{"id":508,"date":"2021-05-30T01:20:33","date_gmt":"2021-05-30T05:20:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/chapter\/extensive-and-intensive-properties\/"},"modified":"2022-08-02T19:02:49","modified_gmt":"2022-08-02T23:02:49","slug":"extensive-and-intensive-properties","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/chapter\/extensive-and-intensive-properties\/","title":{"raw":"1.3 Extensive and intensive properties","rendered":"1.3 Extensive and intensive properties"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"-extensive-and-intensive-properties\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">From the macroscopic perspective, a system is viewed as a continuous, homogeneous matter called [pb_glossary id=\"638\"]continuum[\/pb_glossary], which consists of a huge number of interacting molecules distributed throughout the system. The interactions between the molecules are so frequent that the physical or bulk properties of the system do NOT depend on the behaviour of individual molecules. This hypothesis is valid in a wide range of engineering applications. It allows the physical properties of a system, such as pressure, density, and temperature, to be defined as a continuous function at any point of the system.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The following thermodynamic properties are typically used to describe the interactions between a system and its surroundings:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>mass\u00a0[latex]m[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pressure\u00a0[latex]P[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>temperature\u00a0[latex]T[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>volume [latex]\\mathbb{V}[\/latex] and specific volume [latex]v[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>internal energy [latex]U[\/latex] and specific internal energy [latex]u[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>enthalpy [latex]H[\/latex] and specific enthalpy [latex]h[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>entropy [latex]S[\/latex] and specific entropy [latex]s[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">These properties can be classified into two categories based on their dependence on the mass of a system.\u00a0 More detailed explanations of their physical meanings can be found in Chapter 2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">[pb_glossary id=\"640\"]Extensive properties[\/pb_glossary] depend on the mass of a system. Properties, such as mass [latex]m[\/latex], volume [latex]\\mathbb{V}[\/latex], internal energy [latex]U[\/latex], enthalpy [latex]H[\/latex], and entropy [latex]S[\/latex] are extensive properties. Their values change accordingly as the mass of a system changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">[pb_glossary id=\"641\"]Intensive properties[\/pb_glossary] are independent of the mass of a system. Pressure [latex]P[\/latex], temperature [latex]T[\/latex], specific volume [latex]v[\/latex], specific internal energy [latex]u[\/latex], specific enthalpy [latex]h[\/latex], and specific entropy [latex]s[\/latex] are intensive properties.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLet us consider a container of air at 101 kPa and 20<sup>o<\/sup>C. If the container is divided into two compartments and all other conditions remain unchanged, see <a href=\"#properties\">Figure 1.3.1<\/a>, the air in each compartment is still at 101 kPa and 20<sup>o<\/sup>C. The pressure and temperature of the air are not affected by the changing mass in each compartment; therefore, pressure [latex]P[\/latex] and temperature [latex]T[\/latex] are intensive properties. On the other hand, the mass and volume of the air in each of the compartments are different from the original values in the container. Both of them depend on the mass of the system; therefore, mass and volume are extensive properties.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAll [pb_glossary id=\"646\"]specific properties[\/pb_glossary] are intensive properties, as they refer to the corresponding extensive properties per unit mass, e.g., specific volume [latex]v=\\mathbb{V}\/m[\/latex] and <a id=\"properties\"><\/a> specific internal energy [latex]u=U\/m[\/latex].\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1299\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"632\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img class=\"wp-image-1299 \" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-1024x452.png\" alt=\"An container is divided into two equal compartments to illustrate the concepts of intensive and extensive properties.\" width=\"632\" height=\"279\" \/><\/a> <em><strong>Figure 1.3.1<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<em>Intensive and extensive properties<\/em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-align: center;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Practice Problems<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"53\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"-extensive-and-intensive-properties\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">From the macroscopic perspective, a system is viewed as a continuous, homogeneous matter called <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_508_638\">continuum<\/a>, which consists of a huge number of interacting molecules distributed throughout the system. The interactions between the molecules are so frequent that the physical or bulk properties of the system do NOT depend on the behaviour of individual molecules. This hypothesis is valid in a wide range of engineering applications. It allows the physical properties of a system, such as pressure, density, and temperature, to be defined as a continuous function at any point of the system.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The following thermodynamic properties are typically used to describe the interactions between a system and its surroundings:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mass\u00a0[latex]m[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>pressure\u00a0[latex]P[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>temperature\u00a0[latex]T[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>volume [latex]\\mathbb{V}[\/latex] and specific volume [latex]v[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>internal energy [latex]U[\/latex] and specific internal energy [latex]u[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>enthalpy [latex]H[\/latex] and specific enthalpy [latex]h[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>entropy [latex]S[\/latex] and specific entropy [latex]s[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">These properties can be classified into two categories based on their dependence on the mass of a system.