{"id":44,"date":"2020-04-23T19:47:50","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T19:47:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tourismyt\/chapter\/1-conclusion\/"},"modified":"2021-04-26T17:36:12","modified_gmt":"2021-04-26T17:36:12","slug":"1-conclusion","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tourismyt\/chapter\/1-conclusion\/","title":{"raw":"1.5 Conclusion","rendered":"1.5 Conclusion"},"content":{"raw":"As we have seen in this chapter, tourism is a complex system that is built up of industry sectors including accommodation, recreation and\u00a0entertainment, food and beverage services, transportation, and travel services. It encompasses domestic, inbound, and outbound travel for business, leisure, or other purposes. And because of this large scope, tourism development requires participation from all walks of life,\u00a0including private business, governmental agencies,\u00a0educational institutions, communities, and citizens.\n\nRecognizing the diverse nature of the industry and the significant contributions tourism makes toward economic and social value for British Columbians is important. There remains a great deal of work to better educate members of the tourism industry, other sectors, and the public about the ways tourism contributes to our province.\n\nGiven this opportunity for greater awareness, it is hoped that students like you will help share this information as you learn more about the sector. So let's begin our exploration in Chapter 2 with a closer look at a\u00a0critical sector: transportation.\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>British Columbia Government Travel Bureau<\/strong> (<strong>BCGTB)<\/strong>: the first recognized provincial government organization responsible for the tourism marketing of British Columbia<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)<\/strong>:\u00a0a national railway company\u00a0widely regarded as establishing tourism in Canada and BC in the late 1800s and early 1900s<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Destination BC: <\/strong>the provincial destination marketing organization (DMO) responsible for tourism marketing and development in BC, formerly known as Tourism BC<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Destination Canada:<\/strong> the national government Crown corporation responsible for marketing Canada abroad, formerly known as the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC)<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Destination marketing organization (DMO):\u00a0<\/strong>also known as a destination management organization; includes national tourism boards, state\/provincial tourism offices, and community convention and visitor bureaus<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Diversity:<\/strong> a term used by some in the industry to describe the makeup of the industry in a positive way; acknowledging that tourism is a diverse compilation of a multitude of businesses, services, organizations, and communities<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Excursionist<\/strong>: same-day visitors in a destination. Their trip typically ends on the same day when they leave the destination.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Fragmentation:<\/strong> a phenomenon observed by some industry insiders whereby the tourism industry is unable to work together toward common marketing and lobbying (policy-setting) objectives<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Hospitality:<\/strong>\u00a0the accommodations and food and\u00a0beverage industry groupings<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)<\/strong>:\u00a0a way to group tourism activities based on similarities in business practices, primarily used for statistical analysis<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Social Exchange Theory<\/strong>: describes how tourists and hosts' behaviours change as a result of the perceived benefits and threats they create during interaction<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Travel<\/strong>: moving between different locations, often for leisure and recreation<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Tourism:<\/strong>\u00a0the business of attracting and serving the needs of people travelling and staying outside their home communities for business and pleasure<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Tourism Industry Association of BC<\/strong> (<strong>TIABC)<\/strong>:\u00a0a membership-based advocacy group formerly known as the Council of Tourism Associations of BC (COTA)<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC):<\/strong> the\u00a0national industry advocacy group<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Tourism Supply Chain<\/strong>: The combination of sectors that supply and distribute the needed tourism products, services, and activities within the tourism system<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Tourist:<\/strong>\u00a0someone who travels at least 80 kilometres\u00a0from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or pleasure or other reasons; can be further classified as domestic, inbound, or outbound<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)<\/strong>: UN agency\u00a0responsible for promoting responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism worldwide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercises<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n \t<li>List the three types of tourist and provide\u00a0an example of\u00a0each.<\/li>\n \t<li>What is the UNWTO? Visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/\">UNWTO website<\/a>, and name one recent project or study the organization has\u00a0undertaken.<\/li>\n \t<li>List the five\u00a0industry groups according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).\u00a0Using your\u00a0 understanding of tourism as an industry, create your own definition and classification of tourism. What did you add? What did you take out? Why?<\/li>\n \t<li>What is the difference between Tourism Services and Travel Trade?<\/li>\n \t<li>Describe how the phenomenon of tourism can still happen even when tourists have gone back to their origin.