{"id":84,"date":"2017-03-09T23:47:25","date_gmt":"2017-03-10T04:47:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=84"},"modified":"2017-04-28T02:08:56","modified_gmt":"2017-04-28T06:08:56","slug":"emissions-of-nox","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/chapter\/emissions-of-nox\/","title":{"raw":"Emissions of NOx","rendered":"Emissions of NOx"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nOperate the Plant at full generating capacity and compare the NO<sub>x<\/sub> emissions when the plant is operating:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Under normal conditions,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>During over fire air damper failure,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>During over burner air control failure,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Burning poor quality fuel,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>With the DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant bypassed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Theory<\/h1>\r\nCombustion of coal generates considerable quantities of byproducts, some of which are considered pollutants. The byproducts are mostly water vapor which is what we see coming out of a power plant smokestack, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that is readily available in the air we breathe, and they do not necessarily pose any direct health hazard. However, the emissions do carry small concentrations of pollutants into the atmosphere, which translate into large quantities of hazardous emissions due to the large amount of coal combusted. The main pollutants that can cause health problems are sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/chapter\/combustion-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\">Combustion Analysis<\/a>) and such trace elements as arsenic, lead and mercury.\r\n\r\nDuring the combustion process in a coal-fired power plant, nitrogen from the coal and air is converted into nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2<\/sub>); these nitrogen oxides are commonly known as NO<sub>x<\/sub>. NO<sub>x<\/sub> emissions contribute to the formation of acid rain.\r\n\r\nNO<sub>x<\/sub> is primarily formed by two mechanisms: thermal NO<sub>x<\/sub> and fuel-bound NO<sub>x<\/sub>.\r\n\r\nThermal NO<sub>x<\/sub> formation takes place at high flame temperatures. Formation of thermal NO<sub>x<\/sub> increases exponentially with combustion temperature. Fuel-bound NO<sub>x<\/sub> formation is dependent upon the nitrogen content of the fuel.\r\n\r\nThe best way to minimize NO<sub>x<\/sub> formation is to reduce flame temperature, reduce excess oxygen, and\/or to burn low nitrogen-containing fuels.\r\n<h2>The DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> Plant Description<\/h2>\r\nThe purpose of the DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant is for removal of nitrogen oxide from the flue gases. The plant employs a selective catalytic reduction method. The medium used for the reduction is ammonia gas.\r\n\r\nThe DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant includes two selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactors and an ash silo. Various dampers channel the flue gases either into or bypass the SCR-reactors.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_238\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"3400\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview.jpg\" alt=\"DeNOxPlantOverview\" class=\"size-full wp-image-238\" width=\"3400\" height=\"2200\" \/><\/a> DeNOx Plant Overview[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Operation of the DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> Plant<\/h3>\r\nThe DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant is highly automatic, controlled by Programmable Logic Control sequences. The sequences are S701-Purge, S702\/703-Start\/stop Reactors, S704\/705-Heating of Reactors, S706\/707-Ammonia Injection, S708\/709-Product Handling and S710\/711-Soot Blowing.\r\n<h3>Over Fire Air<\/h3>\r\nTo reduce NO<sub>x<\/sub>, a quantity of additional air above all burner planes is supplied. This over-fire-air (OFA) reduces NO<sub>x<\/sub> by enabling richer fuel mix in the high-temperature combustion zone at the burners (two-step combustion). Approximately 10 % of the combustion air is added as OFA air. OFA controller failure (MD200 malfunction 0881) is modeled in the simulator:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_48\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"711\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail.jpg\" alt=\"OFA controller failure.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48\" width=\"711\" height=\"351\" \/><\/a> OFA controller failure.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Over Burner Air<\/h3>\r\nTo further reduce NO<sub>x<\/sub> generation, a portion of the secondary air is split off the main duct and directed into a third channel just above the burner. The damper controlling this over-burner-air is abbreviated OBA. OBA controller failure (MD180 malfunction 0780) is modeled in the simulator:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_47\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"711\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/oba_fail\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OBA_Fail.jpg\" alt=\"OBA controller failure.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47\" width=\"711\" height=\"351\" \/><\/a> OBA controller failure.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Fuel Quality<\/h3>\r\nIn the simulator, the chemical composition of the coal or other fuels can be specified. The sum of the five components C, H, S, O and N should preferably add up to 100%, to avoid confusion, but it is not strictly necessary because the C, H, S, O and N setting is always recalculated to a 100% basis prior to using in other computations. Water and inert matter (ash\/slag) should then be added. The water content varies much and has a great impact on the amount of preheating required by primary air. The simulator computes the lower heat value (including water\/inert matter) and theoretical combustion air needed and flue gas produced. The air\/flue gas values are given in ncm\/kg (ncm=normal cubic meter).