{"id":1245,"date":"2017-10-27T16:31:45","date_gmt":"2017-10-27T16:31:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/chapter\/force-on-a-moving-charge-in-a-magnetic-field-examples-and-applications\/"},"modified":"2017-11-08T03:26:41","modified_gmt":"2017-11-08T03:26:41","slug":"force-on-a-moving-charge-in-a-magnetic-field-examples-and-applications","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/chapter\/force-on-a-moving-charge-in-a-magnetic-field-examples-and-applications\/","title":{"raw":"Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications","rendered":"Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications"},"content":{"raw":"\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the effects of a magnetic field on a moving charge.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the radius of curvature of the path of a charge that is moving in a magnetic field.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1896280\">Magnetic force can cause a charged particle to move in a circular or spiral path. Cosmic rays are energetic charged particles in outer space, some of which approach the Earth. They can be forced into spiral paths by the Earth\u2019s magnetic field. Protons in giant accelerators are kept in a circular path by magnetic force. The bubble chamber photograph in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1499498\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows charged particles moving in such curved paths. The curved paths of charged particles in magnetic fields are the basis of a number of phenomena and can even be used analytically, such as in a mass spectrometer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1499498\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Trails of bubbles are produced by high-energy charged particles moving through the superheated liquid hydrogen in this artist\u2019s rendition of a bubble chamber. There is a strong magnetic field perpendicular to the page that causes the curved paths of the particles. The radius of the path can be used to find the mass, charge, and energy of the particle.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1454664\" data-alt=\"A drawing representing trails of bubbles in a bubble chamber.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_01a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"A drawing representing trails of bubbles in a bubble chamber.\" width=\"250\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2060636\">So does the magnetic force cause circular motion? Magnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity, so that it does no work on the charged particle. The particle\u2019s kinetic energy and speed thus remain constant. The direction of motion is affected, but not the speed. This is typical of uniform circular motion. The simplest case occurs when a charged particle moves perpendicular to a uniform [latex]B[\/latex]-field, such as shown in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1898240\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. (If this takes place in a vacuum, the magnetic field is the dominant factor determining the motion.) Here, the magnetic force supplies the centripetal force [latex]{F}_{c}={\\text{mv}}^{2}\/r[\/latex]. Noting that [latex]\\text{sin}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\theta =1[\/latex], we see that [latex]F=\\text{qvB}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1898240\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">A negatively charged particle moves in the plane of the page in a region where the magnetic field is perpendicular into the page (represented by the small circles with x\u2019s\u2014like the tails of arrows). The magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity, and so velocity changes in direction but not magnitude. Uniform circular motion results.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2731607\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing an electrical charge moving clockwise in the plane of the page. Velocity vectors are tangent to the circular path. The magnetic field B is oriented into the page. Force vectors show that the force on the charge is toward the center of the charge\u2019s circular path as the charge moves.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_02a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing an electrical charge moving clockwise in the plane of the page. Velocity vectors are tangent to the circular path. The magnetic field B is oriented into the page. Force vectors show that the force on the charge is toward the center of the charge\u2019s circular path as the charge moves.\" width=\"400\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1938442\">Because the magnetic force [latex]F[\/latex]<em data-effect=\"italics\"> supplies the centripetal force [latex]{F}_{c}[\/latex], we have<\/em><\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]\\text{qvB}=\\frac{{\\text{mv}}^{2}}{r}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1789051\">Solving for [latex]r[\/latex] yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]r=\\frac{\\text{mv}}{\\text{qB}}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1449719\">Here, [latex]r[\/latex] is the radius of curvature of the path of a charged particle with mass [latex]m[\/latex] and charge [latex]q[\/latex], moving at a speed [latex]v[\/latex] perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength [latex]B[\/latex]. If the velocity is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, then [latex]v[\/latex] is the component of the velocity perpendicular to the field. The component of the velocity parallel to the field is unaffected, since the magnetic force is zero for motion parallel to the field. This produces a spiral motion rather than a circular one.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id2585919\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Calculating the Curvature of the Path of an Electron Moving in a Magnetic Field: A Magnet on a TV Screen<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2207846\">A magnet brought near an old-fashioned TV screen such as in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1233890\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> (TV sets with cathode ray tubes instead of LCD screens) severely distorts its picture by altering the path of the electrons that make its phosphors glow. <strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">(Don\u2019t try this at home, as it will permanently magnetize and ruin the TV.)<\/em><\/strong> To illustrate this, calculate the radius of curvature of the path of an electron having a velocity of [latex]6\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex] (corresponding to the accelerating voltage of about 10.0 kV used in some TVs) perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength [latex]B=0\\text{.500 T}[\/latex] (obtainable with permanent magnets).<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1233890\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Side view showing what happens when a magnet comes in contact with a computer monitor or TV screen. Electrons moving toward the screen spiral about magnetic field lines, maintaining the component of their velocity parallel to the field lines. This distorts the image on the screen.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1746160\" data-alt=\"A bar magnet with the north pole set against the glass of a computer monitor. The magnetic field lines are shown running from the south pole through the magnet to the north pole. Paths of electrons that are emanating from the computer monitor are shown moving in straight lines until they encounter the magnetic field of the magnet. At that point, they change course and spiral around the magnetic field lines and toward the magnet.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_03a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/wmf\" alt=\"A bar magnet with the north pole set against the glass of a computer monitor. The magnetic field lines are shown running from the south pole through the magnet to the north pole. Paths of electrons that are emanating from the computer monitor are shown moving in straight lines until they encounter the magnetic field of the magnet. At that point, they change course and spiral around the magnetic field lines and toward the magnet.\" width=\"350\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2872525\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1300889\">We can find the radius of curvature<br>\n[latex]r[\/latex] directly from the equation<br>\n[latex]r=\\frac{mv}{qB}[\/latex], since all other quantities in it are given or known.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1626565\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2568258\">Using known values for the mass and charge of an electron, along with the given values of [latex]v[\/latex] and [latex]B[\/latex] gives us<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-738\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lll}r=\\frac{\\text{mv}}{\\text{qB}}&amp; =&amp; \\frac{\\left(9\\text{.