{"id":481,"date":"2017-10-24T19:30:31","date_gmt":"2017-10-24T23:30:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/chapter\/elastic-collisions-in-one-dimension\/"},"modified":"2017-10-24T19:30:31","modified_gmt":"2017-10-24T23:30:31","slug":"elastic-collisions-in-one-dimension","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/chapter\/elastic-collisions-in-one-dimension\/","title":{"raw":"Elastic Collisions in One Dimension","rendered":"Elastic Collisions in One Dimension"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\"><h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3><ul><li>Describe an elastic collision of two objects in one dimension.<\/li><li>Define internal kinetic energy.<\/li><li>Derive an expression for conservation of internal kinetic energy in a one dimensional collision.<\/li><li>Determine the final velocities in an elastic collision given masses and initial velocities.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1251111\">Let us consider various types of two-object collisions. These collisions are the easiest to analyze, and they illustrate many of the physical principles involved in collisions. The conservation of momentum principle is very useful here, and it can be used whenever the net external force on a system is zero.<\/p><p id=\"import-auto-id1182542\">We start with the elastic collision of two objects moving along the same line\u2014a one-dimensional problem. An <span id=\"import-auto-id1180706\">elastic collision<\/span> is one that also conserves internal kinetic energy. <span id=\"import-auto-id1806312\">Internal kinetic energy<\/span> is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in the system. <a href=\"#import-auto-id1121320\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">[link]<\/a> illustrates an elastic collision in which internal kinetic energy and momentum are conserved.<\/p><p id=\"import-auto-id1148045\">Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic\u2014some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. One macroscopic collision that is nearly elastic is that of two steel blocks on ice. Another nearly elastic collision is that between two carts with spring bumpers on an air track. Icy surfaces and air tracks are nearly frictionless, more readily allowing nearly elastic collisions on them. \n<\/p><div class=\"note\" id=\"fs-id1954792\"><div class=\"title\">Elastic Collision<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1684558\">An <span id=\"import-auto-id1695093\">elastic collision<\/span> is one that conserves internal kinetic energy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"note\" id=\"fs-id2725160\"><div class=\"title\">Internal Kinetic Energy<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1133962\"><span>Internal kinetic energy<\/span> is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in the system.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1121320\"><div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">An elastic one-dimensional two-object collision. Momentum and internal kinetic energy are conserved.<\/div><span id=\"import-auto-id1668366\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2017\/10\/Figure_09_04_01a.jpg\" alt=\"The system of interest contains a smaller mass m sub1 and a larger mass m sub2 moving on a frictionless surface. M sub 2 moves with velocity V sub 2 and momentum p sub 2 and m sub 1 moves behind m sub 2, with velocity V sub 1 and momentum p sub 1 toward the right direction. P 1 plus P 2 equals p total. The net force is zero. After collision m sub 1 moves toward the left with velocity V sub 1 while m sub 2 moves toward the right with velocity V sub 2 on the same frictionless surface. The momentum of m sub 1 becomes p 1 prime and m 2 becomes p 2 prime now. P 1 prime plus p 2 prime equals p total.\" width=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1543119\">Now, to solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects we can use the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy. First, the equation for conservation of momentum for two objects in a one-dimensional collision is <\/p><div class=\"equation\">[latex]{p}_{1}+{p}_{2}={p\\prime }_{1}+{p\\prime }_{2}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\left({F}_{\\text{net}}=0\\right)[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1535439\">or<\/p><div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-485\">[latex]{m}_{1}{v}_{1}+{m}_{2}{v}_{2}={m}_{1}{v\\prime }_{1}+{m}_{2}{v\\prime }_{2}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\left({F}_{\\text{net}}=0\\right),[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1572722\">where the primes (') indicate values after the collision. By definition, an elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals the sum after the collision. Thus,<\/p><div class=\"equation\">[latex]\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{1}{{v}_{1}}^{2}+\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{2}{{v}_{2}}^{2}=\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{1}{{v\\prime }_{1}}^{2}+\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{2}{{v\\prime }_{2}}^{2}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{(two-object elastic collision)}[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1704032\">expresses the equation for conservation of internal kinetic energy in a one-dimensional collision.<\/p><div class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id3089491\"><div class=\"title\">Calculating Velocities Following an Elastic Collision<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1331877\">Calculate the velocities of two objects following an elastic collision, given that <\/p><div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-634\">[latex]{m}_{1}=0\\text{.}\\text{500 kg,}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{m}_{2}=3\\text{.