\r\n\r\nIn this lab, we will burn both default and lower quality coal for a comparison. Fuel data can be changed using Variable List page 0111 on MD180, for example:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_49\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"711\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical composition of coal\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49\" width=\"711\" height=\"351\" \/><\/a> Chemical composition of coal[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\" style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n<h3>Lab Instructions<\/h3>\r\nRun the initial condition I14 80% Coal and setup trends for the following variables:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">G02197 X17821 G17107 X17106 D17104<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">T17103 C08444 G08444 G08443 C08400<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Stable operation:<\/strong> After 5 minutes of running a stable operation, freeze simulator and print the two trends. This is the reference point for the rest of the lab.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>OFA damper failure:<\/strong> Switch to run mode and activate malfunction 0881 on MD200. After 5 minutes, freeze simulator and print the two trends. Before moving on to the next step deactivate the malfunction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>OBA control failure:<\/strong> Switch to run mode and activate malfunction 0780 on MD180. After 5 minutes, freeze simulator and print the two trends. Before moving on to the next step deactivate the malfunction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Burning poor quality<\/strong> <strong>fuel:<\/strong> Switch to run mode and access Variable List page 0111 on MD180. Set the new values as shown below. After 5 minutes, freeze simulator and print the two trends.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>X00820: 70.40<\/li>\r\n \t<li>X00821: 5.10<\/li>\r\n \t<li>X00822: 1.10<\/li>\r\n \t<li>X00823: 12.50<\/li>\r\n \t<li>X00824: 1.60<\/li>\r\n \t<li>X00825: 9.30<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant bypassed: <\/strong>Switch to run mode and <a href=\"http:\/\/serhatbeyenir.x10.mx\/wp\/oer2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/12\/DeNOxBypass.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">bypass <\/a>the SCR 1 and SCR 2 on MD710 and MD720 respectively. After 5 minutes, freeze simulator and print the two trends.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\">Hints &amp; Tips<\/h2>\r\nYour trend windows should look like the following:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_38\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"658\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx.jpg\" alt=\"Trend sample 1: DeNOx plant data.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38\" width=\"658\" height=\"520\" \/><\/a> Trend sample 1: DeNOx plant data.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_46\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"658\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData.jpg\" alt=\"Trend sample 2: NOx stack data.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46\" width=\"658\" height=\"520\" \/><\/a> Trend sample 2: NOx stack data.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nMake sure your trend printouts are labeled properly otherwise, data analysis will be very confusing.\r\n\r\nTabulate your data as shown below:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_40\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"769\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData.jpg\" alt=\"The deNOx plant data.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40\" width=\"769\" height=\"385\" \/><\/a> The deNOx plant data.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nPercentage deviation can be expressed as\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><code><span>[latex]Percentage\\ deviation = \\frac{Current\\ Value-Reference\\ Value}{Reference\\ Value}100\\%[\/latex]<\/span><\/code><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">and tabulated as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_41\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"701\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation.jpg\" alt=\"The deNOx plant deviation data.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41\" width=\"701\" height=\"355\" \/><\/a> The deNOx plant deviation data.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Deliverables<\/h3>\r\nYour lab report is to include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Trend plots:<\/strong> Supply all plots taken for this lab (make sure plots are labeled properly),<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Computation:<\/strong> Use MATLAB or MS Excel to process your data. Calculate the percentage deviation for each operation and plot your results,<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> Write a summary (max. 500 words in a text box, if using Excel) comparing your results and suggestions for further study.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nFurther Reading:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Thermal Power Plant Simulator Course Manual by BCIT: The DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>Operate the Plant at full generating capacity and compare the NO<sub>x<\/sub> emissions when the plant is operating:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Under normal conditions,<\/li>\n<li>During over fire air damper failure,<\/li>\n<li>During over burner air control failure,<\/li>\n<li>Burning poor quality fuel,<\/li>\n<li>With the DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant bypassed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Theory<\/h1>\n<p>Combustion of coal generates considerable quantities of byproducts, some of which are considered pollutants. The byproducts are mostly water vapor which is what we see coming out of a power plant smokestack, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that is readily available in the air we breathe, and they do not necessarily pose any direct health hazard. However, the emissions do carry small concentrations of pollutants into the atmosphere, which translate into large quantities of hazardous emissions due to the large amount of coal combusted. The main pollutants that can cause health problems are sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/chapter\/combustion-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\">Combustion Analysis<\/a>) and such trace elements as arsenic, lead and mercury.<\/p>\n<p>During the combustion process in a coal-fired power plant, nitrogen from the coal and air is converted into nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2<\/sub>); these nitrogen oxides are commonly known as NO<sub>x<\/sub>. NO<sub>x<\/sub> emissions contribute to the formation of acid rain.<\/p>\n<p>NO<sub>x<\/sub> is primarily formed by two mechanisms: thermal NO<sub>x<\/sub> and fuel-bound NO<sub>x<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>Thermal NO<sub>x<\/sub> formation takes place at high flame temperatures. Formation of thermal NO<sub>x<\/sub> increases exponentially with combustion temperature. Fuel-bound NO<sub>x<\/sub> formation is dependent upon the nitrogen content of the fuel.