{"id":1719,"date":"2017-10-27T16:32:44","date_gmt":"2017-10-27T16:32:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/chapter\/medical-imaging-and-diagnostics\/"},"modified":"2017-11-08T03:27:53","modified_gmt":"2017-11-08T03:27:53","slug":"medical-imaging-and-diagnostics","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/chapter\/medical-imaging-and-diagnostics\/","title":{"raw":"Medical Imaging and Diagnostics","rendered":"Medical Imaging and Diagnostics"},"content":{"raw":"\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the working principle behind an anger camera.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the SPECT and PET imaging techniques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2625834\">A host of medical imaging techniques employ nuclear radiation. What makes nuclear radiation so useful? First, [latex]\\gamma [\/latex] radiation can easily penetrate tissue; hence, it is a useful probe to monitor conditions inside the body. Second, nuclear radiation depends on the nuclide and not on the chemical compound it is in, so that a radioactive nuclide can be put into a compound designed for specific purposes. The compound is said to be <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2968500\">tagged<\/span>. A tagged compound used for medical purposes is called a <span data-type=\"term\">radiopharmaceutical<\/span>. Radiation detectors external to the body can determine the location and concentration of a radiopharmaceutical to yield medically useful information. For example, certain drugs are concentrated in inflamed regions of the body, and this information can aid diagnosis and treatment as seen in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2042847\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. Another application utilizes a radiopharmaceutical which the body sends to bone cells, particularly those that are most active, to detect cancerous tumors or healing points. Images can then be produced of such bone scans. Radioisotopes are also used to determine the functioning of body organs, such as blood flow, heart muscle activity, and iodine uptake in the thyroid gland.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">A radiopharmaceutical is used to produce this brain image of a patient with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Certain features are computer enhanced. (credit: National Institutes of Health)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2453503\" data-alt=\"A brain scan. Different regions of the brain are shown in different colors.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_33_01_01.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"A brain scan. Different regions of the brain are shown in different colors.\" width=\"200\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2057271\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Medical Application<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1773067\"><a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> lists certain medical diagnostic uses of radiopharmaceuticals, including isotopes and activities that are typically administered. Many organs can be imaged with a variety of nuclear isotopes replacing a stable element by a radioactive isotope. One common diagnostic employs iodine to image the thyroid, since iodine is concentrated in that organ. The most active thyroid cells, including cancerous cells, concentrate the most iodine and, therefore, emit the most radiation. Conversely, hypothyroidism is indicated by lack of iodine uptake. Note that there is more than one isotope that can be used for several types of scans. Another common nuclear diagnostic is the thallium scan for the cardiovascular system, particularly used to evaluate blockages in the coronary arteries and examine heart activity. The salt TlCl can be used, because it acts like NaCl and follows the blood. Gallium-67 accumulates where there is rapid cell growth, such as in tumors and sites of infection. Hence, it is useful in cancer imaging. Usually, the patient receives the injection one day and has a whole body scan 3 or 4 days later because it can take several days for the gallium to build up.<\/p>\n<table summary=\"Two-column table. Column A lists several medical procedures. Under each procedure in column A is a list of isotopes commonly used for the procedure. Column B lists the typical activity for each isotope in m C I.\">\n<caption><span data-type=\"title\">Diagnostic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals<\/span><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong data-effect=\"bold\">Procedure, isotope<\/strong><\/th>\n<th>Typical activity (mCi), where\n<div data-type=\"newline\"><\/div>\n[latex]1 mCi=3.7\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{Bq}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Brain scan<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{113m}}\\text{In}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{11}}\\text{C (PET)}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{13}}\\text{N (PET)}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{15}}\\text{O (PET)}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{18}}\\text{F (PET)}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Lung scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{133}}\\text{Xe}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Cardiovascular blood pool<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{131}}\\text{I}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Cardiovascular arterial flow<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{201}}\\text{Tl}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{24}}\\text{Na}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Thyroid scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{131}}\\text{I}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{123}}\\text{I}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Liver scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{198}}\\text{Au}[\/latex] (colloid)<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex] (colloid)<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Bone scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{85}}\\text{Sr}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Kidney scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{197}}\\text{Hg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that <a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> lists many diagnostic uses for [latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex], where \u201cm\u201d stands for a metastable state of the technetium nucleus. Perhaps 80 percent of all radiopharmaceutical procedures employ [latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex] because of its many advantages. One is that the decay of its metastable state produces a single, easily identified 0.142-MeV <\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\gamma [\/latex] ray. Additionally, the radiation dose to the patient is limited by the short 6.0-h half-life of <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex]. And, although its half-life is short, it is easily and continuously produced on site. The basic process for production is neutron activation of molybdenum, which quickly <\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\beta [\/latex]  decays into <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex]. Technetium-99m can be attached to many compounds to allow the imaging of the skeleton, heart, lungs, kidneys, etc.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#import-auto-id1909409\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows one of the simpler methods of imaging the concentration of nuclear activity, employing a device called an <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id3047149\">Anger camera<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\"> or <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2990678\">gamma camera<\/span>. A piece of lead with holes bored through it collimates [latex]\\gamma [\/latex] rays emerging from the patient, allowing detectors to receive [latex]\\gamma [\/latex] rays from specific directions only. The computer analysis of detector signals produces an image. One of the disadvantages of this detection method is that there is no depth information (i.e., it provides a two-dimensional view of the tumor as opposed to a three-dimensional view), because radiation from any location under that detector produces a signal.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">An Anger or gamma camera consists of a lead collimator and an array of detectors. Gamma rays produce light flashes in the scintillators. The light output is converted to an electrical signal by the photomultipliers. A computer constructs an image from the detector output.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1448501\" data-alt=\"The image shows the head of a man scanned by an Anger camera. The camera consists of a lead collimator and array of detectors. Gamma rays emerging from the man\u2019s head pass through the lead collimator and produce light flashes in the scintillators. The photomultiplier tubes convert the light output to electrical signals for computer image generation.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_33_01_02.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The image shows the head of a man scanned by an Anger camera. The camera consists of a lead collimator and array of detectors. Gamma rays emerging from the man\u2019s head pass through the lead collimator and produce light flashes in the scintillators. The photomultiplier tubes convert the light output to electrical signals for computer image generation.\" width=\"400\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Imaging techniques much like those in x-ray computed tomography (CT) scans use nuclear activity in patients to form three-dimensional images. <a href=\"#import-auto-id2410176\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows a patient in a circular array of detectors that may be stationary or rotated, with detector output used by a computer to construct a detailed image. This technique is called <span data-type=\"term\">single-photon-emission computed tomography(SPECT)<\/span> or sometimes simply SPET. The spatial resolution of this technique is poor, about 1 cm, but the contrast (i.e. the difference in visual properties that makes an object distinguishable from other objects and the background) is good.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2410176\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">SPECT uses a geometry similar to a CT scanner to form an image of the concentration of a radiopharmaceutical compound. (credit: Woldo, Wikimedia Commons)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A man lying down, going through a cylindrical scanning machine.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_33_01_04.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"A man lying down, going through a cylindrical scanning machine.