<\/li>\n \t<li>According to UNEP, what are the four\u00a0types of negative environmental tourism impact? For each of these, list an example in your own community.<\/li>\n \t<li>What major transportation developments gave rise to the tourism industry in Canada?<\/li>\n \t<li>Historically, what percentage of international visitors to Canada are from the United States? Why is this an important issue today?<\/li>\n \t<li>Name three key events in the history of BC tourism that resonate with you. Why do you find these events of interest?<\/li>\n \t<li>Watch the <a href=\"http:\/\/vimeo.com\/31624689\">Tourism Pays video<\/a> feature on Richmond.\u00a0Now think about the value of tourism in your community.\u00a0How might this be communicated to local residents? List two\u00a0ways you will contribute to communicating the value of tourism this semester.<\/li>\n \t<li>Choose one article or document from the reference list below and read it in detail. Report back to the class about what you've learned.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>References<\/h1>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">ACE Aviation. (2011).\u00a0<em>ACE History and Background<\/em>. ACE Aviation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Air Canada. (2007).\u00a0<em>Air Canada Increases Boeing 787 Order to 37 Aircraft; Becomes North America's Largest Dreamliner Customer<\/em>. Air Canada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Air Canada. (2016).\u00a0<em>Air Canada to Purchase Bombardier C Series as Part of its Fleet Renewal Program<\/em>. Air Canada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brewster Travel Canada. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brewster.ca\/corporate\/about-brewster\/brewster-history\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>About Us - Brewster History<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.brewster.ca\/corporate\/about-brewster\/brewster-history\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training. (2013a). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/BusinessIndustry\/IndustryClassification.aspx\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>BC Stats: Industry Classification<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/BusinessIndustry\/IndustryClassification.aspx<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training. (2013b). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leg.bc.ca\/39th5th\/1st_read\/gov03-1.htm\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Bill 3 - 2013: Destination BC Corp Act<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.leg.bc.ca\/39th5th\/1st_read\/gov03-1.htm<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><em>Canadian Geographic<\/em>. (2000, September). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/so00\/aviation_history.asp\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Flying through time: Canadian aviation history<\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/so00\/aviation_history.asp<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Tourism Commission. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/about-ctc\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>About the CTC.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/about-ctc<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CBC News. (2009).\u00a0<em>Flaherty Appoints Ex-Judge to Mediate Air Canada Pension Issues<\/em>. CBC News.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CBC News. (2019).\u00a0<em>Transat Shareholders Approve Air Canada Takeover, Deal Now in Regulators' Hands<\/em>. CBC News.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Chaney, Edward. (2000). <em>The evolution of the grand tour: Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance<\/em>. Portland OR: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cox &amp; Kings. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.coxandkings.co.uk\/aboutus-history\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>About us - History.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.coxandkings.co.uk\/aboutus-history<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Destination BC. (2018).\u00a0<em>2018 Value of Tourism: A Snapshot of Tourism in BC<\/em>. Destination BC. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.destinationbc.ca\/content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2018-Value-of-Tourism_Feb-2020_Final.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Destination Canada. (2019).\u00a0<em>Tourism Snapshot<\/em>. Destination Canada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Dawson, Michael. (2004). <em>Selling British Columbia: Tourism and consumer culture, 1890-1970<\/em>. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Discover Hospitality. (2015). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/discoverhospitality.com.au\/what-is-hospitality\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>What is hospitality?<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/discoverhospitality.com.au\/what-is-hospitality\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">e-Know. (2011, November). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.e-know.ca\/news\/ogilvie\u2019s-past-in-lock-step-with-last-50-years-of-kimberley\u2019s-history\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Ogilvie\u2019s past in lock step with last 50 years of Kimberley\u2019s history.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from www.e-know.ca\/news\/ogilvie\u2019s-past-in-lock-step-with-last-50-years-of-kimberley\u2019s-history\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Expedia, Inc. (2013). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/EXPE\/3546131959x0x750253\/48AF365A-F894-4E9C-8F4A-8AB11FEE8D2A\/EXPE_2013_Annual_Report.PDF\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Expedia: Annual report 2013.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/EXPE\/3546131959x0x750253\/48AF365A-F894-4E9C-8F4A-8AB11FEE8D2A\/EXPE_2013_Annual_Report.PDF<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Flightglobal. (2002). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/jet-age\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Sixty years of the jet age.