<\/p>\n<p>The best way to minimize NO<sub>x<\/sub> formation is to reduce flame temperature, reduce excess oxygen, and\/or to burn low nitrogen-containing fuels.<\/p>\n<h2>The DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> Plant Description<\/h2>\n<p>The purpose of the DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant is for removal of nitrogen oxide from the flue gases. The plant employs a selective catalytic reduction method. The medium used for the reduction is ammonia gas.<\/p>\n<p>The DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant includes two selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactors and an ash silo. Various dampers channel the flue gases either into or bypass the SCR-reactors.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_238\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-238\" style=\"width: 3400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview.jpg\" alt=\"DeNOxPlantOverview\" class=\"size-full wp-image-238\" width=\"3400\" height=\"2200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview.jpg 3400w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview-65x42.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview-225x146.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxPlantOverview-350x226.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3400px) 100vw, 3400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-238\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">DeNOx Plant Overview<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Operation of the DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> Plant<\/h3>\n<p>The DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant is highly automatic, controlled by Programmable Logic Control sequences. The sequences are S701-Purge, S702\/703-Start\/stop Reactors, S704\/705-Heating of Reactors, S706\/707-Ammonia Injection, S708\/709-Product Handling and S710\/711-Soot Blowing.<\/p>\n<h3>Over Fire Air<\/h3>\n<p>To reduce NO<sub>x<\/sub>, a quantity of additional air above all burner planes is supplied. This over-fire-air (OFA) reduces NO<sub>x<\/sub> by enabling richer fuel mix in the high-temperature combustion zone at the burners (two-step combustion). Approximately 10 % of the combustion air is added as OFA air. OFA controller failure (MD200 malfunction 0881) is modeled in the simulator:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_48\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-48\" style=\"width: 711px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail.jpg\" alt=\"OFA controller failure.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48\" width=\"711\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail.jpg 711w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail-65x32.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail-225x111.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OFA_Fail-350x173.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-48\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">OFA controller failure.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Over Burner Air<\/h3>\n<p>To further reduce NO<sub>x<\/sub> generation, a portion of the secondary air is split off the main duct and directed into a third channel just above the burner. The damper controlling this over-burner-air is abbreviated OBA. OBA controller failure (MD180 malfunction 0780) is modeled in the simulator:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47\" style=\"width: 711px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/oba_fail\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OBA_Fail.jpg\" alt=\"OBA controller failure.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47\" width=\"711\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OBA_Fail.jpg 711w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OBA_Fail-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OBA_Fail-65x32.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OBA_Fail-225x111.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/OBA_Fail-350x173.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">OBA controller failure.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Fuel Quality<\/h3>\n<p>In the simulator, the chemical composition of the coal or other fuels can be specified. The sum of the five components C, H, S, O and N should preferably add up to 100%, to avoid confusion, but it is not strictly necessary because the C, H, S, O and N setting is always recalculated to a 100% basis prior to using in other computations. Water and inert matter (ash\/slag) should then be added. The water content varies much and has a great impact on the amount of preheating required by primary air. The simulator computes the lower heat value (including water\/inert matter) and theoretical combustion air needed and flue gas produced. The air\/flue gas values are given in ncm\/kg (ncm=normal cubic meter).<\/p>\n<p>In this lab, we will burn both default and lower quality coal for a comparison. Fuel data can be changed using Variable List page 0111 on MD180, for example:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_49\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-49\" style=\"width: 711px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel.jpg\" alt=\"Chemical composition of coal\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49\" width=\"711\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel.jpg 711w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel-65x32.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel-225x111.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/PoorQualityFuel-350x173.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-49\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chemical composition of coal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\" style=\"text-align: left\">\n<h3>Lab Instructions<\/h3>\n<p>Run the initial condition I14 80% Coal and setup trends for the following variables:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">G02197 X17821 G17107 X17106 D17104<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">T17103 C08444 G08444 G08443 C08400<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Stable operation:<\/strong> After 5 minutes of running a stable operation, freeze simulator and print the two trends. This is the reference point for the rest of the lab.