\" width=\"250\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2511307\">Images produced by<br>\n[latex]{\\beta }^{+}[\/latex] emitters have become important in recent years. When the emitted positron (<br>\n[latex]{\\beta }^{+}[\/latex]) encounters an electron, mutual annihilation occurs, producing two [latex]\\gamma [\/latex] rays. These [latex]\\gamma [\/latex] rays have identical 0.511-MeV energies (the energy comes from the destruction of an electron or positron mass) and they move directly away from one another, allowing detectors to determine their point of origin accurately, as shown in <a href=\"#import-auto-id3400779\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. The system is called <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2957607\">positron emission tomography (PET)<\/span>. It requires detectors on opposite sides to simultaneously (i.e., at the same time) detect photons of 0.511-MeV energy and utilizes computer imaging techniques similar to those in SPECT and CT scans. Examples of<br>\n[latex]{\\beta }^{+}[\/latex] -emitting isotopes used in PET are <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{11}}\\text{C}[\/latex], <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{13}}\\text{N}[\/latex], <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{15}}\\text{O}[\/latex], and <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{18}}\\text{F}[\/latex], as seen in <a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. This list includes C, N, and O, and so they have the advantage of being able to function as tags for natural body compounds. Its resolution of 0.5 cm is better than that of SPECT; the accuracy and sensitivity of PET scans make them useful for examining the brain\u2019s anatomy and function. The brain\u2019s use of oxygen and water can be monitored with<br>\n[latex]{}^{\\text{15}}\\text{O}[\/latex]. PET is used extensively for diagnosing brain disorders. It can note decreased metabolism in certain regions prior to a confirmation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PET can locate regions in the brain that become active when a person carries out specific activities, such as speaking, closing their eyes, and so on.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id3400779\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">A PET system takes advantage of the two identical [latex]\\gamma [\/latex]-ray photons produced by positron-electron annihilation. These [latex]\\gamma [\/latex] rays are emitted in opposite directions, so that the line along which each pair is emitted is determined. Various events detected by several pairs of detectors are then analyzed by the computer to form an accurate image.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id3054663\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a patient undergoing a scan in a cylindrical device. The P E T system uses two gamma ray photons produced by positron electron annihilation. These gamma rays are emitted in opposite directions.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_33_01_05.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a patient undergoing a scan in a cylindrical device. The P E T system uses two gamma ray photons produced by positron electron annihilation. These gamma rays are emitted in opposite directions.\" width=\"225\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" class=\"note\" data-has-label=\"true\" data-label=\"\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">PhET Explorations: Simplified MRI<\/div>\n<p id=\"eip-id1719041\">Is it a tumor? Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can tell. Your head is full of tiny radio transmitters (the nuclear spins of the hydrogen nuclei of your water molecules). In an MRI unit, these little radios can be made to broadcast their positions, giving a detailed picture of the inside of your head. <\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"eip-id1430273\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\"><a href=\"\/resources\/29f6215a78c8dc0999e77cfb33f0b18a6f909ee0\/mri_en.jar\">Simplified MRI<\/a><\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"Phet_module_33.1\" data-alt=\"\"><a href=\"\/resources\/29f6215a78c8dc0999e77cfb33f0b18a6f909ee0\/mri_en.jar\" data-type=\"image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/PhET_Icon.png\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"\" data-print=\"false\" width=\"450\"><\/a><span data-media-type=\"image\/png\" data-print=\"true\" data-src=\"\/resources\/075500ad9f71890a85fe3f7a4137ac08e2b7907c\/PhET_Icon.png\" data-type=\"image\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2054692\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1398723\">\n<li>Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds that are used for medical imaging and therapeutics.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id2017105\">The process of attaching a radioactive substance is called tagging.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id3004371\"><a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> lists certain diagnostic uses of radiopharmaceuticals including the isotope and activity typically used in diagnostics.<\/li>\n<li>One common imaging device is the Anger camera, which consists of a lead collimator, radiation detectors, and an analysis computer.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1607938\">Tomography performed with <strong data-effect=\"bold\">[latex]\\gamma [\/latex]<\/strong>-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is called SPECT and has the advantages of x-ray CT scans coupled with organ- and function-specific drugs.<\/li>\n<li>PET is a similar technique that uses <strong data-effect=\"bold\">[latex]{\\beta }^{+}[\/latex]<\/strong> emitters and detects the two annihilation <strong data-effect=\"bold\">[latex]\\gamma [\/latex]<\/strong> rays, which aid to localize the source.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2684209\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1132453\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1817203\">\n<p>In terms of radiation dose, what is the major difference between medical diagnostic uses of radiation and medical therapeutic uses?