{"id":1331,"date":"2018-09-14T14:08:09","date_gmt":"2018-09-14T18:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1331"},"modified":"2021-08-18T12:46:36","modified_gmt":"2021-08-18T16:46:36","slug":"appendixa-referring","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/chapter\/appendixa-referring\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix A: Referring to Authors and Titles","rendered":"Appendix A: Referring to Authors and Titles"},"content":{"raw":"Writing in an academic context often entails writing about or responding to the words and ideas of other authors. Academic writing is often a \"dialogue\" or conversation between scholars. Scholarly research generally builds on or reacts to the work of previous scholars. As student writers, you often use the works of published scholars to support your arguments or provide a framework for your analysis. When you do this, you must cite and document your source; you may also need to specifically identify the author and title that you are referring to within the body text of your work. There are some basic conventions (rules) to adhere to when you do this.\r\n<h1>Referring to Authors<\/h1>\r\nThe first time that you mention the author, use the full name (but no titles, such as Mr. Ms, or Dr.). If there are more than three authors, use the Latin abbreviated term <em>et al.<\/em> to refer to additional authors:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>William Shakespeare wrote <em>Hamlet<\/em> in 1601.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sean Petty and Justin Trudeau[footnote]S. Petty and J. Trudeau, \"The case against bottled water,\" <em>The Star<\/em>, Aug. 11, 2008 [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/life\/health_wellness\/2008\/08\/11\/the_case_against_bottled_water.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/life\/health_wellness\/2008\/08\/11\/the_case_against_bottled_water.html<\/a>[\/footnote] argue that \u2026<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ross Phillips <em>et al.<\/em> recommend that\u2026.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nEvery time you refer to the author <em>after<\/em> the first time, use the <strong>last<\/strong> name only. Never refer to the author by the first name (William or Will) only. Always use the last name:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Hamlet<\/em> is one of Shakespeare's most studied plays.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Petty and Trudeau go on to describe the effects of \u2026<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Phillips <em>et al.<\/em> suggest that\u2026.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Referring to Titles<\/h1>\r\nWhen referring to titles, we use two distinct typographical methods to indicate two kinds of works:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The titles of <strong>shorter work<\/strong>s that are published within a larger work (an article in a newspaper, an academic article in a periodical, a poem in an anthology, a chapter in a book) are enclosed in quotation marks:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"The Case Against Bottled Water\" is an editorial written by Justin Trudeau and Sean Petty, published in <em>The Star,<\/em> a Toronto newspaper.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u201cPeople For Sale\u201d is an magazine article in <em>The Utne Reader<\/em> written by E. Benjamin Skinner.[footnote]B. Skinner, \"People for sale,\" <em>Utne Reader<\/em>, July\/Aug 2008 [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utne.com\/politics\/people-for-sale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.utne.com\/politics\/people-for-sale<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u201cBottled Water: The Pure Commodity in the Age of Branding\u201d is an academic journal article by Richard Wilk, published in the <em>Journal of Consumer Culture.<\/em>[footnote]R. Wilk, \"Bottled water: The pure commodity in the age of branding,\" <em>Journal of Consumer Culture<\/em>, Nov. 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469540506068681\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469540506068681<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">Tip:\u00a0 Remember to <strong>enclose<\/strong> in quotation marks the titles of works that are <strong>contained<\/strong> within other works.<\/div>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li>When referring to titles of <strong>larger works<\/strong>, or works that have smaller articles or chapters within them (books, newspapers, magazines, periodicals, movies, novels, etc.), use <em>italics<\/em>*:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Trudeau and Petty's article was published in <em>The Star<\/em>, a\u00a0Toronto newspaper.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Skinner published his article in an alternative magazine called <em>The Utne Reader<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Phillips <em>et al<\/em> published their academic article, \u201cRisk compensation and bicycle helmets,\u201d in the academic journal, <em>Risk Analysis<\/em>.[footnote]R.W. Phillips, A. Fyhyri, and F. Sagberg, \"Risk compensation and bicycle helmets,\" <em>Risk Analysis<\/em>, vol. 31, no. 8, Aug. 2011, pp. 1187-1195 [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01589.