{"id":278,"date":"2017-11-18T07:25:29","date_gmt":"2017-11-18T12:25:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/?post_type=chapter&p=278"},"modified":"2019-02-27T17:20:10","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T22:20:10","slug":"5-2-kacd-nedir","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/chapter\/5-2-kacd-nedir\/","title":{"raw":"5.2 KA\u00c7D NED\u0130R?","rendered":"5.2 KA\u00c7D NED\u0130R?"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_96\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"568\"]\"\" \u015eekil 5.2 KA\u00c7D\u2019ler\u0131 anlamak (Giulia Forsythe, 2012 ve JISC, 2012)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n
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5.2.1 KA\u00c7D\u2019ler: kitlesel bir karma\u015fa m\u0131?<\/h2>\r\nSon y\u0131llarda e\u011fitim alan\u0131ndaki hi\u00e7bir geli\u015fme, Kitlesel A\u00e7\u0131k \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i Dersler\u2019in (Massive Open Online Courses-MOOC) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kadar tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yazar Thomas Friedman New York Times\u2019da \u015funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:\r\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hi\u00e7bir \u015fey, kitlesel a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i dersler kadar y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimi yeniden hayal etmemizi sa\u011flayacak potansiyele sahip de\u011fil... Bug\u00fcn ABD, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bir k\u00f6y\u00fcnde bir yer kiralay\u0131p oraya 20 bilgisayar ve uydu \u00fczerinden y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 \u0130nternet eri\u015fimi sa\u011flayabilir, orada oturan bir \u00f6\u011fretmeni kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak istihdam edip d\u00fcnyadaki en iyi profes\u00f6rlerden Arap\u00e7a alt yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ders almak isteyen t\u00fcm M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131 davet edebilir... VE bunu \u00e7ok az bir maliyetle yapabilir. Gelecekte, yaln\u0131zca ba\u015far\u0131 sertifikas\u0131 i\u00e7in sembolik bir bedel \u00f6demek suretiyle, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en iyi profes\u00f6rlerden en iyi \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i dersleri al\u0131p kendi \u00fcniversite diplomam\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturabilece\u011fimizi g\u00f6rebiliyorum. Bu dersler \u00f6\u011fretimi, \u00f6\u011frenimi ve istihdama giden yolu de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir.<\/em><\/blockquote>\r\nKA\u00c7D\u2019ler, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan, Clayton Christensen\u2019\u0131n (2010) e\u011fitim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fini iddia etti\u011fi t\u00fcrden \u2018par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131\u2019 teknoloji t\u00fcrlerinin \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin e\u011fitsel yay\u0131n\u0131n modern bir t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011funu, asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok abart\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, e\u011fitimin temel ilkelerini \u00e7ok fazla etkilemedi\u011fini ve \u00f6zellikle de dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenme tipine yan\u0131t vermedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.\r\n\r\nKA\u00c7D\u2019ler e\u011fitimde bir devrim olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi gibi, \u00f6zellikle de ABD\u2019de, gere\u011finden fazla \u015fi\u015firilen teknoloji balonlar\u0131na bir \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bana g\u00f6re KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fmedir ancak dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi bilgi ve becerilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.\r\n

5.2.2 Temel \u00f6zellikler<\/h2>\r\nKA\u00c7D terimi \u00e7ok geni\u015f yelpazedeki tasar\u0131m modellerini kaps\u0131yor olsa da, t\u00fcm KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin belli ortak \u00f6zellikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.\r\n