}\\text{11}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-\\text{31}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}\\right)\\left(6\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}\\right)}{\\left(1\\text{.}\\text{60}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-\\text{19}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{C}\\right)\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{500}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{T}\\right)}\\\\ &amp; =&amp; 6\\text{.}\\text{83}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-4}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]r=0\\text{.}\\text{683 mm}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2085488\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2113762\">The small radius indicates a large effect. The electrons in the TV picture tube are made to move in very tight circles, greatly altering their paths and distorting the image.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2757904\"><a href=\"#import-auto-id2565110\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows how electrons not moving perpendicular to magnetic field lines follow the field lines. The component of velocity parallel to the lines is unaffected, and so the charges spiral along the field lines. If field strength increases in the direction of motion, the field will exert a force to slow the charges, forming a kind of magnetic mirror, as shown below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2565110\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">When a charged particle moves along a magnetic field line into a region where the field becomes stronger, the particle experiences a force that reduces the component of velocity parallel to the field. This force slows the motion along the field line and here reverses it, forming a \u201cmagnetic mirror.\u201d<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2604435\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing charged particles moving with velocity v along magnetic field lines. The velocity vector of a particle is parallel to the field line when it is in a region of weak magnetic field. When it moves into a stronger region, where field lines are denser, the vector is oriented at an angle to the field lines.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_04a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing charged particles moving with velocity v along magnetic field lines. The velocity vector of a particle is parallel to the field line when it is in a region of weak magnetic field. When it moves into a stronger region, where field lines are denser, the vector is oriented at an angle to the field lines.\" width=\"250\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>The properties of charged particles in magnetic fields are related to such different things as the Aurora Australis or Aurora Borealis and particle accelerators. <em data-effect=\"italics\">Charged particles approaching magnetic field lines may get trapped in spiral orbits about the lines rather than crossing them<\/em>, as seen above. Some cosmic rays, for example, follow the Earth\u2019s magnetic field lines, entering the atmosphere near the magnetic poles and causing the southern or northern lights through their ionization of molecules in the atmosphere. This glow of energized atoms and molecules is seen in <a href=\"\/contents\/508b24ec-17c7-417d-9899-57dcab9d9dd4@2#import-auto-id1909198\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. Those particles that approach middle latitudes must cross magnetic field lines, and many are prevented from penetrating the atmosphere. Cosmic rays are a component of background radiation; consequently, they give a higher radiation dose at the poles than at the equator.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1796004\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Energetic electrons and protons, components of cosmic rays, from the Sun and deep outer space often follow the Earth\u2019s magnetic field lines rather than cross them. (Recall that the Earth\u2019s north magnetic pole is really a south pole in terms of a bar magnet.)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1349018\" data-alt=\"Diagram of the Earth showing its magnetic field lines running from the south pole, out around the Earth and to the north pole, and then through Earth back to the south pole. Charged particles travel on straight line.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_05a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of the Earth showing its magnetic field lines running from the south pole, out around the Earth and to the north pole, and then through Earth back to the south pole. Charged particles travel on straight line.\" width=\"300\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1912939\">Some incoming charged particles become trapped in the Earth\u2019s magnetic field, forming two belts above the atmosphere known as the Van Allen radiation belts after the discoverer James A. Van Allen, an American astrophysicist. (See <a href=\"#import-auto-id1912925\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>.) Particles trapped in these belts form radiation fields (similar to nuclear radiation) so intense that manned space flights avoid them and satellites with sensitive electronics are kept out of them. In the few minutes it took lunar missions to cross the Van Allen radiation belts, astronauts received radiation doses more than twice the allowed annual exposure for radiation workers. Other planets have similar belts, especially those having strong magnetic fields like Jupiter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1912925\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The Van Allen radiation belts are two regions in which energetic charged particles are trapped in the Earth\u2019s magnetic field. One belt lies about 300 km above the Earth\u2019s surface, the other about 16,000 km. Charged particles in these belts migrate along magnetic field lines and are partially reflected away from the poles by the stronger fields there. The charged particles that enter the atmosphere are replenished by the Sun and sources in deep outer space.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2241460\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing the Earth with magnetic field lines running from the south pole around to the north pole. A region near the Earth circling the equatorial to mid-latitudes and oriented along a magnetic field line is highlighted and labeled Inner Van Allen radiation belt. A region farther out circles the Earth, except in the polar regions, also following the magnetic field lines, and is labeled Outer Van Allen radiation belt.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_06a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the Earth with magnetic field lines running from the south pole around to the north pole. A region near the Earth circling the equatorial to mid-latitudes and oriented along a magnetic field line is highlighted and labeled Inner Van Allen radiation belt. A region farther out circles the Earth, except in the polar regions, also following the magnetic field lines, and is labeled Outer Van Allen radiation belt.\" width=\"300\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2034828\">Back on Earth, we have devices that employ magnetic fields to contain charged particles. Among them are the giant particle accelerators that have been used to explore the substructure of matter. (See <a href=\"#import-auto-id1516062\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>.) Magnetic fields not only control the direction of the charged particles, they also are used to focus particles into beams and overcome the repulsion of like charges in these beams.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1516062\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The Fermilab facility in Illinois has a large particle accelerator (the most powerful in the world until 2008) that employs magnetic fields (magnets seen here in orange) to contain and direct its beam. This and other accelerators have been in use for several decades and have allowed us to discover some of the laws underlying all matter. (credit: ammcrim, Flickr)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1583244\" data-alt=\"A view of a section of the accelerator at Fermilab. Down each side of a long corridor are tubes surrounded by orange magnets. Lots of tubes and wires and other electronics are visible.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_07a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"A view of a section of the accelerator at Fermilab. Down each side of a long corridor are tubes surrounded by orange magnets. Lots of tubes and wires and other electronics are visible.