}\\text{50 kg,}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{v}_{1}=4\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s, and}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{v}_{2}=0\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"eip-570\"><strong>Strategy and Concept<\/strong><\/p><p id=\"import-auto-id1372454\">First, visualize what the initial conditions mean\u2014a small object strikes a larger object that is initially at rest. This situation is slightly simpler than the situation shown in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1121320\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">[link]<\/a> where both objects are initially moving. We are asked to find two unknowns (the final velocities [latex]{v\\prime }_{1}[\/latex] and [latex]{v\\prime }_{2}[\/latex]). To find two unknowns, we must use two independent equations. Because this collision is elastic, we can use the above two equations. Both can be simplified by the fact that object 2 is initially at rest, and thus [latex]{v}_{2}=0[\/latex]. Once we simplify these equations, we combine them algebraically to solve for the unknowns.\n    <\/p><p id=\"eip-900\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p><p id=\"import-auto-id1772140\">For this problem, note that [latex]{v}_{2}=0[\/latex] and use conservation of momentum. Thus,\n    <\/p><div class=\"equation\">[latex]{p}_{1}=p\\prime {}_{1}+p\\prime {}_{2}[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1650781\">or\n    <\/p><div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-832\">[latex]{m}_{1}{v}_{1}={m}_{1}{v\\prime }_{1}+{m}_{2}{v\\prime }_{2}.[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1348227\">Using conservation of internal kinetic energy and that [latex]{v}_{2}=0[\/latex],\n    <\/p><div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-901\">[latex]\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{1}{{v}_{1}}^{2}=\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{1}{v\\prime }_{1}{}^{2}+\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{2}{v\\prime }_{2}{}^{2}.[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1750008\">Solving the first equation (momentum equation) for [latex]{v\\prime }_{2}[\/latex], we obtain\n    <\/p><div class=\"equation\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{2}=\\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{2}}\\left({v}_{1}-{v\\prime }_{1}\\right).[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1229983\">Substituting this expression into the second equation (internal kinetic energy equation) eliminates the variable [latex]{v\\prime }_{2}[\/latex], leaving only [latex]{v\\prime }_{1}[\/latex] as an unknown (the algebra is left as an exercise for the reader). There are two solutions to any quadratic equation; in this example, they are<\/p><div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-464\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{1}=4\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s}[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1237091\">and\n    <\/p><div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-990\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{1}=-3\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s}.[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1465889\">As noted when quadratic equations were encountered in earlier chapters, both solutions may or may not be meaningful. In this case, the first solution is the same as the initial condition. The first solution thus represents the situation before the collision and is discarded. The second solution [latex]\\left({v\\prime }_{1}=-3\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s}\\right)[\/latex] is negative, meaning that the first object bounces backward. When this negative value of [latex]{v\\prime }_{1}[\/latex] is used to find the velocity of the second object after the collision, we get<\/p><div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-560\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{2}=\\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{2}}\\left({v}_{1}-{v\\prime }_{1}\\right)=\\frac{0\\text{.}\\text{500 kg}}{3\\text{.}\\text{50 kg}}\\left[4\\text{.}\\text{00}-\\left(-3\\text{.}\\text{00}\\right)\\right]\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1764017\">or\n    <\/p><div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-819\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{2}=1\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s}.[\/latex]<\/div><p id=\"eip-341\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p><p id=\"import-auto-id1305253\">The result of this example is intuitively reasonable. A small object strikes a larger one at rest and bounces backward. The larger one is knocked forward, but with a low speed. (This is like a compact car bouncing backward off a full-size SUV that is initially at rest.) As a check, try calculating the internal kinetic energy before and after the collision. You will see that the internal kinetic energy is unchanged at 4.00 J. Also check the total momentum before and after the collision; you will find it, too, is unchanged.<\/p><p id=\"import-auto-id1600785\">The equations for conservation of momentum and internal kinetic energy as written above can be used to describe any one-dimensional elastic collision of two objects. These equations can be extended to more objects if needed.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"note\" id=\"fs-id1354788\"><div class=\"title\">Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation\u2014Ice Cubes and Elastic Collision<\/div><p id=\"import-auto-id1687701\">Find a few ice cubes which are about the same size and a smooth kitchen tabletop or a table with a glass top. Place the ice cubes on the surface several centimeters away from each other. Flick one ice cube toward a stationary ice cube and observe the path and velocities of the ice cubes after the collision. Try to avoid edge-on collisions and collisions with rotating ice cubes. Have you created approximately elastic collisions? Explain the speeds and directions of the ice cubes using momentum.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"note\" id=\"eip-732\"><div class=\"title\">PhET Explorations: Collision Lab<\/div><p id=\"eip-id1169738155680\">Investigate collisions on an air hockey table. Set up your own experiments: vary the number of discs, masses and initial conditions. Is momentum conserved? Is kinetic energy conserved? Vary the elasticity and see what happens.<\/p><div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"eip-id1686591\"><div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\"><a href=\"\/resources\/5f516e8c99c085e5ed2e3cbe841b4f64315aa636\/collision-lab_en.jar\">Collision Lab<\/a><\/div><span id=\"Phet_module_9.4\"><a href=\"\/resources\/5f516e8c99c085e5ed2e3cbe841b4f64315aa636\/collision-lab_en.jar\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2017\/10\/PhET_Icon.