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01589.x<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n* <strong><em>Note<\/em><\/strong>: before computers, people underlined these kinds of titles, as this was the only option available on a typewriter; however, underlining is \u201c<em>so 20th century<\/em>\u201d and is no longer done unless you are writing by hand.\r\n\r\nUsing these conventions help the reader to know what kind of text you are writing about without you having to specify it. Like most specialized terminology or conventions, it offers a kind of short hand to avoid wordiness. If you do this incorrectly, you mislead and confuse the reader.\r\n\r\nFor example, if you are writing about William Blake\u2019s poem, \u201cThe Lamb,\u201d you must use quotation marks around the title.\u00a0 If you don\u2019t use them, and simply write -- the lamb -- then you are referring to the animal, not the poem. If you italicize <em>The Lamb<\/em>, you are telling the reader that this is the title of a book (which is incorrect and misleads the reader).\r\n<h1>Questions for Review<\/h1>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What is the difference between these two sentences discussing William Blake\u2019s poem, \u201cThe Tyger\u201d?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">The Tyger is terrifying.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u201cThe Tyger\u201d is terrifying.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li>Why is the following incorrect? What mistaken ideas does it give to the reader?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">In <em>The Case Against Bottled Water<\/em>, Sean and Justin explain why bottled water is not as safe as tap water.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>","rendered":"<p>Writing in an academic context often entails writing about or responding to the words and ideas of other authors. Academic writing is often a &#8220;dialogue&#8221; or conversation between scholars. Scholarly research generally builds on or reacts to the work of previous scholars. As student writers, you often use the works of published scholars to support your arguments or provide a framework for your analysis. When you do this, you must cite and document your source; you may also need to specifically identify the author and title that you are referring to within the body text of your work. There are some basic conventions (rules) to adhere to when you do this.<\/p>\n<h1>Referring to Authors<\/h1>\n<p>The first time that you mention the author, use the full name (but no titles, such as Mr. Ms, or Dr.). If there are more than three authors, use the Latin abbreviated term <em>et al.<\/em> to refer to additional authors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>William Shakespeare wrote <em>Hamlet<\/em> in 1601.<\/li>\n<li>Sean Petty and Justin Trudeau<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"S. Petty and J. Trudeau, &quot;The case against bottled water,&quot; The Star, Aug. 11, 2008 [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/life\/health_wellness\/2008\/08\/11\/the_case_against_bottled_water.html\" id=\"return-footnote-1331-1\" href=\"#footnote-1331-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> argue that \u2026<\/li>\n<li>Ross Phillips <em>et al.<\/em> recommend that\u2026.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Every time you refer to the author <em>after<\/em> the first time, use the <strong>last<\/strong> name only. Never refer to the author by the first name (William or Will) only. Always use the last name:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hamlet<\/em> is one of Shakespeare&#8217;s most studied plays.<\/li>\n<li>Petty and Trudeau go on to describe the effects of \u2026<\/li>\n<li>Phillips <em>et al.<\/em> suggest that\u2026.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Referring to Titles<\/h1>\n<p>When referring to titles, we use two distinct typographical methods to indicate two kinds of works:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The titles of <strong>shorter work<\/strong>s that are published within a larger work (an article in a newspaper, an academic article in a periodical, a poem in an anthology, a chapter in a book) are enclosed in quotation marks:\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;The Case Against Bottled Water&#8221; is an editorial written by Justin Trudeau and Sean Petty, published in <em>The Star,<\/em> a Toronto newspaper.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cPeople For Sale\u201d is an magazine article in <em>The Utne Reader<\/em> written by E. Benjamin Skinner.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"B. Skinner, &quot;People for sale,&quot; Utne Reader, July\/Aug 2008 [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.utne.com\/politics\/people-for-sale\" id=\"return-footnote-1331-2\" href=\"#footnote-1331-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201cBottled Water: The Pure Commodity in the Age of Branding\u201d is an academic journal article by Richard Wilk, published in the <em>Journal of Consumer Culture.<\/em><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"R. Wilk, &quot;Bottled water: The pure commodity in the age of branding,&quot; Journal of Consumer Culture, Nov. 2006, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469540506068681\" id=\"return-footnote-1331-3\" href=\"#footnote-1331-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Tip:\u00a0 Remember to <strong>enclose<\/strong> in quotation marks the titles of works that are <strong>contained<\/strong> within other works.