\" width=\"250\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id952675\">Thermonuclear fusion (like that occurring in the Sun) is a hope for a future clean energy source. One of the most promising devices is the <em data-effect=\"italics\">tokamak<\/em>, which uses magnetic fields to contain (or trap) and direct the reactive charged particles. (See <a href=\"#import-auto-id1697141\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>.) Less exotic, but more immediately practical, amplifiers in microwave ovens use a magnetic field to contain oscillating electrons. These oscillating electrons generate the microwaves sent into the oven.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1701591\">\n<\/p><div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1697141\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Tokamaks such as the one shown in the figure are being studied with the goal of economical production of energy by nuclear fusion. Magnetic fields in the doughnut-shaped device contain and direct the reactive charged particles. (credit: David Mellis, Flickr)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2097567\" data-alt=\"Figure a shows a tokamak in a lab. Figure b is a diagram of a tokamak. A current-carrying wire wraps around a donut-shaped vacuum chamber. Inside the chamber is plasma. The magnetic field has a toroidal and poloidal shape inside the chamber.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_08a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Figure a shows a tokamak in a lab. Figure b is a diagram of a tokamak. A current-carrying wire wraps around a donut-shaped vacuum chamber. Inside the chamber is plasma. The magnetic field has a toroidal and poloidal shape inside the chamber.\" width=\"450\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Mass spectrometers have a variety of designs, and many use magnetic fields to measure mass. The curvature of a charged particle\u2019s path in the field is related to its mass and is measured to obtain mass information. (See <a href=\"\/contents\/c41454d9-4210-45be-8ead-afaf3f5d80a8@4\">More Applications of Magnetism<\/a>.) Historically, such techniques were employed in the first direct observations of electron charge and mass. Today, mass spectrometers (sometimes coupled with gas chromatographs) are used to determine the make-up and sequencing of large biological molecules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2150775\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"eip-617\">\n<li>Magnetic force can supply centripetal force and cause a charged particle to move in a circular path of radius\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-id1079399\">[latex]r=\\frac{\\text{mv}}{\\text{qB}},[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>where [latex]v[\/latex] is the component of the velocity perpendicular to [latex]B[\/latex] for a charged particle with mass <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]m[\/latex]<\/em> and charge <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]q[\/latex]<\/em>.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id1592962\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1279120\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2296478\">How can the motion of a charged particle be used to distinguish between a magnetic and an electric field? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1172179\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1655532\">High-velocity charged particles can damage biological cells and are a component of radiation exposure in a variety of locations ranging from research facilities to natural background. Describe how you could use a magnetic field to shield yourself. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2017025\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1494050\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2101560\">If a cosmic ray proton approaches the Earth from outer space along a line toward the center of the Earth that lies in the plane of the equator, in what direction will it be deflected by the Earth\u2019s magnetic field? What about an electron? A neutron? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1466692\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1555849\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3035842\">What are the signs of the charges on the particles in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2026635\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>?<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2026635\"><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1635413\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing magnetic field lines into the page. Charges are moving from the bottom to the top of the diagram and thus perpendicular to the field lines. Charge a curves to the left. Charge b moves in a straight line from bottom to top. Charge c curves to the right.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_99_01a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing magnetic field lines into the page. Charges are moving from the bottom to the top of the diagram and thus perpendicular to the field lines. Charge a curves to the left. Charge b moves in a straight line from bottom to top. Charge c curves to the right.\" width=\"150\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1222134\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2097299\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1523715\">Which of the particles in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2208173\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> has the greatest velocity, assuming they have identical charges and masses?<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2208173\"><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1525240\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing magnetic field lines out of the page. Charge a curves clockwise with a large radius as it moves from the bottom to the top of the diagram. Charge b curves clockwise with a much smaller radius as it moves from lower middle to upper middle of the diagram.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_99_02a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing magnetic field lines out of the page. Charge a curves clockwise with a large radius as it moves from the bottom to the top of the diagram. Charge b curves clockwise with a much smaller radius as it moves from lower middle to upper middle of the diagram.\" width=\"150\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2746930\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2450682\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1699197\">Which of the particles in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2208173\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> has the greatest mass, assuming all have identical charges and velocities? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2083803\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1541500\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2029188\">While operating, a high-precision TV monitor is placed on its side during maintenance. The image on the monitor changes color and blurs slightly. Discuss the possible relation of these effects to the Earth\u2019s magnetic field. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2212999\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1171838\">If you need additional support for these problems, see <a href=\"\/contents\/c41454d9-4210-45be-8ead-afaf3f5d80a8@4\">More Applications of Magnetism<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1702844\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1586065\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2417655\">A cosmic ray electron moves at [latex]7\\text{.}\\text{50}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex] perpendicular to the Earth\u2019s magnetic field at an altitude where field strength is [latex]1\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}T[\/latex]. What is the radius of the circular path the electron follows?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1321590\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2207058\">4.27 m<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1347796\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1980422\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1312259\">A proton moves at [latex]7\\text{.}\\text{50}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex] perpendicular to a magnetic field. The field causes the proton to travel in a circular path of radius 0.800 m. What is the field strength?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1649236\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2126946\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2345081\">(a) Viewers of <em data-effect=\"italics\">Star Trek<\/em> hear of an antimatter drive on the Starship <em data-effect=\"italics\">Enterprise<\/em>. One possibility for such a futuristic energy source is to store antimatter charged particles in a vacuum chamber, circulating in a magnetic field, and then extract them as needed. Antimatter annihilates with normal matter, producing pure energy. What strength magnetic field is needed to hold antiprotons, moving at [latex]5\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex] in a circular path 2.00 m in radius? Antiprotons have the same mass as protons but the opposite (negative) charge. (b) Is this field strength obtainable with today\u2019s technology or is it a futuristic possibility?