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/jet-age\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><em>Globe and Mail, The. <\/em>(2014, March 28). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/travel\/travel-news\/10-things-you-likely-dont-know-about-air-canada\/article17725796\/?page=all\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ten things you don't know about Air Canada.<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/travel\/travel-news\/10-things-you-likely-dont-know-about-air-canada\/article17725796\/?page=all<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Go2HR. (2020). Industry Development &amp; Resources. Retrieved from <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.go2hr.ca\/getting-know-bcs-tourism-industry\/industry-overview\/industry-development-resources\">https:\/\/www.go2hr.ca\/getting-know-bcs-tourism-industry\/industry-overview\/industry-development-resources<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada. (2006). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/034.nsf\/vwapj\/tourism_e.pdf\/$FILE\/tourism_e.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Building a national tourism strategy.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/034.nsf\/vwapj\/tourism_e.pdf\/$FILE\/tourism_e.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada. (2013, July 5). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/13-604-m\/2013072\/appe-anne-eng.htm\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Appendix E: Tourism industries in the human resource module<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/13-604-m\/2013072\/appe-anne-eng.htm<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Griffiths, Ralph, Griffiths, G. E. (1772). Pennant's tour in Scotland in 1769. <em>The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal XLVI<\/em>: 150<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">.\u00a0Retrieved from <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=xS8oAAAAYAAJ&amp;vq=tourist&amp;dq=tourist&amp;pg=PA150&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=tourist&amp;f=false\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Books<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gyr, Ueli. (2010, December 3). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/europe-on-the-road\/the-history-of-tourism\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The history of tourism: Structures on the path to modernity.<\/a> <em>European History Online (EHO).<\/em> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/europe-on-the-road\/the-history-of-tourism<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hall, C. M., &amp; Page, S. (2006).\u00a0<em>The Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment, Place and Space<\/em>. Routledge. http:\/\/public.ebookcentral.proquest.com\/choice\/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=256901.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.latin-dictionary.net\/definition\/22344\/hospes-hospitis\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Latin definition for hospes, hospitis.<\/a> (2014).In <em>Latdict - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources<\/em>. \u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.latin-dictionary.net\/definition\/22344\/hospes-hospitis<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Library and Archives Canada. (n.d.). <em>Ties that bind: Essay.<\/em>\u00a0<a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/trains\/021006-1000-e.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>A brief history of railways in Canada.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/trains\/021006-1000-e.html<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LinkBC. (2008). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/TCTT.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Transforming communities through tourism: A handbook for community tourism champions.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/TCTT.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">MacEachern, A. (2012, August 17). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/goin-down-the-road-the-story-of-the-first-cross-canada-car-trip\/article4487425\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Goin\u2019 down the road: The story of the first cross-Canada car trip.<\/a> <em>The Globe and Mail<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/goin-down-the-road-the-story-of-the-first-cross-canada-car-trip\/article4487425\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLeish. (2014, July 23). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lastfrontierheli.com\/news\/1607\/history-of-heliskiing-in-canada\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>History of heliskiing in Canada. <\/em><\/a>Retrieved from www.lastfrontierheli.com\/news\/1607\/history-of-heliskiing-in-canada\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Magnes, W. (2010, May 26). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/LinkBCMagnesPaper2011.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>The evolution of British Columbia's tourism regions: 1970-2010<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/LinkBCMagnesPaper2011.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nunkoo, R. (2016). Toward a More Comprehensive Use of Social Exchange Theory to Study Residents\u2019 Attitudes to Tourism.\u00a0<em>Procedia Economics And Finance<\/em>,\u00a0<em>39<\/em>, 588-596. doi: 10.1016\/s2212-5671(16)30303-3<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Porges, R. (2014, September). Tell me something I don't know: Promoting the value of tourism. <i>Tourism Drives the Provincial Economy<\/i>. Presentation hosted by the Tourism Industry Association of BC, Vancouver, BC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">PricewaterhouseCooopers, LLC. (2009). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bcbc.com\/content\/558\/2020_200910_Mansfield_Tourism.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Opportunity BC 2020: Tourism sector.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Prepared for the BC Business Council. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.bcbc.com\/content\/558\/2020_200910_Mansfield_Tourism.