5.2.2.1 Kitlesel (Massive)<\/h3>\r\n2011\u2019deki kurulu\u015fundan itibaren d\u00f6rt sene i\u00e7erisinde, Coursera\u2019da verilen derslere 12 milyonun \u00fczerinde ki\u015finin kaydoldu\u011fu iddia edilmektedir. En fazla \u00f6\u011frencisi olan derse ise 240 bin ki\u015fi kaydolmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131lan KA\u00c7D\u2019lere kaydolan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz binlerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclse de, \u00a0bu rakamlar daha sonraki KA\u00c7D\u2019lerde ayn\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f ancak hala hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r y\u00fckseklikte olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2013 senesinde British Columbia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin Coursera arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131da KA\u00c7D\u2019ye kat\u0131lan \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131, ders ba\u015f\u0131na 25 bin ila 190 bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte, asl\u0131nda \u00f6nemli olan derslere kay\u0131t yapt\u0131ran ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin prensipte \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir KA\u00c7D\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin teknik olarak herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131r bulunmamaktad\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc KA\u00c7D\u2019yi a\u00e7an kurumlar i\u00e7in \u00a0derse kat\u0131lan her bir ki\u015finin marjinal maliyeti s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. Asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa pratikte bu \u00e7ok da do\u011fru de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc teknoloji, yedekleme ve bant geni\u015fli\u011fi maliyetleri her bir kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 i\u00e7in artmaktad\u0131r. Yine ileride g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a, KA\u00c7D veren kurumlarda ikincil masraflar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Bununla birlikte toplamda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, her bir ilave kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n maliyeti g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilir d\u00fczeyde azd\u0131r. KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilebilirli\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle de h\u00fck\u00fcmetler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, en \u00e7ok dikkati \u00e7eken \u00f6zelliklerden biridir; ancak bunun KA\u00c7D\u2019lere \u00f6zg\u00fc bir durum olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, eri\u015filen ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 anlam\u0131nda televizyon ve radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.\r\n

5.2.2.2 A\u00e7\u0131k (Open)<\/h3>\r\n\u0130nternete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir bilgisayar veya mobil cihaza eri\u015fimi olmak haricinde, KA\u00c7D kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u00f6n ko\u015ful bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak geni\u015f bant eri\u015fimi, akan video yay\u0131n\u0131 kullanan gKA\u00c7D\u2019ler i\u00e7in \u00a0bir zorunluluk, bKA\u00c7D\u2019ler i\u00e7inse tercih edilen bir durumdur. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar en az\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki KA\u00c7D\u2019lere herhangi bir \u00fccret \u00f6dememektedir; ancak bir\u00e7ok KA\u00c7D, de\u011ferlendirme sonucu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlara belli bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sertifika veya rozet vermektedir.\r\n\r\nBununla birlikte, Coursera arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla verilen KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz (Nelerin \u2018a\u00e7\u0131k\u2019 olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fini B\u00f6l\u00fcm 10<\/a>\u2019da daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z). Coursera, ders materyallerine ait t\u00fcm haklar\u0131n tek sahibidir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu materyaller ba\u015fka bir ama\u00e7la izinsiz olarak tekrar kullan\u0131lamaz ve ders sona erdi\u011finde Coursera isterse ders materyallerini siteden kald\u0131rabilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Coursera, hangi kurumlar\u0131n kendi platformunu kullanarak KA\u00c7D\u2019lere ev sahipli\u011fi yapabilece\u011fi karar\u0131n\u0131 da kendisi vermektedir; ki bu, kurumlar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. Di\u011fer taraftan edX, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kodlu bir platformdur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla edX\u2019e kat\u0131lan t\u00fcm kurumlar, kendi KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin\u0131 kendi kurallar\u0131yla ve kullan\u0131lan materyallerin telif haklar\u0131na dair verecekleri kendi kararlar\u0131yla geli\u015ftirip sunabilirler. bKA\u00c7D\u2019ler genellikle tamamen a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r, ancak materyallerin \u00e7o\u011funu bireysel kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu materyallerin haklar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar da m\u0131 oldu\u011fu veya materyallerin eri\u015fime ne kadar a\u00e7\u0131k kalaca\u011f\u0131 hususu kesin de\u011fildir.\r\n\r\n\u0130nternet \u00fczerinde herkesin eri\u015fimine \u00fccretsiz olarak a\u00e7\u0131k olan ba\u015fka \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i materyal t\u00fcrlerinin de bulundu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu materyaller, yeniden kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in KA\u00c7D materyallerinden \u00e7ok daha eri\u015filebilir bir pozisyondad\u0131r (Bkz. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 10<\/a>).\r\n