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"eip-id1164037415438\">\n<p id=\"eip-id1164037415440\">(a) 0.261 T<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id1164037415443\">(b) This strength is definitely obtainable with today\u2019s technology. Magnetic field strengths of 0.500 T are obtainable with permanent magnets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2771802\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1957708\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1616115\">(a) An oxygen-16 ion with a mass of [latex]2\\text{.}\\text{66}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-\\text{26}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}[\/latex] travels at [latex]5\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex] perpendicular to a 1.20-T magnetic field, which makes it move in a circular arc with a 0.231-m radius. What positive charge is on the ion? (b) What is the ratio of this charge to the charge of an electron? (c) Discuss why the ratio found in (b) should be an integer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1534496\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2131499\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1181779\">What radius circular path does an electron travel if it moves at the same speed and in the same magnetic field as the proton in <a href=\"#fs-id1347796\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1848160\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1955318\">[latex]4\\text{.}\\text{36}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-4}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2655108\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2334078\">A velocity selector in a mass spectrometer uses a 0.100-T magnetic field. (a) What electric field strength is needed to select a speed of [latex]4\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex]? (b) What is the voltage between the plates if they are separated by 1.00 cm? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1411417\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2092579\">An electron in a TV CRT moves with a speed of [latex]6\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex], in a direction perpendicular to the Earth\u2019s field, which has a strength of [latex]5\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}T[\/latex]. (a) What strength electric field must be applied perpendicular to the Earth\u2019s field to make the electron moves in a straight line? (b) If this is done between plates separated by 1.00 cm, what is the voltage applied? (Note that TVs are usually surrounded by a ferromagnetic material to shield against external magnetic fields and avoid the need for such a correction.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1780181\">\n<p id=\"eip-id1164037405315\">(a) 3.00 kV\/m<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id1164037405318\">(b) 30.0 V<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1649282\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1565165\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1555849\">(a) At what speed will a proton move in a circular path of the same radius as the electron in <a href=\"#fs-id1702844\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>? (b) What would the radius of the path be if the proton had the same speed as the electron? (c) What would the radius be if the proton had the same kinetic energy as the electron? (d) The same momentum?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1515291\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2418687\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2895343\">A mass spectrometer is being used to separate common oxygen-16 from the much rarer oxygen-18, taken from a sample of old glacial ice. (The relative abundance of these oxygen isotopes is related to climatic temperature at the time the ice was deposited.) The ratio of the masses of these two ions is 16 to 18, the mass of oxygen-16 is [latex]2\\text{.}\\text{66}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-\\text{26}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg},[\/latex] and they are singly charged and travel at [latex]5\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex] in a 1.20-T magnetic field. What is the separation between their paths when they hit a target after traversing a semicircle?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1773890\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2026310\">0.173 m<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2418854\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1528805\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2025165\">(a) Triply charged uranium-235 and uranium-238 ions are being separated in a mass spectrometer. (The much rarer uranium-235 is used as reactor fuel.) The masses of the ions are [latex]3\\text{.}\\text{90}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-\\text{25}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}[\/latex] and [latex]3\\text{.}\\text{95}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-\\text{25}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}[\/latex], respectively, and they travel at [latex]3\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}[\/latex] in a 0.250-T field. What is the separation between their paths when they hit a target after traversing a semicircle? (b) Discuss whether this distance between their paths seems to be big enough to be practical in the separation of uranium-235 from uranium-238.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the effects of a magnetic field on a moving charge.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the radius of curvature of the path of a charge that is moving in a magnetic field.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1896280\">Magnetic force can cause a charged particle to move in a circular or spiral path. Cosmic rays are energetic charged particles in outer space, some of which approach the Earth. They can be forced into spiral paths by the Earth\u2019s magnetic field. Protons in giant accelerators are kept in a circular path by magnetic force. The bubble chamber photograph in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1499498\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows charged particles moving in such curved paths. The curved paths of charged particles in magnetic fields are the basis of a number of phenomena and can even be used analytically, such as in a mass spectrometer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1499498\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Trails of bubbles are produced by high-energy charged particles moving through the superheated liquid hydrogen in this artist\u2019s rendition of a bubble chamber. There is a strong magnetic field perpendicular to the page that causes the curved paths of the particles. The radius of the path can be used to find the mass, charge, and energy of the particle.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1454664\" data-alt=\"A drawing representing trails of bubbles in a bubble chamber.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_01a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"A drawing representing trails of bubbles in a bubble chamber.\" width=\"250\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2060636\">So does the magnetic force cause circular motion? Magnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity, so that it does no work on the charged particle. The particle\u2019s kinetic energy and speed thus remain constant. The direction of motion is affected, but not the speed. This is typical of uniform circular motion. The simplest case occurs when a charged particle moves perpendicular to a uniform <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-770fd1447ccf2fc229801b486b0d8f8a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#66;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>-field, such as shown in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1898240\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. (If this takes place in a vacuum, the magnetic field is the dominant factor determining the motion.) Here, the magnetic force supplies the centripetal force <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b2f2124e7c52449f043c3a19599429a8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#70;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#99;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#47;&#114;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"20\" width=\"90\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/>. Noting that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-70dcb8b9397fc9fe2382d66e248d1eae_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#61;&#49;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"67\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>, we see that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-65b0eb6ac7cd5d21b334b64a48b0acbb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#70;&#61;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#113;&#118;&#66;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"67\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1898240\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">A negatively charged particle moves in the plane of the page in a region where the magnetic field is perpendicular into the page (represented by the small circles with x\u2019s\u2014like the tails of arrows). The magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity, and so velocity changes in direction but not magnitude. Uniform circular motion results.