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Reynolds, C. (2020). At Least Three Years Until 'Cataclysmic' Virus Fallout Recedes: Air Canada.\u00a0<em>CTV News<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indepth hanging-indent\">Shoalts, A. (2011, April). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/apr11\/national_parks_evolution.asp\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How our national parks evolved:\u00a0From Grey Owl to Chr\u00e9tien and beyond, 100 years of Parks Canada.<\/a>\u00a0<em>Canadian Geographic<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/apr11\/national_parks_evolution.asp<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statistics Canada. (2019).\u00a0<em>Travel Between Canada and Other Countries, December 2018<\/em>. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/190221\/dq190221c-eng.htm<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Theobald, William F. (1998).\u00a0<i>Global Tourism<\/i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth\u2013Heinemann, pp.\u00a06-7.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomas Cook Group of Companies. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thomascook.com\/thomas-cook-history\/\"><em>Thomas Cook history.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.thomascook.com\/thomas-cook-history\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of BC. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/value-of-tourism-toolkit\"><em>Value of tourism toolkit: Why focus on the value of tourism?\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/value-of-tourism-toolkit<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2014, October 14). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/tiac.travel\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Travel_Industry_Poised_to_Boost_Canadian_Exports_US_Market_and_Border_Efficiencies_Central_to_Growth_Potential\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Travel industry poised to boost Canadian exports: US market and border efficiencies central to growth potential<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/tiac.travel\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Travel_Industry_Poised_to_Boost_Canadian_Exports_US_Market_and_Border_Efficiencies_Central_to_Growth_Potential<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2018a).\u00a0<em>Travel &amp; Tourism: The Economic Importance of Travel in Canada<\/em>. TIAC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2018b).\u00a0<em>America: Travel Economy Series<\/em>. TIAC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2018c).\u00a0<em>International Travelers vs. Domestic Travelers \u2013 Exploring Differences<\/em>. TIAC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2020). Canadian Tourism Reaches New Milestone in 2019 with 22.1 Million Inbound Visitors. Retrieved from https:\/\/tiac-aitc.ca\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Canadian_tourism_reaches_new_milestone_in_2019_with_22.1_million_inbound_visitors<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada, HLT Advisory. (2012). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hlta.ca\/reports\/The_Canadian_Tourism_Industry_-_A_Special_Report_Web_Optimized_.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>The Canadian tourism industry: A special report<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.hlta.ca\/reports\/The_Canadian_Tourism_Industry_-_A_Special_Report_Web_Optimized_.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations Environment Programme. (2003a). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/Socio-CulturalImpacts\/NegativeSocio-CulturalImpactsFromTourism\/tabid\/78781\/Default.aspx\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Negatives Socio-cultural impacts from tourism<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/Socio-CulturalImpacts\/NegativeSocio-CulturalImpactsFromTourism\/tabid\/78781\/Default.aspx<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations Environment Programme. (2003b). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/TheTourismandEnvironmentProgramme\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/EnvironmentalImpacts\/TourismsThreeMainImpactAreas\/tabid\/78776\/Default.aspx\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Tourism's three main impact areas.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/TheTourismandEnvironmentProgramme\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/EnvironmentalImpacts\/TourismsThreeMainImpactAreas\/tabid\/78776\/Default.aspx<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (1995). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/newsletter\/unsd_workshops\/tourism\/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Recommendations on tourism statistics.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/newsletter\/unsd_workshops\/tourism\/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2008). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/content\/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Understanding tourism: Basic glossary<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/content\/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2012, May 7). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/press-release\/2012-05-07\/international-tourism-receipts-surpass-us-1-trillion-2011\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>International tourism receipts surpass US$ 1 trillion in 2011.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/press-release\/2012-05-07\/international-tourism-receipts-surpass-us-1-trillion-2011<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2014a). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_barom14_04_august_excerpt_0.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>UNWTO world tourism barometer, 12<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> (1). Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_barom14_04_august_excerpt_0.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2014b). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/content\/who-we-are-0\"><em>Who we are.