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" \/><\/a><span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"section-summary\" id=\"fs-id1552669\"><h1>Section Summary<\/h1><ul id=\"fs-id1488664\"><li id=\"import-auto-id1681073\">An elastic collision is one that conserves internal kinetic energy.<\/li><li id=\"import-auto-id1296338\">Conservation of kinetic energy and momentum together allow the final velocities to be calculated in terms of initial velocities and masses in one dimensional two-body collisions.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"conceptual-questions\" id=\"fs-id2004442\"><h1>Conceptual Questions<\/h1><div class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3105556\"><div class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1350776\"><p id=\"import-auto-id1267234\"><strong>What is an elastic collision?<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"problems-exercises\" id=\"fs-id1672894\"><h1>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1><div class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3102664\"><div class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2681722\"><p id=\"import-auto-id1701802\">Two identical objects (such as billiard balls) have a one-dimensional collision in which one is initially motionless. After the collision, the moving object is stationary and the other moves with the same speed as the other originally had. Show that both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1319285\"><div class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1349458\"><p id=\"eip-id2978613\"><strong>Professional Application<\/strong><\/p><p>Two manned satellites approach one another at a relative speed of 0.250 m\/s, intending to dock. The first has a mass of [latex]4\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}[\/latex], and the second a mass of [latex]7\\text{.}\\text{50}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}[\/latex]. If the two satellites collide elastically rather than dock, what is their final relative velocity? <\/p><\/div><div class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2499433\"><p id=\"eip-id1362706\"> 0.250 m\/s<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id898804\"><div class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2512576\"><p id=\"import-auto-id1637011\">A 70.0-kg ice hockey goalie, originally at rest, catches a 0.150-kg hockey puck slapped at him at a velocity of 35.0 m\/s. Suppose the goalie and the ice puck have an elastic collision and the puck is reflected back in the direction from which it came. What would their final velocities be in this case?<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"textbox shaded\"><h2>Glossary<\/h2><dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id1345366\"><dt>elastic collision<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id1274422\">a collision that also conserves internal kinetic energy<\/dd><\/dl><dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id1193287\"><dt>internal kinetic energy<\/dt><dd id=\"fs-id2988476\">the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe an elastic collision of two objects in one dimension.<\/li>\n<li>Define internal kinetic energy.<\/li>\n<li>Derive an expression for conservation of internal kinetic energy in a one dimensional collision.<\/li>\n<li>Determine the final velocities in an elastic collision given masses and initial velocities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1251111\">Let us consider various types of two-object collisions. These collisions are the easiest to analyze, and they illustrate many of the physical principles involved in collisions. The conservation of momentum principle is very useful here, and it can be used whenever the net external force on a system is zero.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1182542\">We start with the elastic collision of two objects moving along the same line\u2014a one-dimensional problem. An <span id=\"import-auto-id1180706\">elastic collision<\/span> is one that also conserves internal kinetic energy. <span id=\"import-auto-id1806312\">Internal kinetic energy<\/span> is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in the system. <a href=\"#import-auto-id1121320\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">[link]<\/a> illustrates an elastic collision in which internal kinetic energy and momentum are conserved.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1148045\">Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic\u2014some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. One macroscopic collision that is nearly elastic is that of two steel blocks on ice. Another nearly elastic collision is that between two carts with spring bumpers on an air track. Icy surfaces and air tracks are nearly frictionless, more readily allowing nearly elastic collisions on them.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"note\" id=\"fs-id1954792\">\n<div class=\"title\">Elastic Collision<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1684558\">An <span id=\"import-auto-id1695093\">elastic collision<\/span> is one that conserves internal kinetic energy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"note\" id=\"fs-id2725160\">\n<div class=\"title\">Internal Kinetic Energy<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1133962\"><span>Internal kinetic energy<\/span> is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in the system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1121320\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">An elastic one-dimensional two-object collision. Momentum and internal kinetic energy are conserved.<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"import-auto-id1668366\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2017\/10\/Figure_09_04_01a.jpg\" alt=\"The system of interest contains a smaller mass m sub1 and a larger mass m sub2 moving on a frictionless surface. M sub 2 moves with velocity V sub 2 and momentum p sub 2 and m sub 1 moves behind m sub 2, with velocity V sub 1 and momentum p sub 1 toward the right direction. P 1 plus P 2 equals p total. The net force is zero. After collision m sub 1 moves toward the left with velocity V sub 1 while m sub 2 moves toward the right with velocity V sub 2 on the same frictionless surface. The momentum of m sub 1 becomes p 1 prime and m 2 becomes p 2 prime now. P 1 prime plus p 2 prime equals p total.