5.2.2.3 \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i (Online)<\/h3>\r\nKA\u00c7D\u2019ler, en az\u0131ndan ilk zamanlarda tamamen \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i olarak verilmekteydi, fakat bug\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu ders materyallerini kamp\u00fcs i\u00e7erisindeki y\u00fcz y\u00fcze derslerde de harmanlanm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imde kullanmak i\u00e7in hak sahipleri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, kurumlar, kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 e\u011fitmenler \u00fczerinden bu materyalleri kullanarak kamp\u00fcsteki \u00f6\u011frencilere destek sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin San Jose Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi'nde \u00f6\u011frenciler Udacity derslerinin KA\u00c7D materyallerini (ders anlat\u0131mlar\u0131, okumalar, k\u0131sa s\u0131navlar gibi) kullanmakta, daha sonra e\u011fitmenler s\u0131n\u0131fta ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131 grup etkinliklerine ve projelere ay\u0131r\u0131p k\u0131sa s\u0131navlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek \u00f6\u011frencilerin geli\u015fimlerini izlemektedirler (Collins, 2013). KA\u00c7D tasar\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitlilikleri daha detayl\u0131 olarak Konu 5.3<\/a>\u2019de inceleyece\u011fiz.\r\n\r\nYine unutmamam\u0131z gerekir ki, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ders veya program sa\u011flaman\u0131n tek bi\u00e7imi KA\u00c7D\u2019ler de\u011fildir. Bug\u00fcn Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri'nde diploma programlar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kredili \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ders alan yedi milyonun \u00fczerinde \u00f6\u011frenci bulunmaktad\u0131r.\r\n

5.2.2.4 Dersler (Courses)<\/h3>\r\nKA\u00c7D\u2019ler\u0131 di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131k ders kaynaklar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zellik, KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin tek bir ders \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.\r\n\r\nAncak bunun kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fi \u00e7ok da net de\u011fildir. Bir\u00e7ok KA\u00c7D dersi kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na dersi ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlamalar\u0131 halinde sertifika ya da rozet verse de, bu sertifika ya da rozetler KA\u00c7D\u2019yi sa\u011flayan kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan bile halen daha resmi olarak kabul g\u00f6rmemektedir.\r\n

5.2.3 \u00d6zet<\/h2>\r\nKA\u00c7D\u2019lerin t\u00fcm temel \u00f6zelliklerinin, bir \u015fekilde bunlar\u0131n haricinde de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. KA\u00c7D\u2019leri kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yapan \u015fey, bu d\u00f6rt temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi bir araya getirmesidir: kitlesel olarak \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilebilir, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u00fccretsiz dersler olmas\u0131\u2026\r\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h2>\r\nChristensen, C. (2010) Disrupting Class, Expanded Edition: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change theWay theWorld Learns<\/em>. New York: McGraw-Hill.\r\n\r\nCollins, E. (2013) SJSU Plus Augmented Online Learning Environment Pilot Project Report<\/em> San Jose CA: San Jose State University.\r\n\r\nEngle, W. (2104) UBC MOOC Pilot: Design and Delivery Vancouver<\/em> BC: University of British Columbia.\r\n\r\nFriedman, T. (2013) Revolution Hits the Universities New York Times<\/em>, January 26.","rendered":"
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\u015eekil 5.2 KA\u00c7D\u2019ler\u0131 anlamak (Giulia Forsythe, 2012 ve JISC, 2012)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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5.2.1 KA\u00c7D\u2019ler: kitlesel bir karma\u015fa m\u0131?<\/h2>\n

Son y\u0131llarda e\u011fitim alan\u0131ndaki hi\u00e7bir geli\u015fme, Kitlesel A\u00e7\u0131k \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i Dersler\u2019in (Massive Open Online Courses-MOOC) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kadar tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yazar Thomas Friedman New York Times\u2019da \u015funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hi\u00e7bir \u015fey, kitlesel a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i dersler kadar y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimi yeniden hayal etmemizi sa\u011flayacak potansiyele sahip de\u011fil… Bug\u00fcn ABD, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bir k\u00f6y\u00fcnde bir yer kiralay\u0131p oraya 20 bilgisayar ve uydu \u00fczerinden y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 \u0130nternet eri\u015fimi sa\u011flayabilir, orada oturan bir \u00f6\u011fretmeni kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak istihdam edip d\u00fcnyadaki en iyi profes\u00f6rlerden Arap\u00e7a alt yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ders almak isteyen t\u00fcm M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131 davet edebilir… VE bunu \u00e7ok az bir maliyetle yapabilir. Gelecekte, yaln\u0131zca ba\u015far\u0131 sertifikas\u0131 i\u00e7in sembolik bir bedel \u00f6demek suretiyle, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en iyi profes\u00f6rlerden en iyi \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i dersleri al\u0131p kendi \u00fcniversite diplomam\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturabilece\u011fimizi g\u00f6rebiliyorum. Bu dersler \u00f6\u011fretimi, \u00f6\u011frenimi ve istihdama giden yolu de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan, Clayton Christensen\u2019\u0131n (2010) e\u011fitim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fini iddia etti\u011fi t\u00fcrden \u2018par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131\u2019 teknoloji t\u00fcrlerinin \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin e\u011fitsel yay\u0131n\u0131n modern bir t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011funu, asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok abart\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, e\u011fitimin temel ilkelerini \u00e7ok fazla etkilemedi\u011fini ve \u00f6zellikle de dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenme tipine yan\u0131t vermedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