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/content\/who-we-are-0<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2019).\u00a0<em>International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition<\/em>. UNWTO.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2020a). <em>Glossary of Tourism Terms<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/glossary-tourism-terms<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2020b). <em>International Tourist Numbers Could Fall 60-80% in 2020, UNWTO Reports<\/em>. Retrieved from <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/news\/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020\">https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/news\/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Vancouver Airport Authority. (2020). <em>Facts and Stats<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.yvr.ca\/en\/about-yvr\/facts-and-stats<\/p>","rendered":"<p>As we have seen in this chapter, tourism is a complex system that is built up of industry sectors including accommodation, recreation and\u00a0entertainment, food and beverage services, transportation, and travel services. It encompasses domestic, inbound, and outbound travel for business, leisure, or other purposes. And because of this large scope, tourism development requires participation from all walks of life,\u00a0including private business, governmental agencies,\u00a0educational institutions, communities, and citizens.<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing the diverse nature of the industry and the significant contributions tourism makes toward economic and social value for British Columbians is important. There remains a great deal of work to better educate members of the tourism industry, other sectors, and the public about the ways tourism contributes to our province.<\/p>\n<p>Given this opportunity for greater awareness, it is hoped that students like you will help share this information as you learn more about the sector. So let&#8217;s begin our exploration in Chapter 2 with a closer look at a\u00a0critical sector: transportation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>British Columbia Government Travel Bureau<\/strong> (<strong>BCGTB)<\/strong>: the first recognized provincial government organization responsible for the tourism marketing of British Columbia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)<\/strong>:\u00a0a national railway company\u00a0widely regarded as establishing tourism in Canada and BC in the late 1800s and early 1900s<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destination BC: <\/strong>the provincial destination marketing organization (DMO) responsible for tourism marketing and development in BC, formerly known as Tourism BC<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destination Canada:<\/strong> the national government Crown corporation responsible for marketing Canada abroad, formerly known as the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destination marketing organization (DMO):\u00a0<\/strong>also known as a destination management organization; includes national tourism boards, state\/provincial tourism offices, and community convention and visitor bureaus<\/li>\n<li><strong>Diversity:<\/strong> a term used by some in the industry to describe the makeup of the industry in a positive way; acknowledging that tourism is a diverse compilation of a multitude of businesses, services, organizations, and communities<\/li>\n<li><strong>Excursionist<\/strong>: same-day visitors in a destination. Their trip typically ends on the same day when they leave the destination.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fragmentation:<\/strong> a phenomenon observed by some industry insiders whereby the tourism industry is unable to work together toward common marketing and lobbying (policy-setting) objectives<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hospitality:<\/strong>\u00a0the accommodations and food and\u00a0beverage industry groupings<\/li>\n<li><strong>North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)<\/strong>:\u00a0a way to group tourism activities based on similarities in business practices, primarily used for statistical analysis<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Exchange Theory<\/strong>: describes how tourists and hosts&#8217; behaviours change as a result of the perceived benefits and threats they create during interaction<\/li>\n<li><strong>Travel<\/strong>: moving between different locations, often for leisure and recreation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourism:<\/strong>\u00a0the business of attracting and serving the needs of people travelling and staying outside their home communities for business and pleasure<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourism Industry Association of BC<\/strong> (<strong>TIABC)<\/strong>:\u00a0a membership-based advocacy group formerly known as the Council of Tourism Associations of BC (COTA)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC):<\/strong> the\u00a0national industry advocacy group<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourism Supply Chain<\/strong>: The combination of sectors that supply and distribute the needed tourism products, services, and activities within the tourism system<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourist:<\/strong>\u00a0someone who travels at least 80 kilometres\u00a0from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or pleasure or other reasons; can be further classified as domestic, inbound, or outbound<\/li>\n<li><strong>United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)<\/strong>: UN agency\u00a0responsible for promoting responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism worldwide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercises<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>List the three types of tourist and provide\u00a0an example of\u00a0each.<\/li>\n<li>What is the UNWTO? Visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/\">UNWTO website<\/a>, and name one recent project or study the organization has\u00a0undertaken.<\/li>\n<li>List the five\u00a0industry groups according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).