<\/div>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>When referring to titles of <strong>larger works<\/strong>, or works that have smaller articles or chapters within them (books, newspapers, magazines, periodicals, movies, novels, etc.), use <em>italics<\/em>*:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Trudeau and Petty&#8217;s article was published in <em>The Star<\/em>, a\u00a0Toronto newspaper.<\/li>\n<li>Skinner published his article in an alternative magazine called <em>The Utne Reader<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Phillips <em>et al<\/em> published their academic article, \u201cRisk compensation and bicycle helmets,\u201d in the academic journal, <em>Risk Analysis<\/em>.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"R.W. Phillips, A. Fyhyri, and F. Sagberg, &quot;Risk compensation and bicycle helmets,&quot; Risk Analysis, vol. 31, no. 8, Aug. 2011, pp. 1187-1195 [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01589.x\" id=\"return-footnote-1331-4\" href=\"#footnote-1331-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>* <strong><em>Note<\/em><\/strong>: before computers, people underlined these kinds of titles, as this was the only option available on a typewriter; however, underlining is \u201c<em>so 20th century<\/em>\u201d and is no longer done unless you are writing by hand.<\/p>\n<p>Using these conventions help the reader to know what kind of text you are writing about without you having to specify it. Like most specialized terminology or conventions, it offers a kind of short hand to avoid wordiness. If you do this incorrectly, you mislead and confuse the reader.<\/p>\n<p>For example, if you are writing about William Blake\u2019s poem, \u201cThe Lamb,\u201d you must use quotation marks around the title.\u00a0 If you don\u2019t use them, and simply write &#8212; the lamb &#8212; then you are referring to the animal, not the poem. If you italicize <em>The Lamb<\/em>, you are telling the reader that this is the title of a book (which is incorrect and misleads the reader).<\/p>\n<h1>Questions for Review<\/h1>\n<ol>\n<li>What is the difference between these two sentences discussing William Blake\u2019s poem, \u201cThe Tyger\u201d?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">The Tyger is terrifying.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u201cThe Tyger\u201d is terrifying.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Why is the following incorrect? What mistaken ideas does it give to the reader?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">In <em>The Case Against Bottled Water<\/em>, Sean and Justin explain why bottled water is not as safe as tap water.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1331-1\">S. Petty and J. Trudeau, \"The case against bottled water,\" <em>The Star<\/em>, Aug. 11, 2008 [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/life\/health_wellness\/2008\/08\/11\/the_case_against_bottled_water.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/life\/health_wellness\/2008\/08\/11\/the_case_against_bottled_water.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1331-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1331-2\">B. Skinner, \"People for sale,\" <em>Utne Reader<\/em>, July\/Aug 2008 [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utne.com\/politics\/people-for-sale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.utne.com\/politics\/people-for-sale<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1331-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1331-3\">R. Wilk, \"Bottled water: The pure commodity in the age of branding,\" <em>Journal of Consumer Culture<\/em>, Nov. 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469540506068681\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469540506068681<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1331-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1331-4\">R.W. Phillips, A. Fyhyri, and F. Sagberg, \"Risk compensation and bicycle helmets,\" <em>Risk Analysis<\/em>, vol. 31, no. 8, Aug. 2011, pp. 1187-1195 [Online]. Available: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01589.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01589.x<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1331-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":254,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["suzan-last"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[58],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1331","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard","contributor-suzan-last"],"part":1329,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1331","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/254"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1331\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3560,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1331\/revisions\/3560"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1329"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1331\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1331"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1331"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1331"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1331"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}