing SI conversions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0 Convert 50 000 cW to kW\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig3-1-300x40.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-100\" width=\"428\" height=\"57\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Note that some units may be presented with a less commonly used prefixes.\u00a0 For instance, while \u201ccentimeter\u201d is frequently used, \u201ccentiwatts\u201d not so much.\u00a0 However, you should be able to identify the prefix and the unit it applies to.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">3.\u00a0 Convert 300 000 cm<sup>3<\/sup> to dam<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig4-300x38.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-74\" width=\"466\" height=\"59\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0 You may look at this conversion as follows:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5-300x24.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-103\" width=\"700\" height=\"56\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pay extra attention when using powers, as in volume or area conversions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Conversions within the US Customary system of units<\/div>\r\nFor the purpose of this course most of the US Customary conversions will deal with linear dimensions.\u00a0 The conversion factors that we use are presented in Appendix A.\u00a0 At some point you are expected to remember the most used factors such as 1 ft = 12 in or 1 yd = 3 ft.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">US Customary Examples:<\/div>\r\n4. \u00a0 Convert 1.2 yards to inches\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig6-300x59.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-76\" width=\"300\" height=\"59\" \/>\r\n\r\n5. \u00a0 Convert 2 square feet to square inches\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig7-300x64.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-77\" width=\"300\" height=\"64\" \/>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">The hoop stress in a pressure vessel is calculated with the formula\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-93\" width=\"102\" height=\"43\" \/> where <em>p<\/em> is the design pressure, <em>d<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> is the inside diameter and <em>t <\/em>is the wall thickness.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>If <em>p<\/em> = 4450 kPa, <em>d<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> = 1.8 m and <em>t<\/em> = 20 mm, determine the hoop stress in the wall, in MPa.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If <em>p<\/em> = 645 psi, <em>d<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> = 6 feet and <em>t<\/em> = \u00be in,\u00a0 determine the hoop stress in the wall, in ksi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To determine the dead load on a foundation you are required to estimate the weigh of a spherical tank (V=4\/3 \u03c0r<sup>3<\/sup>), full with a liquid of given density.\u00a0 Tank mass is negligible compared to the mass of the product.\u00a0 Determine its weight based on the following:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Diameter = 200 cm, density = 1.12 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Answer in N.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diameter = 80 in., density = 70 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Answer in lb.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Become familiar with study procedure and expectations<\/li>\n<li>Perform units conversions within SI and US Customary systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Study Procedure<\/h3>\n<p>Delivery of this course is based on the Applied Strength of Materials for Engineering Technology textbook, by Dr. Barry Dupen.\u00a0 You have access to the textbook in electronic format and\/or hard copy.<\/p>\n<p>For best results I suggest following this sequence:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Before commencing a new chapter, read the corresponding theory from the textbook and review the example problems. Some topics were already covered in Applied Physics but you will benefit from a brief review.\u00a0 Moving to a new topic will be announced in class.<\/li>\n<li>Classroom lectures:\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will review the theoretical concepts and answer questions<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will demonstrate solving selected problems. Hand notes of these solutions will be available through D2L.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Students will solve assigned problems in small groups, with guidance from instructor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Individual work\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Students will solve on their own assigned problems to self-evaluate their understanding.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Instructor will provide guidance and feedback during posted office hours or Tutorial Sessions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Evaluation \u2013 selected topics will be assessed through quizzes, announced in class<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Strength of Materials is a \u201cmethodical\u201d discipline.\u00a0 This means that it deals in general with standard\/classical questions that usually have an established method of solving them.\u00a0 When solving problems students often follow steps and procedures that were previously demonstrated in class or in the textbook.\u00a0 These approaches are logical and never students would be expected to memorize them.\u00a0 However, it is important for students to practice solving questions on their own since this will help them see patterns in questions, provide them with problems solving experience and help them complete the exercise in the allotted time.<\/p>\n<p>It is recommended to work at home between 2 and 3 hours for each hour of class lecture.\u00a0 This effort will be different for each student.\u00a0 For best efficiency consider attending the scheduled tutorials where you can reach to your instructor for help.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Units and Conversions<\/h3>\n<p>Like in many other engineering disciplines calculations may be performed in both systems of units, US Customary and SI.\u00a0 While Canada has officially adopted the SI (metric) system in 1970, economic cooperation with US companies requires engineering graduates to be fluent in both systems.\u00a0 Some computational software that you will use may be available only in US Customary units, being developed in US, and mostly for American users.\u00a0 It is therefore imperative to be able to complete calculations in both systems of units and to be able to convert between systems.<\/p>\n<p>When solving problems, if the data is given in SI units, complete the solution in SI units.\u00a0 Similarly for US Customary units; there is not need to switch the system of units.<\/p>\n<p>When performing conversions please observe the following.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Conversions within the SI system of units<\/div>\n<p>In the metric system prefixes are added to base and derived units to form names and symbols that are multiples of SI units.\u00a0 A list of commonly used SI prefixes is given in Appendix A.