\u00a0Using your\u00a0 understanding of tourism as an industry, create your own definition and classification of tourism. What did you add? What did you take out? Why?<\/li>\n<li>What is the difference between Tourism Services and Travel Trade?<\/li>\n<li>Describe how the phenomenon of tourism can still happen even when tourists have gone back to their origin.<\/li>\n<li>According to UNEP, what are the four\u00a0types of negative environmental tourism impact? For each of these, list an example in your own community.<\/li>\n<li>What major transportation developments gave rise to the tourism industry in Canada?<\/li>\n<li>Historically, what percentage of international visitors to Canada are from the United States? Why is this an important issue today?<\/li>\n<li>Name three key events in the history of BC tourism that resonate with you. Why do you find these events of interest?<\/li>\n<li>Watch the <a href=\"http:\/\/vimeo.com\/31624689\">Tourism Pays video<\/a> feature on Richmond.\u00a0Now think about the value of tourism in your community.\u00a0How might this be communicated to local residents? List two\u00a0ways you will contribute to communicating the value of tourism this semester.<\/li>\n<li>Choose one article or document from the reference list below and read it in detail. Report back to the class about what you&#8217;ve learned.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>References<\/h1>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">ACE Aviation. (2011).\u00a0<em>ACE History and Background<\/em>. ACE Aviation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Air Canada. (2007).\u00a0<em>Air Canada Increases Boeing 787 Order to 37 Aircraft; Becomes North America&#8217;s Largest Dreamliner Customer<\/em>. Air Canada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Air Canada. (2016).\u00a0<em>Air Canada to Purchase Bombardier C Series as Part of its Fleet Renewal Program<\/em>. Air Canada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Brewster Travel Canada. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brewster.ca\/corporate\/about-brewster\/brewster-history\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>About Us &#8211; Brewster History<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.brewster.ca\/corporate\/about-brewster\/brewster-history\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training. (2013a). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/BusinessIndustry\/IndustryClassification.aspx\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>BC Stats: Industry Classification<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/BusinessIndustry\/IndustryClassification.aspx<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training. (2013b). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leg.bc.ca\/39th5th\/1st_read\/gov03-1.htm\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Bill 3 &#8211; 2013: Destination BC Corp Act<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.leg.bc.ca\/39th5th\/1st_read\/gov03-1.htm<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><em>Canadian Geographic<\/em>. (2000, September). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/so00\/aviation_history.asp\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Flying through time: Canadian aviation history<\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/so00\/aviation_history.asp<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Tourism Commission. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/about-ctc\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>About the CTC.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/about-ctc<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CBC News. (2009).\u00a0<em>Flaherty Appoints Ex-Judge to Mediate Air Canada Pension Issues<\/em>. CBC News.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CBC News. (2019).\u00a0<em>Transat Shareholders Approve Air Canada Takeover, Deal Now in Regulators&#8217; Hands<\/em>. CBC News.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Chaney, Edward. (2000). <em>The evolution of the grand tour: Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance<\/em>. Portland OR: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Cox &amp; Kings. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.coxandkings.co.uk\/aboutus-history\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>About us &#8211; History.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.coxandkings.co.uk\/aboutus-history<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Destination BC. (2018).\u00a0<em>2018 Value of Tourism: A Snapshot of Tourism in BC<\/em>. Destination BC. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.destinationbc.ca\/content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2018-Value-of-Tourism_Feb-2020_Final.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Destination Canada. (2019).\u00a0<em>Tourism Snapshot<\/em>. Destination Canada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Dawson, Michael. (2004). <em>Selling British Columbia: Tourism and consumer culture, 1890-1970<\/em>. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Discover Hospitality. (2015). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/discoverhospitality.com.au\/what-is-hospitality\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>What is hospitality?<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/discoverhospitality.com.au\/what-is-hospitality\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">e-Know. (2011, November). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.e-know.ca\/news\/ogilvie\u2019s-past-in-lock-step-with-last-50-years-of-kimberley\u2019s-history\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Ogilvie\u2019s past in lock step with last 50 years of Kimberley\u2019s history.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from www.e-know.ca\/news\/ogilvie\u2019s-past-in-lock-step-with-last-50-years-of-kimberley\u2019s-history\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Expedia, Inc. (2013). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/EXPE\/3546131959x0x750253\/48AF365A-F894-4E9C-8F4A-8AB11FEE8D2A\/EXPE_2013_Annual_Report.PDF\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Expedia: Annual report 2013.