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2968635\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2628834\">\n<p>One of the methods used to limit radiation dose to the patient in medical imaging is to employ isotopes with short half-lives. How would this limit the dose?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2654437\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2436871\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1575014\">A neutron generator uses an [latex]\\alpha [\/latex] source, such as radium, to bombard beryllium, inducing the reaction <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{4}\\text{He}+{}^{9}\\text{Be}\\to {}^{\\text{12}}\\text{C}+n[\/latex]. Such neutron sources are called RaBe sources, or PuBe sources if they use plutonium to get the <\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\alpha [\/latex] s. Calculate the energy output of the reaction in MeV.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3259687\">5.701 MeV<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1996812\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2650830\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1773056\">Neutrons from a source (perhaps the one discussed in the preceding problem) bombard natural molybdenum, which is 24 percent [latex]{}^{\\text{98}}\\text{Mo}[\/latex]. What is the energy output of the reaction <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{98}}\\text{Mo}+n\\to {}^{\\text{99}}\\text{Mo}+\\gamma [\/latex] ? The mass of <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{98}}\\text{Mo}[\/latex] is given in <a href=\"\/contents\/aaf30a54-a356-4c5f-8c0d-2f55e4d20556@3\">Appendix A: Atomic Masses<\/a>, and that of <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{99}}\\text{Mo}[\/latex] is 98.907711 u.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2688305\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2401839\">The purpose of producing [latex]{}^{\\text{99}}\\text{Mo}[\/latex] (usually by neutron activation of natural molybdenum, as in the preceding problem) is to produce <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc.}[\/latex] Using the rules, verify that the <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{\\beta }^{-}[\/latex] decay of <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{99}}\\text{Mo}[\/latex] produces <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex]. (Most <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex] nuclei produced in this decay are left in a metastable excited state denoted <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex].)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1969906\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2667652\">[latex]{}_{\\text{42}}^{\\text{99}}{\\text{Mo}}_{\\text{57}}\\to {}_{\\text{43}}^{\\text{99}}{\\text{Tc}}_{\\text{56}}+{\\beta }^{-}+{\\overline{v}}_{e}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3177812\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1517177\">(a) Two annihilation [latex]\\gamma [\/latex] rays in a PET scan originate at the same point and travel to detectors on either side of the patient. If the point of origin is 9.00 cm closer to one of the detectors, what is the difference in arrival times of the photons? (This could be used to give position information, but the time difference is small enough to make it difficult.)<\/p>\n<p>(b) How accurately would you need to be able to measure arrival time differences to get a position resolution of 1.00 mm?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2447320\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3035339\"><a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> indicates that 7.50 mCi of [latex]{}^{\\text{99m}}\\text{Tc}[\/latex] is used in a brain scan. What is the mass of technetium?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2448162\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2663512\">[latex]1\\text{.}\\text{43}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-9}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{g}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1933588\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3353285\">The activities of [latex]{}^{\\text{131}}\\text{I}[\/latex] and <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{123}}\\text{I}[\/latex] used in thyroid scans are given in <a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> to be 50 and <\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\text{70 \u03bc}Ci[\/latex], respectively. Find and compare the masses of <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{131}}\\text{I}[\/latex] and <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{123}}\\text{I}[\/latex] in such scans, given their respective half-lives are 8.04 d and 13.2 h. The masses are so small that the radioiodine is usually mixed with stable iodine as a carrier to ensure normal chemistry and distribution in the body.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2973764\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3205488\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1488236\">(a) Neutron activation of sodium, which is 100%[latex]{}^{\\text{23}}\\text{Na}[\/latex], produces <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{24}}\\text{Na}[\/latex], which is used in some heart scans, as seen in <a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. The equation for the reaction is <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{23}}\\text{Na}+n\\to {}^{\\text{24}}\\text{Na}+\\gamma [\/latex]. Find its energy output, given the mass of <\/p>\n<p>[latex]{}^{\\text{24}}\\text{Na}[\/latex] is 23.990962 u.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1617247\">(b) What mass of [latex]{}^{\\text{24}}\\text{Na}[\/latex] produces the needed 5.0-mCi activity, given its half-life is 15.0 h?