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2731607\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing an electrical charge moving clockwise in the plane of the page. Velocity vectors are tangent to the circular path. The magnetic field B is oriented into the page. Force vectors show that the force on the charge is toward the center of the charge\u2019s circular path as the charge moves.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_02a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing an electrical charge moving clockwise in the plane of the page. Velocity vectors are tangent to the circular path. The magnetic field B is oriented into the page. Force vectors show that the force on the charge is toward the center of the charge\u2019s circular path as the charge moves.\" width=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1938442\">Because the magnetic force <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2510519bbe1660dfdffb4195c7287343_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#70;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><em data-effect=\"italics\"> supplies the centripetal force <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-83afa697545acdcc48202d14232ffe9b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#70;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/>, we have<\/em><\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71c63029d7efb757cc10367213b43a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#113;&#118;&#66;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"88\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1789051\">Solving for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c409433a9e2dfcdb83360a974d243f18_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fe91d96ae8070ee8978d5bffa0e69c2f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#113;&#66;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"58\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1449719\">Here, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c409433a9e2dfcdb83360a974d243f18_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is the radius of curvature of the path of a charged particle with mass <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6b41df788161942c6f98604d37de8098_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#109;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and charge <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ac7da57d7f507262338bb5168feb3e06_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#113;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, moving at a speed <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-770fd1447ccf2fc229801b486b0d8f8a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#66;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>. If the velocity is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, then <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is the component of the velocity perpendicular to the field. The component of the velocity parallel to the field is unaffected, since the magnetic force is zero for motion parallel to the field. This produces a spiral motion rather than a circular one.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id2585919\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Calculating the Curvature of the Path of an Electron Moving in a Magnetic Field: A Magnet on a TV Screen<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2207846\">A magnet brought near an old-fashioned TV screen such as in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1233890\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> (TV sets with cathode ray tubes instead of LCD screens) severely distorts its picture by altering the path of the electrons that make its phosphors glow. <strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">(Don\u2019t try this at home, as it will permanently magnetize and ruin the TV.)<\/em><\/strong> To illustrate this, calculate the radius of curvature of the path of an electron having a velocity of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0d05d842956184012ed263189649296d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#54;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> (corresponding to the accelerating voltage of about 10.0 kV used in some TVs) perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3f6a83bc548409ecb0a67fee5cdb22fb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#66;&#61;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#53;&#48;&#48;&#32;&#84;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"97\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> (obtainable with permanent magnets).<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1233890\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Side view showing what happens when a magnet comes in contact with a computer monitor or TV screen. Electrons moving toward the screen spiral about magnetic field lines, maintaining the component of their velocity parallel to the field lines. This distorts the image on the screen.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1746160\" data-alt=\"A bar magnet with the north pole set against the glass of a computer monitor. The magnetic field lines are shown running from the south pole through the magnet to the north pole. Paths of electrons that are emanating from the computer monitor are shown moving in straight lines until they encounter the magnetic field of the magnet. At that point, they change course and spiral around the magnetic field lines and toward the magnet.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_03a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/wmf\" alt=\"A bar magnet with the north pole set against the glass of a computer monitor. The magnetic field lines are shown running from the south pole through the magnet to the north pole. Paths of electrons that are emanating from the computer monitor are shown moving in straight lines until they encounter the magnetic field of the magnet. At that point, they change course and spiral around the magnetic field lines and toward the magnet.\" width=\"350\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2872525\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1300889\">We can find the radius of curvature<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c409433a9e2dfcdb83360a974d243f18_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> directly from the equation<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabbbf539e5804a94117d120563a0c84_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#109;&#118;&#125;&#123;&#113;&#66;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"54\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/>, since all other quantities in it are given or known.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1626565\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2568258\">Using known values for the mass and charge of an electron, along with the given values of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-770fd1447ccf2fc229801b486b0d8f8a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#66;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> gives us<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-738\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f3e1273d7bda707cdcf686b79a6b9868_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#98;&#101;&#103;&#105;&#110;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;&#123;&#108;&#108;&#108;&#125;&#114;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#113;&#66;&#125;&#125;&#38;&#32;&#61;&#38;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#57;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#49;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#107;&#103;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#54;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#57;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#92;&#92;&#32;&#38;&#32;&#61;&#38;&#32;&#54;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#56;&#51;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#92;&#101;&#110;&#100;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"55\" width=\"283\" style=\"vertical-align: -20px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b6ed431ea1fa3f200df528bb0114e1dd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;&#61;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#56;&#51;&#32;&#109;&#109;&#125;&#46;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"112\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2085488\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2113762\">The small radius indicates a large effect. The electrons in the TV picture tube are made to move in very tight circles, greatly altering their paths and distorting the image.