<\/li>\n<li><strong>OFA damper failure:<\/strong> Switch to run mode and activate malfunction 0881 on MD200. After 5 minutes, freeze simulator and print the two trends. Before moving on to the next step deactivate the malfunction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>OBA control failure:<\/strong> Switch to run mode and activate malfunction 0780 on MD180. After 5 minutes, freeze simulator and print the two trends. Before moving on to the next step deactivate the malfunction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Burning poor quality<\/strong> <strong>fuel:<\/strong> Switch to run mode and access Variable List page 0111 on MD180. Set the new values as shown below. After 5 minutes, freeze simulator and print the two trends.\n<ul>\n<li>X00820: 70.40<\/li>\n<li>X00821: 5.10<\/li>\n<li>X00822: 1.10<\/li>\n<li>X00823: 12.50<\/li>\n<li>X00824: 1.60<\/li>\n<li>X00825: 9.30<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant bypassed: <\/strong>Switch to run mode and <a href=\"http:\/\/serhatbeyenir.x10.mx\/wp\/oer2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/12\/DeNOxBypass.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">bypass <\/a>the SCR 1 and SCR 2 on MD710 and MD720 respectively. After 5 minutes, freeze simulator and print the two trends.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\">Hints &amp; Tips<\/h2>\n<p>Your trend windows should look like the following:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38\" style=\"width: 658px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx.jpg\" alt=\"Trend sample 1: DeNOx plant data.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38\" width=\"658\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx.jpg 658w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx-65x51.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx-225x178.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOx-350x277.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trend sample 1: DeNOx plant data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_46\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-46\" style=\"width: 658px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData.jpg\" alt=\"Trend sample 2: NOx stack data.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46\" width=\"658\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData.jpg 658w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData-65x51.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData-225x178.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/NOxStackData-350x277.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-46\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trend sample 2: NOx stack data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Make sure your trend printouts are labeled properly otherwise, data analysis will be very confusing.<\/p>\n<p>Tabulate your data as shown below:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_40\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-40\" style=\"width: 769px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData.jpg\" alt=\"The deNOx plant data.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40\" width=\"769\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData.jpg 769w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData-65x33.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData-225x113.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxData-350x175.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-40\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The deNOx plant data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Percentage deviation can be expressed as<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><code><span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ecbafe37ffa8c5b02e9805dac8fa5470_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#80;&#101;&#114;&#99;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#97;&#103;&#101;&#92;&#32;&#100;&#101;&#118;&#105;&#97;&#116;&#105;&#111;&#110;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#67;&#117;&#114;&#114;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#92;&#32;&#86;&#97;&#108;&#117;&#101;&#45;&#82;&#101;&#102;&#101;&#114;&#101;&#110;&#99;&#101;&#92;&#32;&#86;&#97;&#108;&#117;&#101;&#125;&#123;&#82;&#101;&#102;&#101;&#114;&#101;&#110;&#99;&#101;&#92;&#32;&#86;&#97;&#108;&#117;&#101;&#125;&#49;&#48;&#48;&#92;&#37;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"26\" width=\"452\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/span><\/code><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">and tabulated as follows:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_41\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41\" style=\"width: 701px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation.jpg\" alt=\"The deNOx plant deviation data.\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41\" width=\"701\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation.jpg 701w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation-300x152.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation-65x33.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation-225x114.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/134\/2017\/03\/DeNOxDataDeviation-350x177.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-41\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The deNOx plant deviation data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Deliverables<\/h3>\n<p>Your lab report is to include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Trend plots:<\/strong> Supply all plots taken for this lab (make sure plots are labeled properly),<\/li>\n<li><strong>Computation:<\/strong> Use MATLAB or MS Excel to process your data. Calculate the percentage deviation for each operation and plot your results,<\/li>\n<li><span><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> Write a summary (max. 500 words in a text box, if using Excel) comparing your results and suggestions for further study.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Further Reading:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Thermal Power Plant Simulator Course Manual by BCIT: The DeNO<sub>x<\/sub> plant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-84","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":30,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/84"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":240,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/revisions\/240"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/30"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/84\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=84"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=84"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/tpps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=84"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}