{"id":148,"date":"2018-09-14T14:08:09","date_gmt":"2018-09-14T18:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/chapter\/appendixa-referring\/"},"modified":"2026-03-04T19:55:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T00:55:20","slug":"appendixa-referring","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/chapter\/appendixa-referring\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix A: Referring to Authors and Titles","rendered":"Appendix A: Referring to Authors and Titles"},"content":{"raw":"As Gerald Graff and Cathy Writing Berkenstein point out in <em>They Say, I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing<\/em>,\u00a0 writing an academic context often entails writing about or responding to the words and ideas of other authors. Academic writing is often a \"dialogue\" or conversation between scholars, where you begin by describing what other scholars have said in order to set up what you want to say. Scholarly research generally builds on or reacts to the work of previous scholars. As student writers, you often use the works of published scholars to support your arguments or provide a framework for your analysis. When you do this, you must cite and document your source; you may also need to specifically identify the author and title that you are referring to within the body text of your work. There are some basic conventions to adhere to when you do this.\r\n<h2>Referring to Authors<\/h2>\r\nThe first time that you mention the author, use the full name (but no titles, such as Mr. Ms, or Dr.). If there are more than three authors, use the Latin abbreviated term <em>et al.<\/em> to refer to additional authors:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Steve Rathje wrote \"The power of framing\" in 2017[footnote]S. Rathje, \u201cThe power of framing: It\u2019s not what you say but how you say it,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em> (online), 20 July 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/head-quarters\/2017\/jul\/20\/the-power-of-framing-its-not-what-you-say-its-how-you-say-it your footnote content here.[\/footnote], but his political examples are still relevant today.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Paul H. Thibodeau and Lera Boroditsky use similar examples in \"Metaphors we think with\" [footnote]Enter P.H. Thibodeau and L. Boroditsky, \u201cMetaphors we think with: The role of metaphor in reasoning. PLOS One (online), 23 Feb, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016782 footnote content here.[\/footnote], but they take a more academic approach.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\"Your brain on ChatGPT,\" a scientific study by Natalia Kosmyna et al.[footnote]N. Kosmyna, et al., \u201cYour brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of cognitive debt when using an AI assistant for essay writing task.\u201d 31 Dec. 2025. Cornell University arXiv (online). Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.08872. Summary available: https:\/\/www.brainonllm.com\/[\/footnote], has not yet been peer-reviewed, but because its findings are so startling, a preprint is available online.<\/p>\r\nEvery time you refer to the author <em>after<\/em> the first time, use the <strong>last<\/strong> name only. Never refer to the author by the first name (\"Steve\") only. Always use the last name:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Rathje uses an accessible tone in his online piece for <em>The Guardian<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Thibodeau and Boroditsky write for a more scholarly audience.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kosmyna <em>et al.<\/em> found that that group using AI performed worse than the groups who did not use AI at all measured parameters (neural, linguistic, and scoring).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNOTE: when using IEEE style, you can simply use the authors last names only (you don't need to include the first name unless you have authors with the same last name).\r\n<h1>Referring to Titles<\/h1>\r\nWhen referring to titles, we use two distinct typographical methods to indicate two kinds of works:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">The titles of <strong>shorter work<\/strong>s that are published <em>within<\/em> a larger work (an article in a newspaper, an academic article in a journal, a poem in an anthology, a chapter in a book) are enclosed in quotation marks; only capitalize the first word, proper nouns, and first word of a sub-title (after the colon):<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\"The power of framing: It's not what you say but how you say it\" provides several examples of how political rhetoric frames ideas to appeal to certain people.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">Tip:\u00a0 Remember to <strong>enclose<\/strong> in quotation marks the titles of works that are <strong>contained<\/strong> within other works.<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">When referring to titles of <strong>larger works<\/strong>, or works that have smaller articles or chapters within them (books, newspapers, magazines, periodicals, movies, novels, etc.), use <em>italics<\/em>*:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">Rathje's article is published in <em>The Guardian<\/em>, a respected British newspaper.<\/p>\r\n* <strong><em>Note<\/em><\/strong>: before computers, people underlined these kinds of titles, as this was the only option available on a typewriter; however, underlining is \u201c<em>so 20th century<\/em>\u201d and is no longer done unless you are writing by hand.\r\n\r\nUsing these conventions help the reader to know what kind of text you are writing about without you having to specify it. Like most specialized terminology or conventions, it offers a kind of short hand to avoid wordiness. If you do this incorrectly, you mislead and confuse the reader.\r\n\r\nFor example, if you are writing about William Blake\u2019s poem, \u201cThe Lamb,\u201d you must use quotation marks around the title.\u00a0 If you don\u2019t use them, and simply write -- the lamb -- then you are referring to the animal, not the poem. If you italicize <em>The Lamb<\/em>, you are telling the reader that this is the title of a book (which is incorrect and misleads the reader).","rendered":"<p>As Gerald Graff and Cathy Writing Berkenstein point out in <em>They Say, I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing<\/em>,\u00a0 writing an academic context often entails writing about or responding to the words and ideas of other authors. Academic writing is often a &#8220;dialogue&#8221; or conversation between scholars, where you begin by describing what other scholars have said in order to set up what you want to say. Scholarly research generally builds on or reacts to the work of previous scholars. As student writers, you often use the works of published scholars to support your arguments or provide a framework for your analysis. When you do this, you must cite and document your source; you may also need to specifically identify the author and title that you are referring to within the body text of your work. There are some basic conventions to adhere to when you do this.