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2757904\"><a href=\"#import-auto-id2565110\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows how electrons not moving perpendicular to magnetic field lines follow the field lines. The component of velocity parallel to the lines is unaffected, and so the charges spiral along the field lines. If field strength increases in the direction of motion, the field will exert a force to slow the charges, forming a kind of magnetic mirror, as shown below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2565110\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">When a charged particle moves along a magnetic field line into a region where the field becomes stronger, the particle experiences a force that reduces the component of velocity parallel to the field. This force slows the motion along the field line and here reverses it, forming a \u201cmagnetic mirror.\u201d<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2604435\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing charged particles moving with velocity v along magnetic field lines. The velocity vector of a particle is parallel to the field line when it is in a region of weak magnetic field. When it moves into a stronger region, where field lines are denser, the vector is oriented at an angle to the field lines.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_04a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing charged particles moving with velocity v along magnetic field lines. The velocity vector of a particle is parallel to the field line when it is in a region of weak magnetic field. When it moves into a stronger region, where field lines are denser, the vector is oriented at an angle to the field lines.\" width=\"250\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The properties of charged particles in magnetic fields are related to such different things as the Aurora Australis or Aurora Borealis and particle accelerators. <em data-effect=\"italics\">Charged particles approaching magnetic field lines may get trapped in spiral orbits about the lines rather than crossing them<\/em>, as seen above. Some cosmic rays, for example, follow the Earth\u2019s magnetic field lines, entering the atmosphere near the magnetic poles and causing the southern or northern lights through their ionization of molecules in the atmosphere. This glow of energized atoms and molecules is seen in <a href=\"\/contents\/508b24ec-17c7-417d-9899-57dcab9d9dd4@2#import-auto-id1909198\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. Those particles that approach middle latitudes must cross magnetic field lines, and many are prevented from penetrating the atmosphere. Cosmic rays are a component of background radiation; consequently, they give a higher radiation dose at the poles than at the equator.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1796004\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Energetic electrons and protons, components of cosmic rays, from the Sun and deep outer space often follow the Earth\u2019s magnetic field lines rather than cross them. (Recall that the Earth\u2019s north magnetic pole is really a south pole in terms of a bar magnet.)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1349018\" data-alt=\"Diagram of the Earth showing its magnetic field lines running from the south pole, out around the Earth and to the north pole, and then through Earth back to the south pole. Charged particles travel on straight line.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_05a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram of the Earth showing its magnetic field lines running from the south pole, out around the Earth and to the north pole, and then through Earth back to the south pole. Charged particles travel on straight line.\" width=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1912939\">Some incoming charged particles become trapped in the Earth\u2019s magnetic field, forming two belts above the atmosphere known as the Van Allen radiation belts after the discoverer James A. Van Allen, an American astrophysicist. (See <a href=\"#import-auto-id1912925\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>.) Particles trapped in these belts form radiation fields (similar to nuclear radiation) so intense that manned space flights avoid them and satellites with sensitive electronics are kept out of them. In the few minutes it took lunar missions to cross the Van Allen radiation belts, astronauts received radiation doses more than twice the allowed annual exposure for radiation workers. Other planets have similar belts, especially those having strong magnetic fields like Jupiter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1912925\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The Van Allen radiation belts are two regions in which energetic charged particles are trapped in the Earth\u2019s magnetic field. One belt lies about 300 km above the Earth\u2019s surface, the other about 16,000 km. Charged particles in these belts migrate along magnetic field lines and are partially reflected away from the poles by the stronger fields there. The charged particles that enter the atmosphere are replenished by the Sun and sources in deep outer space.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2241460\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing the Earth with magnetic field lines running from the south pole around to the north pole. A region near the Earth circling the equatorial to mid-latitudes and oriented along a magnetic field line is highlighted and labeled Inner Van Allen radiation belt. A region farther out circles the Earth, except in the polar regions, also following the magnetic field lines, and is labeled Outer Van Allen radiation belt.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_06a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the Earth with magnetic field lines running from the south pole around to the north pole. A region near the Earth circling the equatorial to mid-latitudes and oriented along a magnetic field line is highlighted and labeled Inner Van Allen radiation belt. A region farther out circles the Earth, except in the polar regions, also following the magnetic field lines, and is labeled Outer Van Allen radiation belt.\" width=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2034828\">Back on Earth, we have devices that employ magnetic fields to contain charged particles. Among them are the giant particle accelerators that have been used to explore the substructure of matter. (See <a href=\"#import-auto-id1516062\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>.) Magnetic fields not only control the direction of the charged particles, they also are used to focus particles into beams and overcome the repulsion of like charges in these beams.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1516062\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The Fermilab facility in Illinois has a large particle accelerator (the most powerful in the world until 2008) that employs magnetic fields (magnets seen here in orange) to contain and direct its beam. This and other accelerators have been in use for several decades and have allowed us to discover some of the laws underlying all matter. (credit: ammcrim, Flickr)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1583244\" data-alt=\"A view of a section of the accelerator at Fermilab. Down each side of a long corridor are tubes surrounded by orange magnets. Lots of tubes and wires and other electronics are visible.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_07a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"A view of a section of the accelerator at Fermilab. Down each side of a long corridor are tubes surrounded by orange magnets. Lots of tubes and wires and other electronics are visible.\" width=\"250\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id952675\">Thermonuclear fusion (like that occurring in the Sun) is a hope for a future clean energy source. One of the most promising devices is the <em data-effect=\"italics\">tokamak<\/em>, which uses magnetic fields to contain (or trap) and direct the reactive charged particles. (See <a href=\"#import-auto-id1697141\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>.) Less exotic, but more immediately practical, amplifiers in microwave ovens use a magnetic field to contain oscillating electrons. These oscillating electrons generate the microwaves sent into the oven.