KA\u00c7D\u2019ler e\u011fitimde bir devrim olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi gibi, \u00f6zellikle de ABD\u2019de, gere\u011finden fazla \u015fi\u015firilen teknoloji balonlar\u0131na bir \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bana g\u00f6re KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fmedir ancak dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi bilgi ve becerilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5.2.2 Temel \u00f6zellikler<\/h2>\n

KA\u00c7D terimi \u00e7ok geni\u015f yelpazedeki tasar\u0131m modellerini kaps\u0131yor olsa da, t\u00fcm KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin belli ortak \u00f6zellikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5.2.2.1 Kitlesel (Massive)<\/h3>\n

2011\u2019deki kurulu\u015fundan itibaren d\u00f6rt sene i\u00e7erisinde, Coursera\u2019da verilen derslere 12 milyonun \u00fczerinde ki\u015finin kaydoldu\u011fu iddia edilmektedir. En fazla \u00f6\u011frencisi olan derse ise 240 bin ki\u015fi kaydolmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131lan KA\u00c7D\u2019lere kaydolan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz binlerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclse de, \u00a0bu rakamlar daha sonraki KA\u00c7D\u2019lerde ayn\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f ancak hala hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r y\u00fckseklikte olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2013 senesinde British Columbia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin Coursera arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131da KA\u00c7D\u2019ye kat\u0131lan \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131, ders ba\u015f\u0131na 25 bin ila 190 bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte, asl\u0131nda \u00f6nemli olan derslere kay\u0131t yapt\u0131ran ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin prensipte \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir KA\u00c7D\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin teknik olarak herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131r bulunmamaktad\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc KA\u00c7D\u2019yi a\u00e7an kurumlar i\u00e7in \u00a0derse kat\u0131lan her bir ki\u015finin marjinal maliyeti s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. Asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa pratikte bu \u00e7ok da do\u011fru de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc teknoloji, yedekleme ve bant geni\u015fli\u011fi maliyetleri her bir kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 i\u00e7in artmaktad\u0131r. Yine ileride g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a, KA\u00c7D veren kurumlarda ikincil masraflar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Bununla birlikte toplamda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, her bir ilave kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n maliyeti g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilir d\u00fczeyde azd\u0131r. KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilebilirli\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle de h\u00fck\u00fcmetler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, en \u00e7ok dikkati \u00e7eken \u00f6zelliklerden biridir; ancak bunun KA\u00c7D\u2019lere \u00f6zg\u00fc bir durum olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, eri\u015filen ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 anlam\u0131nda televizyon ve radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5.2.2.2 A\u00e7\u0131k (Open)<\/h3>\n

\u0130nternete ba\u011fl\u0131 bir bilgisayar veya mobil cihaza eri\u015fimi olmak haricinde, KA\u00c7D kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u00f6n ko\u015ful bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak geni\u015f bant eri\u015fimi, akan video yay\u0131n\u0131 kullanan gKA\u00c7D\u2019ler i\u00e7in \u00a0bir zorunluluk, bKA\u00c7D\u2019ler i\u00e7inse tercih edilen bir durumdur. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar en az\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki KA\u00c7D\u2019lere herhangi bir \u00fccret \u00f6dememektedir; ancak bir\u00e7ok KA\u00c7D, de\u011ferlendirme sonucu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlara belli bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sertifika veya rozet vermektedir.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Coursera arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla verilen KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz (Nelerin \u2018a\u00e7\u0131k\u2019 olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fini B\u00f6l\u00fcm 10<\/a>\u2019da daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z). Coursera, ders materyallerine ait t\u00fcm haklar\u0131n tek sahibidir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu materyaller ba\u015fka bir ama\u00e7la izinsiz olarak tekrar kullan\u0131lamaz ve ders sona erdi\u011finde Coursera isterse ders materyallerini siteden kald\u0131rabilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Coursera, hangi kurumlar\u0131n kendi platformunu kullanarak KA\u00c7D\u2019lere ev sahipli\u011fi yapabilece\u011fi karar\u0131n\u0131 da kendisi vermektedir; ki bu, kurumlar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k eri\u015fim anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. Di\u011fer taraftan edX, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kodlu bir platformdur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla edX\u2019e kat\u0131lan t\u00fcm kurumlar, kendi KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin\u0131 kendi kurallar\u0131yla ve kullan\u0131lan materyallerin telif haklar\u0131na dair verecekleri kendi kararlar\u0131yla geli\u015ftirip sunabilirler. bKA\u00c7D\u2019ler genellikle tamamen a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r, ancak materyallerin \u00e7o\u011funu bireysel kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu materyallerin haklar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar da m\u0131 oldu\u011fu veya materyallerin eri\u015fime ne kadar a\u00e7\u0131k kalaca\u011f\u0131 hususu kesin de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet \u00fczerinde herkesin eri\u015fimine \u00fccretsiz olarak a\u00e7\u0131k olan ba\u015fka \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i materyal t\u00fcrlerinin de bulundu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu materyaller, yeniden kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in KA\u00c7D materyallerinden \u00e7ok daha eri\u015filebilir bir pozisyondad\u0131r (Bkz. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 10<\/a>).<\/p>\n