\u00a0 For a complete list see Figure 1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig1-300x231.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-70 aligncenter\" width=\"444\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig1-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig1-65x50.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig1-225x173.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig1-350x270.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig1.jpg 672w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/> Fig. 1 &#8211; SI System Prefixes<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">SI Examples:<\/div>\n<p>1.\u00a0 Convert 0.2 km to cm<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig2-300x49.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-72\" width=\"392\" height=\"64\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig2-300x49.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig2-65x11.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig2-225x37.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig2-350x57.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig2.jpg 483w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When performing SI conversions it is easy to see if your answer is reasonable or not.\u00a0 For instance if you move from a large unit (kilo) to a smaller one (centi), the resulting value should be greater.<\/li>\n<li>Looking at Fig. 1, you may also consider moving the decimal point to the right, three steps from Kilo to base and two more steps from base to your final answer.\u00a0 This is an alternative approach to performing SI conversions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0 Convert 50 000 cW to kW<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig3-1-300x40.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-100\" width=\"428\" height=\"57\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig3-1-300x40.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig3-1-768x102.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig3-1-65x9.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig3-1-225x30.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig3-1-350x46.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig3-1.jpg 949w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Note that some units may be presented with a less commonly used prefixes.\u00a0 For instance, while \u201ccentimeter\u201d is frequently used, \u201ccentiwatts\u201d not so much.\u00a0 However, you should be able to identify the prefix and the unit it applies to.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">3.\u00a0 Convert 300 000 cm<sup>3<\/sup> to dam<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig4-300x38.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-74\" width=\"466\" height=\"59\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig4-300x38.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig4-65x8.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig4-225x29.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig4-350x45.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig4.jpg 597w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0 You may look at this conversion as follows:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5-300x24.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-103\" width=\"700\" height=\"56\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5-300x24.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5-768x61.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5-1024x81.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5-65x5.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5-225x18.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5-350x28.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig5.jpg 1737w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pay extra attention when using powers, as in volume or area conversions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Conversions within the US Customary system of units<\/div>\n<p>For the purpose of this course most of the US Customary conversions will deal with linear dimensions.\u00a0 The conversion factors that we use are presented in Appendix A.\u00a0 At some point you are expected to remember the most used factors such as 1 ft = 12 in or 1 yd = 3 ft.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">US Customary Examples:<\/div>\n<p>4. \u00a0 Convert 1.2 yards to inches<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig6-300x59.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-76\" width=\"300\" height=\"59\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig6-300x59.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig6-65x13.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig6-225x44.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig6-350x69.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig6.jpg 367w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>5. \u00a0 Convert 2 square feet to square inches<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig7-300x64.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-77\" width=\"300\" height=\"64\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig7-300x64.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig7-65x14.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig7-225x48.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig7.jpg 332w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">The hoop stress in a pressure vessel is calculated with the formula\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-93\" width=\"102\" height=\"43\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig8.jpg 204w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/273\/2017\/11\/Ch1Fig8-65x27.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 102px) 100vw, 102px\" \/> where <em>p<\/em> is the design pressure, <em>d<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> is the inside diameter and <em>t <\/em>is the wall thickness.\n<ol>\n<li>If <em>p<\/em> = 4450 kPa, <em>d<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> = 1.8 m and <em>t<\/em> = 20 mm, determine the hoop stress in the wall, in MPa.<\/li>\n<li>If <em>p<\/em> = 645 psi, <em>d<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> = 6 feet and <em>t<\/em> = \u00be in,\u00a0 determine the hoop stress in the wall, in ksi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>To determine the dead load on a foundation you are required to estimate the weigh of a spherical tank (V=4\/3 \u03c0r<sup>3<\/sup>), full with a liquid of given density.\u00a0 Tank mass is negligible compared to the mass of the product.\u00a0 Determine its weight based on the following:\n<ol>\n<li>Diameter = 200 cm, density = 1.12 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Answer in N.<\/li>\n<li>Diameter = 80 in., density = 70 lb\/ft<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Answer in lb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":239,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-25","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/239"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":104,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25\/revisions\/104"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/25\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/somtest0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}