{"id":278,"date":"2018-08-02T14:53:08","date_gmt":"2018-08-02T18:53:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/trigforelectricians\/?post_type=chapter&p=278"},"modified":"2019-01-28T13:16:35","modified_gmt":"2019-01-28T18:16:35","slug":"frequency","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/trigforelectricians\/chapter\/frequency\/","title":{"raw":"Frequency and Alternators","rendered":"Frequency and Alternators"},"content":{"raw":"In the last chapter, we learned the term cycle<\/strong> means from the point in a waveform to where the waveform starts to repeat itself.\u00a0 When we discuss the term frequency<\/strong>, we are referring to how many cycles can occur in one second.\u00a0 Frequency is measured in hertz<\/strong> (shout out to Heinrich Hertz) or CPS<\/strong> (cycles per second).\u00a0 Two factors affect the frequency in an alternator: rotation speed and the number of poles.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_279\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\"<\/a> Figure 52. Sine wave cycle<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n

Rotation speed<\/h1>\r\nAs the armature rotates through the field, it starts to create a waveform (as we saw in the last chapter).\u00a0 One full mechanical rotation of the armature creates one full sine wave on a two-pole alternator.\u00a0 If the two-pole alternator spins three complete revolutions in one second, it will create three full sine waves in that one second.\u00a0 We would say that the frequency is at three cycles per second or three hertz (as the cool kids say).\r\n\r\nA machine's rotational speed is measured in rotations per minute or RPM<\/strong>.\u00a0 However, we are not concerned with minutes, but rather, with seconds when dealing with frequency.\u00a0 Therefore, RPM must be converted to rotations per second (RPS<\/strong>).\u00a0 As there are 60 seconds in a minute, all we have to do is to divide the RPM by 60 to convert it to RPS.\r\n\r\nFor example, if the armature is spinning at a rate of 1800 RPM on a two-pole alternator, we can say that it is spinning at 30 rotations per second.\u00a0 If this alternator has two poles, then in one second it will generate 30 cycles of voltage.\u00a0 It then could be said to have a frequency of 30 cycles per second or 30 Hertz.\u00a0 The frequency of an alternator is directly proportional to the rotational speed of the alternator.\r\n

Number of poles<\/h1>\r\nIf we add poles to the alternator, we can change the frequency.\u00a0 In a two-pole alternator,\u00a0 Side A of the armature (seen in Figure 53) passes from north to south, and then south to north, to create one complete sine wave. I f we add two more poles, as in Figure 54, then Side A of the armature will move past two north poles and two south poles in one full mechanical revolution.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_281\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\"<\/a> Figure 53. Two pole alternator<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTwo full sine waves are created in one complete mechanical revolution.\u00a0 If a two-pole alternator creates one cycle of voltage in one second (or one hertz of frequency), a four pole alternator will create two cycles of voltage in one second (or two hertz).\r\n\r\nThe frequency of an alternator is directly proportional to the number of poles in the alternator.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_280\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\"<\/a> Figure 54. Four pole alternator<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n

Formula time!<\/h1>\r\nKnowing that rotation speed is directly proportional to frequency and that the number of poles is directly proportional to frequency, we can use a formula.\u00a0 The formula looks like this:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"136\"]\"\"<\/a> Figure 55. Frequency formula<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhere...\r\n

f = frequency in hertz<\/p>\r\n

P = number of poles<\/p>\r\n

N = rotational speed in RPM<\/p>\r\nWe divide the number of poles by two because there will always be a set of two poles.\u00a0 You can't have a north pole without a south.\u00a0 We divide the RPM by 60 because we are concerned with rotations per second, not rotations per minute.\u00a0 The formula in Figure 56 can be combined to look like this:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_289\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"97\"]\"\"<\/a> Figure 56. Combined frequency formula<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n

\r\n

Video!<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n

This video will walk you through how frequency is related to the RPM and the number of poles of an alternator.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/7kfcpXhO19Q[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Attributions<\/a><\/span><\/h1>\r\n

How RPM and number of poles affect frequency<\/a>.\u00a0video by\u00a0<\/span>The Electric Academy<\/a>\u00a0is under a\u00a0<\/span>Creative Commons Attribution Licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>","rendered":"

In the last chapter, we learned the term cycle<\/strong> means from the point in a waveform to where the waveform starts to repeat itself.\u00a0 When we discuss the term frequency<\/strong>, we are referring to how many cycles can occur in one second.\u00a0 Frequency is measured in hertz<\/strong> (shout out to Heinrich Hertz) or CPS<\/strong> (cycles per second).\u00a0 Two factors affect the frequency in an alternator: rotation speed and the number of poles.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 52. Sine wave cycle<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Rotation speed<\/h1>\n

As the armature rotates through the field, it starts to create a waveform (as we saw in the last chapter).\u00a0 One full mechanical rotation of the armature creates one full sine wave on a two-pole alternator.\u00a0 If the two-pole alternator spins three complete revolutions in one second, it will create three full sine waves in that one second.\u00a0 We would say that the frequency is at three cycles per second or three hertz (as the cool kids say).<\/p>\n

A machine’s rotational speed is measured in rotations per minute or RPM<\/strong>.\u00a0 However, we are not concerned with minutes, but rather, with seconds when dealing with frequency.\u00a0 Therefore, RPM must be converted to rotations per second (RPS<\/strong>).\u00a0 As there are 60 seconds in a minute, all we have to do is to divide the RPM by 60 to convert it to RPS.<\/p>\n

For example, if the armature is spinning at a rate of 1800 RPM on a two-pole alternator, we can say that it is spinning at 30 rotations per second.\u00a0 If this alternator has two poles, then in one second it will generate 30 cycles of voltage.\u00a0 It then could be said to have a frequency of 30 cycles per second or 30 Hertz.\u00a0 The frequency of an alternator is directly proportional to the rotational speed of the alternator.<\/p>\n

Number of poles<\/h1>\n

If we add poles to the alternator, we can change the frequency.\u00a0 In a two-pole alternator,\u00a0 Side A of the armature (seen in Figure 53) passes from north to south, and then south to north, to create one complete sine wave. I f we add two more poles, as in Figure 54, then Side A of the armature will move past two north poles and two south poles in one full mechanical revolution.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 53. Two pole alternator<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Two full sine waves are created in one complete mechanical revolution.\u00a0 If a two-pole alternator creates one cycle of voltage in one second (or one hertz of frequency), a four pole alternator will create two cycles of voltage in one second (or two hertz).<\/p>\n

The frequency of an alternator is directly proportional to the number of poles in the alternator.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 54. Four pole alternator<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Formula time!<\/h1>\n

Knowing that rotation speed is directly proportional to frequency and that the number of poles is directly proportional to frequency, we can use a formula.\u00a0 The formula looks like this:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 55. Frequency formula<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Where…<\/p>\n

f = frequency in hertz<\/p>\n

P = number of poles<\/p>\n

N = rotational speed in RPM<\/p>\n

We divide the number of poles by two because there will always be a set of two poles.\u00a0 You can’t have a north pole without a south.\u00a0 We divide the RPM by 60 because we are concerned with rotations per second, not rotations per minute.\u00a0 The formula in Figure 56 can be combined to look like this:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 56. Combined frequency formula<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n
\n

Video!<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/header>\n

\n

This video will walk you through how frequency is related to the RPM and the number of poles of an alternator.<\/p>\n

\n