5.2.2.3 \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i (Online)<\/h3>\n

KA\u00c7D\u2019ler, en az\u0131ndan ilk zamanlarda tamamen \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i olarak verilmekteydi, fakat bug\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu ders materyallerini kamp\u00fcs i\u00e7erisindeki y\u00fcz y\u00fcze derslerde de harmanlanm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imde kullanmak i\u00e7in hak sahipleri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, kurumlar, kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 e\u011fitmenler \u00fczerinden bu materyalleri kullanarak kamp\u00fcsteki \u00f6\u011frencilere destek sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin San Jose Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi’nde \u00f6\u011frenciler Udacity derslerinin KA\u00c7D materyallerini (ders anlat\u0131mlar\u0131, okumalar, k\u0131sa s\u0131navlar gibi) kullanmakta, daha sonra e\u011fitmenler s\u0131n\u0131fta ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131 grup etkinliklerine ve projelere ay\u0131r\u0131p k\u0131sa s\u0131navlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek \u00f6\u011frencilerin geli\u015fimlerini izlemektedirler (Collins, 2013). KA\u00c7D tasar\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitlilikleri daha detayl\u0131 olarak Konu 5.3<\/a>\u2019de inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Yine unutmamam\u0131z gerekir ki, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ders veya program sa\u011flaman\u0131n tek bi\u00e7imi KA\u00c7D\u2019ler de\u011fildir. Bug\u00fcn Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde diploma programlar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kredili \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ders alan yedi milyonun \u00fczerinde \u00f6\u011frenci bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5.2.2.4 Dersler (Courses)<\/h3>\n

KA\u00c7D\u2019ler\u0131 di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131k ders kaynaklar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zellik, KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin tek bir ders \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak bunun kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fi \u00e7ok da net de\u011fildir. Bir\u00e7ok KA\u00c7D dersi kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131na dersi ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlamalar\u0131 halinde sertifika ya da rozet verse de, bu sertifika ya da rozetler KA\u00c7D\u2019yi sa\u011flayan kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan bile halen daha resmi olarak kabul g\u00f6rmemektedir.<\/p>\n

5.2.3 \u00d6zet<\/h2>\n

KA\u00c7D\u2019lerin t\u00fcm temel \u00f6zelliklerinin, bir \u015fekilde bunlar\u0131n haricinde de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. KA\u00c7D\u2019leri kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yapan \u015fey, bu d\u00f6rt temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi bir araya getirmesidir: kitlesel olarak \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilebilir, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u00fccretsiz dersler olmas\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h2>\n

Christensen, C. (2010) Disrupting Class, Expanded Edition: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change theWay theWorld Learns<\/em>. New York: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n

Collins, E. (2013) SJSU Plus Augmented Online Learning Environment Pilot Project Report<\/em> San Jose CA: San Jose State University.<\/p>\n

Engle, W. (2104) UBC MOOC Pilot: Design and Delivery Vancouver<\/em> BC: University of British Columbia.<\/p>\n

Friedman, T. (2013) Revolution Hits the Universities New York Times<\/em>, January 26.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-278","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":275,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/278","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/43"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=278"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/278\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1239,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/278\/revisions\/1239"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/275"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/278\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=278"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=278"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=278"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tonybates\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=278"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}