<\/p>\n<h2>Referring to Authors<\/h2>\n<p>The first time that you mention the author, use the full name (but no titles, such as Mr. Ms, or Dr.). If there are more than three authors, use the Latin abbreviated term <em>et al.<\/em> to refer to additional authors:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Steve Rathje wrote &#8220;The power of framing&#8221; in 2017<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"S. Rathje, \u201cThe power of framing: It\u2019s not what you say but how you say it,\u201d The Guardian (online), 20 July 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/head-quarters\/2017\/jul\/20\/the-power-of-framing-its-not-what-you-say-its-how-you-say-it your footnote content here.\" id=\"return-footnote-148-1\" href=\"#footnote-148-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>, but his political examples are still relevant today.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Paul H. Thibodeau and Lera Boroditsky use similar examples in &#8220;Metaphors we think with&#8221; <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Enter P.H. Thibodeau and L. Boroditsky, \u201cMetaphors we think with: The role of metaphor in reasoning. PLOS One (online), 23 Feb, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016782 footnote content here.\" id=\"return-footnote-148-2\" href=\"#footnote-148-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>, but they take a more academic approach.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">&#8220;Your brain on ChatGPT,&#8221; a scientific study by Natalia Kosmyna et al.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"N. Kosmyna, et al., \u201cYour brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of cognitive debt when using an AI assistant for essay writing task.\u201d 31 Dec. 2025. Cornell University arXiv (online). Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.08872. Summary available: https:\/\/www.brainonllm.com\/\" id=\"return-footnote-148-3\" href=\"#footnote-148-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a>, has not yet been peer-reviewed, but because its findings are so startling, a preprint is available online.<\/p>\n<p>Every time you refer to the author <em>after<\/em> the first time, use the <strong>last<\/strong> name only. Never refer to the author by the first name (&#8220;Steve&#8221;) only. Always use the last name:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rathje uses an accessible tone in his online piece for <em>The Guardian<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Thibodeau and Boroditsky write for a more scholarly audience.<\/li>\n<li>Kosmyna <em>et al.<\/em> found that that group using AI performed worse than the groups who did not use AI at all measured parameters (neural, linguistic, and scoring).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>NOTE: when using IEEE style, you can simply use the authors last names only (you don&#8217;t need to include the first name unless you have authors with the same last name).<\/p>\n<h1>Referring to Titles<\/h1>\n<p>When referring to titles, we use two distinct typographical methods to indicate two kinds of works:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">The titles of <strong>shorter work<\/strong>s that are published <em>within<\/em> a larger work (an article in a newspaper, an academic article in a journal, a poem in an anthology, a chapter in a book) are enclosed in quotation marks; only capitalize the first word, proper nouns, and first word of a sub-title (after the colon):<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">&#8220;The power of framing: It&#8217;s not what you say but how you say it&#8221; provides several examples of how political rhetoric frames ideas to appeal to certain people.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Tip:\u00a0 Remember to <strong>enclose<\/strong> in quotation marks the titles of works that are <strong>contained<\/strong> within other works.<\/div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">When referring to titles of <strong>larger works<\/strong>, or works that have smaller articles or chapters within them (books, newspapers, magazines, periodicals, movies, novels, etc.), use <em>italics<\/em>*:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">Rathje&#8217;s article is published in <em>The Guardian<\/em>, a respected British newspaper.<\/p>\n<p>* <strong><em>Note<\/em><\/strong>: before computers, people underlined these kinds of titles, as this was the only option available on a typewriter; however, underlining is \u201c<em>so 20th century<\/em>\u201d and is no longer done unless you are writing by hand.<\/p>\n<p>Using these conventions help the reader to know what kind of text you are writing about without you having to specify it. Like most specialized terminology or conventions, it offers a kind of short hand to avoid wordiness. If you do this incorrectly, you mislead and confuse the reader.<\/p>\n<p>For example, if you are writing about William Blake\u2019s poem, \u201cThe Lamb,\u201d you must use quotation marks around the title.\u00a0 If you don\u2019t use them, and simply write &#8212; the lamb &#8212; then you are referring to the animal, not the poem. If you italicize <em>The Lamb<\/em>, you are telling the reader that this is the title of a book (which is incorrect and misleads the reader).<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-148-1\">S. Rathje, \u201cThe power of framing: It\u2019s not what you say but how you say it,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em> (online), 20 July 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/head-quarters\/2017\/jul\/20\/the-power-of-framing-its-not-what-you-say-its-how-you-say-it your footnote content here. <a href=\"#return-footnote-148-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-148-2\">Enter P.H. Thibodeau and L. Boroditsky, \u201cMetaphors we think with: The role of metaphor in reasoning. PLOS One (online), 23 Feb, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016782 footnote content here. <a href=\"#return-footnote-148-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-148-3\">N. Kosmyna, et al., \u201cYour brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of cognitive debt when using an AI assistant for essay writing task.\u201d 31 Dec. 2025. Cornell University arXiv (online). Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.08872. Summary available: https:\/\/www.brainonllm.com\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-148-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-148","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":147,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/148","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/148\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":721,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/148\/revisions\/721"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/147"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/148\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=148"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=148"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/technicalwriting2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}