\" width=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1543119\">Now, to solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects we can use the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy. First, the equation for conservation of momentum for two objects in a one-dimensional collision is <\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\">[latex]{p}_{1}+{p}_{2}={p\\prime }_{1}+{p\\prime }_{2}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\left({F}_{\\text{net}}=0\\right)[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1535439\">or<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-485\">[latex]{m}_{1}{v}_{1}+{m}_{2}{v}_{2}={m}_{1}{v\\prime }_{1}+{m}_{2}{v\\prime }_{2}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\left({F}_{\\text{net}}=0\\right),[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1572722\">where the primes (&#8216;) indicate values after the collision. By definition, an elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals the sum after the collision. Thus,<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\">[latex]\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{1}{{v}_{1}}^{2}+\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{2}{{v}_{2}}^{2}=\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{1}{{v\\prime }_{1}}^{2}+\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{2}{{v\\prime }_{2}}^{2}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{(two-object elastic collision)}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1704032\">expresses the equation for conservation of internal kinetic energy in a one-dimensional collision.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id3089491\">\n<div class=\"title\">Calculating Velocities Following an Elastic Collision<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1331877\">Calculate the velocities of two objects following an elastic collision, given that <\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-634\">[latex]{m}_{1}=0\\text{.}\\text{500 kg,}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{m}_{2}=3\\text{.}\\text{50 kg,}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{v}_{1}=4\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s, and}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{v}_{2}=0\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"eip-570\"><strong>Strategy and Concept<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1372454\">First, visualize what the initial conditions mean\u2014a small object strikes a larger object that is initially at rest. This situation is slightly simpler than the situation shown in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1121320\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">[link]<\/a> where both objects are initially moving. We are asked to find two unknowns (the final velocities [latex]{v\\prime }_{1}[\/latex] and [latex]{v\\prime }_{2}[\/latex]). To find two unknowns, we must use two independent equations. Because this collision is elastic, we can use the above two equations. Both can be simplified by the fact that object 2 is initially at rest, and thus [latex]{v}_{2}=0[\/latex]. Once we simplify these equations, we combine them algebraically to solve for the unknowns.\n    <\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-900\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1772140\">For this problem, note that [latex]{v}_{2}=0[\/latex] and use conservation of momentum. Thus,\n    <\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\">[latex]{p}_{1}=p\\prime {}_{1}+p\\prime {}_{2}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1650781\">or\n    <\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-832\">[latex]{m}_{1}{v}_{1}={m}_{1}{v\\prime }_{1}+{m}_{2}{v\\prime }_{2}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1348227\">Using conservation of internal kinetic energy and that [latex]{v}_{2}=0[\/latex],\n    <\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-901\">[latex]\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{1}{{v}_{1}}^{2}=\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{1}{v\\prime }_{1}{}^{2}+\\frac{1}{2}{m}_{2}{v\\prime }_{2}{}^{2}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1750008\">Solving the first equation (momentum equation) for [latex]{v\\prime }_{2}[\/latex], we obtain\n    <\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{2}=\\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{2}}\\left({v}_{1}-{v\\prime }_{1}\\right).[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1229983\">Substituting this expression into the second equation (internal kinetic energy equation) eliminates the variable [latex]{v\\prime }_{2}[\/latex], leaving only [latex]{v\\prime }_{1}[\/latex] as an unknown (the algebra is left as an exercise for the reader). There are two solutions to any quadratic equation; in this example, they are<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-464\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{1}=4\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1237091\">and\n    <\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-990\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{1}=-3\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1465889\">As noted when quadratic equations were encountered in earlier chapters, both solutions may or may not be meaningful. In this case, the first solution is the same as the initial condition. The first solution thus represents the situation before the collision and is discarded. The second solution [latex]\\left({v\\prime }_{1}=-3\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s}\\right)[\/latex] is negative, meaning that the first object bounces backward. When this negative value of [latex]{v\\prime }_{1}[\/latex] is used to find the velocity of the second object after the collision, we get<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-560\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{2}=\\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{2}}\\left({v}_{1}-{v\\prime }_{1}\\right)=\\frac{0\\text{.}\\text{500 kg}}{3\\text{.}\\text{50 kg}}\\left[4\\text{.}\\text{00}-\\left(-3\\text{.}\\text{00}\\right)\\right]\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1764017\">or\n    <\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-819\">[latex]{v\\prime }_{2}=1\\text{.