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1701591\">\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1697141\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Tokamaks such as the one shown in the figure are being studied with the goal of economical production of energy by nuclear fusion. Magnetic fields in the doughnut-shaped device contain and direct the reactive charged particles. (credit: David Mellis, Flickr)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2097567\" data-alt=\"Figure a shows a tokamak in a lab. Figure b is a diagram of a tokamak. A current-carrying wire wraps around a donut-shaped vacuum chamber. Inside the chamber is plasma. The magnetic field has a toroidal and poloidal shape inside the chamber.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_05_08a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Figure a shows a tokamak in a lab. Figure b is a diagram of a tokamak. A current-carrying wire wraps around a donut-shaped vacuum chamber. Inside the chamber is plasma. The magnetic field has a toroidal and poloidal shape inside the chamber.\" width=\"450\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Mass spectrometers have a variety of designs, and many use magnetic fields to measure mass. The curvature of a charged particle\u2019s path in the field is related to its mass and is measured to obtain mass information. (See <a href=\"\/contents\/c41454d9-4210-45be-8ead-afaf3f5d80a8@4\">More Applications of Magnetism<\/a>.) Historically, such techniques were employed in the first direct observations of electron charge and mass. Today, mass spectrometers (sometimes coupled with gas chromatographs) are used to determine the make-up and sequencing of large biological molecules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2150775\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"eip-617\">\n<li>Magnetic force can supply centripetal force and cause a charged particle to move in a circular path of radius\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-id1079399\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-30031125d7d4144a7c9b7916e8ca314a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#113;&#66;&#125;&#125;&#44;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"58\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p>where <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is the component of the velocity perpendicular to <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-770fd1447ccf2fc229801b486b0d8f8a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#66;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> for a charged particle with mass <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6b41df788161942c6f98604d37de8098_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#109;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> and charge <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ac7da57d7f507262338bb5168feb3e06_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#113;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id1592962\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1279120\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2296478\">How can the motion of a charged particle be used to distinguish between a magnetic and an electric field? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1172179\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1655532\">High-velocity charged particles can damage biological cells and are a component of radiation exposure in a variety of locations ranging from research facilities to natural background. Describe how you could use a magnetic field to shield yourself. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2017025\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1494050\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2101560\">If a cosmic ray proton approaches the Earth from outer space along a line toward the center of the Earth that lies in the plane of the equator, in what direction will it be deflected by the Earth\u2019s magnetic field? What about an electron? A neutron? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1466692\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1555849\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3035842\">What are the signs of the charges on the particles in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2026635\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>?<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2026635\"><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1635413\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing magnetic field lines into the page. Charges are moving from the bottom to the top of the diagram and thus perpendicular to the field lines. Charge a curves to the left. Charge b moves in a straight line from bottom to top. Charge c curves to the right.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_99_01a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing magnetic field lines into the page. Charges are moving from the bottom to the top of the diagram and thus perpendicular to the field lines. Charge a curves to the left. Charge b moves in a straight line from bottom to top. Charge c curves to the right.\" width=\"150\" \/><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1222134\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2097299\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1523715\">Which of the particles in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2208173\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> has the greatest velocity, assuming they have identical charges and masses?<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2208173\"><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1525240\" data-alt=\"Diagram showing magnetic field lines out of the page. Charge a curves clockwise with a large radius as it moves from the bottom to the top of the diagram. Charge b curves clockwise with a much smaller radius as it moves from lower middle to upper middle of the diagram.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_23_99_02a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing magnetic field lines out of the page. Charge a curves clockwise with a large radius as it moves from the bottom to the top of the diagram. Charge b curves clockwise with a much smaller radius as it moves from lower middle to upper middle of the diagram.\" width=\"150\" \/><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2746930\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2450682\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1699197\">Which of the particles in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2208173\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> has the greatest mass, assuming all have identical charges and velocities? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2083803\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1541500\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2029188\">While operating, a high-precision TV monitor is placed on its side during maintenance. The image on the monitor changes color and blurs slightly. Discuss the possible relation of these effects to the Earth\u2019s magnetic field. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2212999\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1171838\">If you need additional support for these problems, see <a href=\"\/contents\/c41454d9-4210-45be-8ead-afaf3f5d80a8@4\">More Applications of Magnetism<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1702844\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1586065\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2417655\">A cosmic ray electron moves at <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-15ca036465dbd4bd4375727c7ce5b031_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#55;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> perpendicular to the Earth\u2019s magnetic field at an altitude where field strength is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3d07945218d772f923e49cb80ffa2630_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#84;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"89\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. What is the radius of the circular path the electron follows?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1321590\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2207058\">4.27 m<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1347796\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1980422\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1312259\">A proton moves at <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a18f5901f712ee8df16fbb2d6ace9967_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#55;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> perpendicular to a magnetic field. The field causes the proton to travel in a circular path of radius 0.800 m. What is the field strength?