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/EXPE\/3546131959x0x750253\/48AF365A-F894-4E9C-8F4A-8AB11FEE8D2A\/EXPE_2013_Annual_Report.PDF<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Flightglobal. (2002). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/jet-age\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Sixty years of the jet age.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/jet-age\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><em>Globe and Mail, The. <\/em>(2014, March 28). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/travel\/travel-news\/10-things-you-likely-dont-know-about-air-canada\/article17725796\/?page=all\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ten things you don&#8217;t know about Air Canada.<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/travel\/travel-news\/10-things-you-likely-dont-know-about-air-canada\/article17725796\/?page=all<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Go2HR. (2020). Industry Development &amp; Resources. Retrieved from <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.go2hr.ca\/getting-know-bcs-tourism-industry\/industry-overview\/industry-development-resources\">https:\/\/www.go2hr.ca\/getting-know-bcs-tourism-industry\/industry-overview\/industry-development-resources<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada. (2006). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/034.nsf\/vwapj\/tourism_e.pdf\/$FILE\/tourism_e.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Building a national tourism strategy.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/034.nsf\/vwapj\/tourism_e.pdf\/$FILE\/tourism_e.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada. (2013, July 5). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/13-604-m\/2013072\/appe-anne-eng.htm\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Appendix E: Tourism industries in the human resource module<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/13-604-m\/2013072\/appe-anne-eng.htm<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Griffiths, Ralph, Griffiths, G. E. (1772). Pennant&#8217;s tour in Scotland in 1769. <em>The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal XLVI<\/em>: 150<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">.\u00a0Retrieved from <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=xS8oAAAAYAAJ&amp;vq=tourist&amp;dq=tourist&amp;pg=PA150&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=tourist&amp;f=false\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Books<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Gyr, Ueli. (2010, December 3). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/europe-on-the-road\/the-history-of-tourism\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The history of tourism: Structures on the path to modernity.<\/a> <em>European History Online (EHO).<\/em> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/europe-on-the-road\/the-history-of-tourism<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Hall, C. M., &amp; Page, S. (2006).\u00a0<em>The Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment, Place and Space<\/em>. Routledge. http:\/\/public.ebookcentral.proquest.com\/choice\/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=256901.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.latin-dictionary.net\/definition\/22344\/hospes-hospitis\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Latin definition for hospes, hospitis.<\/a> (2014).In <em>Latdict &#8211; Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources<\/em>. \u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.latin-dictionary.net\/definition\/22344\/hospes-hospitis<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Library and Archives Canada. (n.d.). <em>Ties that bind: Essay.<\/em>\u00a0<a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/trains\/021006-1000-e.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>A brief history of railways in Canada.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/trains\/021006-1000-e.html<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LinkBC. (2008). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/TCTT.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Transforming communities through tourism: A handbook for community tourism champions.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/TCTT.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">MacEachern, A. (2012, August 17). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/goin-down-the-road-the-story-of-the-first-cross-canada-car-trip\/article4487425\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Goin\u2019 down the road: The story of the first cross-Canada car trip.<\/a> <em>The Globe and Mail<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/goin-down-the-road-the-story-of-the-first-cross-canada-car-trip\/article4487425\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">McLeish. (2014, July 23). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lastfrontierheli.com\/news\/1607\/history-of-heliskiing-in-canada\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>History of heliskiing in Canada. <\/em><\/a>Retrieved from www.lastfrontierheli.com\/news\/1607\/history-of-heliskiing-in-canada\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Magnes, W. (2010, May 26). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/LinkBCMagnesPaper2011.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>The evolution of British Columbia&#8217;s tourism regions: 1970-2010<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/LinkBCMagnesPaper2011.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Nunkoo, R. (2016). Toward a More Comprehensive Use of Social Exchange Theory to Study Residents\u2019 Attitudes to Tourism.\u00a0<em>Procedia Economics And Finance<\/em>,\u00a0<em>39<\/em>, 588-596. doi: 10.1016\/s2212-5671(16)30303-3<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Porges, R. (2014, September). Tell me something I don&#8217;t know: Promoting the value of tourism. <i>Tourism Drives the Provincial Economy<\/i>. Presentation hosted by the Tourism Industry Association of BC, Vancouver, BC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">PricewaterhouseCooopers, LLC. (2009). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bcbc.com\/content\/558\/2020_200910_Mansfield_Tourism.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Opportunity BC 2020: Tourism sector.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Prepared for the BC Business Council. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.bcbc.com\/content\/558\/2020_200910_Mansfield_Tourism.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Reynolds, C. (2020). At Least Three Years Until &#8216;Cataclysmic&#8217; Virus Fallout Recedes: Air Canada.\u00a0<em>CTV News<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indepth hanging-indent\">Shoalts, A. (2011, April). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/apr11\/national_parks_evolution.asp\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How our national parks evolved:\u00a0From Grey Owl to Chr\u00e9tien and beyond, 100 years of Parks Canada.<\/a>\u00a0<em>Canadian Geographic<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/apr11\/national_parks_evolution.asp<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statistics Canada. (2019).\u00a0<em>Travel Between Canada and Other Countries, December 2018<\/em>. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/190221\/dq190221c-eng.htm<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Theobald, William F. (1998).\u00a0<i>Global Tourism<\/i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth\u2013Heinemann, pp.\u00a06-7.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomas Cook Group of Companies. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thomascook.com\/thomas-cook-history\/\"><em>Thomas Cook history.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.thomascook.com\/thomas-cook-history\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of BC. (2014). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/value-of-tourism-toolkit\"><em>Value of tourism toolkit: Why focus on the value of tourism?\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/value-of-tourism-toolkit<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2014, October 14). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/tiac.travel\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Travel_Industry_Poised_to_Boost_Canadian_Exports_US_Market_and_Border_Efficiencies_Central_to_Growth_Potential\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Travel industry poised to boost Canadian exports: US market and border efficiencies central to growth potential<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/tiac.travel\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Travel_Industry_Poised_to_Boost_Canadian_Exports_US_Market_and_Border_Efficiencies_Central_to_Growth_Potential<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2018a).\u00a0<em>Travel &amp; Tourism: The Economic Importance of Travel in Canada<\/em>. TIAC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2018b).\u00a0<em>America: Travel Economy Series<\/em>. TIAC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2018c).\u00a0<em>International Travelers vs. Domestic Travelers \u2013 Exploring Differences<\/em>. TIAC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2020). Canadian Tourism Reaches New Milestone in 2019 with 22.1 Million Inbound Visitors. Retrieved from https:\/\/tiac-aitc.ca\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Canadian_tourism_reaches_new_milestone_in_2019_with_22.1_million_inbound_visitors<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada, HLT Advisory. (2012). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hlta.ca\/reports\/The_Canadian_Tourism_Industry_-_A_Special_Report_Web_Optimized_.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>The Canadian tourism industry: A special report<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.hlta.ca\/reports\/The_Canadian_Tourism_Industry_-_A_Special_Report_Web_Optimized_.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations Environment Programme. (2003a). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/Socio-CulturalImpacts\/NegativeSocio-CulturalImpactsFromTourism\/tabid\/78781\/Default.aspx\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Negatives Socio-cultural impacts from tourism<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/Socio-CulturalImpacts\/NegativeSocio-CulturalImpactsFromTourism\/tabid\/78781\/Default.aspx<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations Environment Programme. 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(1995). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/newsletter\/unsd_workshops\/tourism\/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Recommendations on tourism statistics.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/newsletter\/unsd_workshops\/tourism\/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2008). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/content\/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Understanding tourism: Basic glossary<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/content\/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. 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(2014b). <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/content\/who-we-are-0\"><em>Who we are.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/content\/who-we-are-0<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2019).\u00a0<em>International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition<\/em>. UNWTO.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2020a). <em>Glossary of Tourism Terms<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/glossary-tourism-terms<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2020b). <em>International Tourist Numbers Could Fall 60-80% in 2020, UNWTO Reports<\/em>. Retrieved from <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/news\/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020\">https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/news\/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Vancouver Airport Authority. (2020). <em>Facts and Stats<\/em>. 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