\u00a0 More detailed explanations of their physical meanings can be found in Chapter 2.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_508_640\">Extensive properties<\/a> depend on the mass of a system. Properties, such as mass [latex]m[\/latex], volume [latex]\\mathbb{V}[\/latex], internal energy [latex]U[\/latex], enthalpy [latex]H[\/latex], and entropy [latex]S[\/latex] are extensive properties. Their values change accordingly as the mass of a system changes.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_508_641\">Intensive properties<\/a> are independent of the mass of a system. Pressure [latex]P[\/latex], temperature [latex]T[\/latex], specific volume [latex]v[\/latex], specific internal energy [latex]u[\/latex], specific enthalpy [latex]h[\/latex], and specific entropy [latex]s[\/latex] are intensive properties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let us consider a container of air at 101 kPa and 20<sup>o<\/sup>C. If the container is divided into two compartments and all other conditions remain unchanged, see <a href=\"#properties\">Figure 1.3.1<\/a>, the air in each compartment is still at 101 kPa and 20<sup>o<\/sup>C. The pressure and temperature of the air are not affected by the changing mass in each compartment; therefore, pressure [latex]P[\/latex] and temperature [latex]T[\/latex] are intensive properties. On the other hand, the mass and volume of the air in each of the compartments are different from the original values in the container. Both of them depend on the mass of the system; therefore, mass and volume are extensive properties.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>All <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_508_646\">specific properties<\/a> are intensive properties, as they refer to the corresponding extensive properties per unit mass, e.g., specific volume [latex]v=\\mathbb{V}\/m[\/latex] and <a id=\"properties\"><\/a> specific internal energy [latex]u=U\/m[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1299\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1299\" style=\"width: 632px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1299\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-1024x452.png\" alt=\"An container is divided into two equal compartments to illustrate the concepts of intensive and extensive properties.\" width=\"632\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-1024x452.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-768x339.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-1536x678.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-65x29.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-225x99.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties-350x154.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/499\/2021\/07\/intensive-and-extensive-properties.png 1972w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1299\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Figure 1.3.1<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<em>Intensive and extensive properties<\/em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;text-align: center;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Practice Problems<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div id=\"h5p-53\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-53\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"53\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"S_1.3_Q\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_508_638\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_508_638\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Continuum refers to a continuous homogeneous matter distributed throughout a system.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_508_640\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_508_640\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An extensive property refers to a thermodynamic property of a system, whose magnitude depends on the mass of the system. Examples of extensive properties include mass, volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_508_641\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_508_641\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An intensive property is a thermodynamic property that does not depend on the mass of a system. Examples of intensive properties include pressure, temperature, density, specific volume, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, and specific entropy.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_508_646\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_508_646\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A specific property is the corresponding extensive property per unit mass. Examples of specific properties include specific volume, specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, and specific entropy. Specific properties are intensive properties.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":175,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-508","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":251,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/508","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/175"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/508\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":717,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/508\/revisions\/717"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/251"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/508\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=508"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=508"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=508"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/thermo1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=508"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}