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1649236\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2126946\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2345081\">(a) Viewers of <em data-effect=\"italics\">Star Trek<\/em> hear of an antimatter drive on the Starship <em data-effect=\"italics\">Enterprise<\/em>. One possibility for such a futuristic energy source is to store antimatter charged particles in a vacuum chamber, circulating in a magnetic field, and then extract them as needed. Antimatter annihilates with normal matter, producing pure energy. What strength magnetic field is needed to hold antiprotons, moving at <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-356316b52f2112ee3bba38486280f09f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> in a circular path 2.00 m in radius? Antiprotons have the same mass as protons but the opposite (negative) charge. (b) Is this field strength obtainable with today\u2019s technology or is it a futuristic possibility?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"eip-id1164037415438\">\n<p id=\"eip-id1164037415440\">(a) 0.261 T<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id1164037415443\">(b) This strength is definitely obtainable with today\u2019s technology. Magnetic field strengths of 0.500 T are obtainable with permanent magnets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2771802\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1957708\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1616115\">(a) An oxygen-16 ion with a mass of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d99702a536e8694ac2c3c1ab45da8490_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#54;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#54;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#107;&#103;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"97\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> travels at <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3c415880e07242cb102436e7f366f03f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> perpendicular to a 1.20-T magnetic field, which makes it move in a circular arc with a 0.231-m radius. What positive charge is on the ion? (b) What is the ratio of this charge to the charge of an electron? (c) Discuss why the ratio found in (b) should be an integer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1534496\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2131499\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1181779\">What radius circular path does an electron travel if it moves at the same speed and in the same magnetic field as the proton in <a href=\"#fs-id1347796\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1848160\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1955318\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-06901f140c40d4e95d40e9eabe4f0d3f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#52;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#54;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"87\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2655108\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2334078\">A velocity selector in a mass spectrometer uses a 0.100-T magnetic field. (a) What electric field strength is needed to select a speed of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2bb65de0b4df0f24f003b7ec12a0ed7f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#52;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>? (b) What is the voltage between the plates if they are separated by 1.00 cm? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1411417\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2092579\">An electron in a TV CRT moves with a speed of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0d05d842956184012ed263189649296d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#54;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, in a direction perpendicular to the Earth\u2019s field, which has a strength of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6230442d1a8faf1b27a33c13f1cab2b6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#84;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"85\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. (a) What strength electric field must be applied perpendicular to the Earth\u2019s field to make the electron moves in a straight line? (b) If this is done between plates separated by 1.00 cm, what is the voltage applied? (Note that TVs are usually surrounded by a ferromagnetic material to shield against external magnetic fields and avoid the need for such a correction.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1780181\">\n<p id=\"eip-id1164037405315\">(a) 3.00 kV\/m<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id1164037405318\">(b) 30.0 V<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1649282\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1565165\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1555849\">(a) At what speed will a proton move in a circular path of the same radius as the electron in <a href=\"#fs-id1702844\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>? (b) What would the radius of the path be if the proton had the same speed as the electron? (c) What would the radius be if the proton had the same kinetic energy as the electron? (d) The same momentum?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1515291\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2418687\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2895343\">A mass spectrometer is being used to separate common oxygen-16 from the much rarer oxygen-18, taken from a sample of old glacial ice. (The relative abundance of these oxygen isotopes is related to climatic temperature at the time the ice was deposited.) The ratio of the masses of these two ions is 16 to 18, the mass of oxygen-16 is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bd2df0ceebf5a794584cdf749d624e8a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#54;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#54;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#107;&#103;&#125;&#44;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"101\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> and they are singly charged and travel at <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3c415880e07242cb102436e7f366f03f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> in a 1.20-T magnetic field. What is the separation between their paths when they hit a target after traversing a semicircle?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1773890\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2026310\">0.173 m<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2418854\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1528805\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2025165\">(a) Triply charged uranium-235 and uranium-238 ions are being separated in a mass spectrometer. (The much rarer uranium-235 is used as reactor fuel.) The masses of the ions are <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9aadba9479fdd66fe2ec10496fd2be43_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#53;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#107;&#103;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"97\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3da3e7291c46b179a03f62ac8fa60a23_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#53;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#53;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#107;&#103;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"97\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/>, respectively, and they travel at <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f79a2a48370ce992b8c7cbaffc5729b2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> in a 0.250-T field. What is the separation between their paths when they hit a target after traversing a semicircle? (b) Discuss whether this distance between their paths seems to be big enough to be practical in the separation of uranium-235 from uranium-238.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":211,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"all-rights-reserved"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-1245","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-all-rights-reserved"],"part":1204,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1245","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/211"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1245\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1246,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1245\/revisions\/1246"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1204"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1245\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1245"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1245"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1245"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1245"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}