}\\text{00 m\/s}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"eip-341\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1305253\">The result of this example is intuitively reasonable. A small object strikes a larger one at rest and bounces backward. The larger one is knocked forward, but with a low speed. (This is like a compact car bouncing backward off a full-size SUV that is initially at rest.) As a check, try calculating the internal kinetic energy before and after the collision. You will see that the internal kinetic energy is unchanged at 4.00 J. Also check the total momentum before and after the collision; you will find it, too, is unchanged.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1600785\">The equations for conservation of momentum and internal kinetic energy as written above can be used to describe any one-dimensional elastic collision of two objects. These equations can be extended to more objects if needed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"note\" id=\"fs-id1354788\">\n<div class=\"title\">Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation\u2014Ice Cubes and Elastic Collision<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1687701\">Find a few ice cubes which are about the same size and a smooth kitchen tabletop or a table with a glass top. Place the ice cubes on the surface several centimeters away from each other. Flick one ice cube toward a stationary ice cube and observe the path and velocities of the ice cubes after the collision. Try to avoid edge-on collisions and collisions with rotating ice cubes. Have you created approximately elastic collisions? Explain the speeds and directions of the ice cubes using momentum.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"note\" id=\"eip-732\">\n<div class=\"title\">PhET Explorations: Collision Lab<\/div>\n<p id=\"eip-id1169738155680\">Investigate collisions on an air hockey table. Set up your own experiments: vary the number of discs, masses and initial conditions. Is momentum conserved? Is kinetic energy conserved? Vary the elasticity and see what happens.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"eip-id1686591\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\"><a href=\"\/resources\/5f516e8c99c085e5ed2e3cbe841b4f64315aa636\/collision-lab_en.jar\">Collision Lab<\/a><\/div>\n<p><span id=\"Phet_module_9.4\"><a href=\"\/resources\/5f516e8c99c085e5ed2e3cbe841b4f64315aa636\/collision-lab_en.jar\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2017\/10\/PhET_Icon.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" \/><\/a><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" id=\"fs-id1552669\">\n<h1>Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1488664\">\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1681073\">An elastic collision is one that conserves internal kinetic energy.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1296338\">Conservation of kinetic energy and momentum together allow the final velocities to be calculated in terms of initial velocities and masses in one dimensional two-body collisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" id=\"fs-id2004442\">\n<h1>Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3105556\">\n<div class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1350776\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1267234\"><strong>What is an elastic collision?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" id=\"fs-id1672894\">\n<h1>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<div class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3102664\">\n<div class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2681722\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1701802\">Two identical objects (such as billiard balls) have a one-dimensional collision in which one is initially motionless. After the collision, the moving object is stationary and the other moves with the same speed as the other originally had. Show that both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1319285\">\n<div class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1349458\">\n<p id=\"eip-id2978613\"><strong>Professional Application<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Two manned satellites approach one another at a relative speed of 0.250 m\/s, intending to dock. The first has a mass of [latex]4\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}[\/latex], and the second a mass of [latex]7\\text{.}\\text{50}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}[\/latex]. If the two satellites collide elastically rather than dock, what is their final relative velocity? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2499433\">\n<p id=\"eip-id1362706\"> 0.250 m\/s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id898804\">\n<div class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2512576\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1637011\">A 70.0-kg ice hockey goalie, originally at rest, catches a 0.150-kg hockey puck slapped at him at a velocity of 35.0 m\/s. Suppose the goalie and the ice puck have an elastic collision and the puck is reflected back in the direction from which it came. What would their final velocities be in this case?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id1345366\">\n<dt>elastic collision<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1274422\">a collision that also conserves internal kinetic energy<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id1193287\">\n<dt>internal kinetic energy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2988476\">the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":211,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["openstaxcollege","openstaxcollege"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[53],"license":[59],"class_list":["post-481","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-openstaxcollege","license-cc-by"],"part":470,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/211"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/481\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/470"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/481\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=481"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=481"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/test3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}