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id3007553\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2005836\">(a) 6.958 MeV<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181786\">(b) [latex]5\\text{.}7\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-\\text{10}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{g}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\" class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id2449340\">\n<dt>Anger camera<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2397446\">a common medical imaging device that uses a scintillator connected to a series of photomultipliers<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"fs-id2181170\">\n<dt>gamma camera<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2406056\">another name for an Anger camera<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id2070170\">\n<dt>positron emission tomography (PET)<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3351808\">tomography technique that uses [latex]{\\beta }^{+}[\/latex] emitters and detects the two annihilation [latex]\\gamma [\/latex] rays, aiding in source localization<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\">\n<dt>radiopharmaceutical<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2000668\">compound used for medical imaging<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id2514218\">\n<dt>single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT)<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1916326\">tomography performed with [latex]\\gamma [\/latex]-emitting radiopharmaceuticals<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\">\n<dt>tagged<\/dt>\n<dd>process of attaching a radioactive substance to a chemical compound<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the working principle behind an anger camera.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the SPECT and PET imaging techniques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2625834\">A host of medical imaging techniques employ nuclear radiation. What makes nuclear radiation so useful? First, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> radiation can easily penetrate tissue; hence, it is a useful probe to monitor conditions inside the body. Second, nuclear radiation depends on the nuclide and not on the chemical compound it is in, so that a radioactive nuclide can be put into a compound designed for specific purposes. The compound is said to be <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2968500\">tagged<\/span>. A tagged compound used for medical purposes is called a <span data-type=\"term\">radiopharmaceutical<\/span>. Radiation detectors external to the body can determine the location and concentration of a radiopharmaceutical to yield medically useful information. For example, certain drugs are concentrated in inflamed regions of the body, and this information can aid diagnosis and treatment as seen in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2042847\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. Another application utilizes a radiopharmaceutical which the body sends to bone cells, particularly those that are most active, to detect cancerous tumors or healing points. Images can then be produced of such bone scans. Radioisotopes are also used to determine the functioning of body organs, such as blood flow, heart muscle activity, and iodine uptake in the thyroid gland.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">A radiopharmaceutical is used to produce this brain image of a patient with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Certain features are computer enhanced. (credit: National Institutes of Health)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2453503\" data-alt=\"A brain scan. Different regions of the brain are shown in different colors.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_33_01_01.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"A brain scan. Different regions of the brain are shown in different colors.\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2057271\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Medical Application<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1773067\"><a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> lists certain medical diagnostic uses of radiopharmaceuticals, including isotopes and activities that are typically administered. Many organs can be imaged with a variety of nuclear isotopes replacing a stable element by a radioactive isotope. One common diagnostic employs iodine to image the thyroid, since iodine is concentrated in that organ. The most active thyroid cells, including cancerous cells, concentrate the most iodine and, therefore, emit the most radiation. Conversely, hypothyroidism is indicated by lack of iodine uptake. Note that there is more than one isotope that can be used for several types of scans. Another common nuclear diagnostic is the thallium scan for the cardiovascular system, particularly used to evaluate blockages in the coronary arteries and examine heart activity. The salt TlCl can be used, because it acts like NaCl and follows the blood. Gallium-67 accumulates where there is rapid cell growth, such as in tumors and sites of infection. Hence, it is useful in cancer imaging. Usually, the patient receives the injection one day and has a whole body scan 3 or 4 days later because it can take several days for the gallium to build up.<\/p>\n<table summary=\"Two-column table. Column A lists several medical procedures. Under each procedure in column A is a list of isotopes commonly used for the procedure. Column B lists the typical activity for each isotope in m C I.\">\n<caption><span data-type=\"title\">Diagnostic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals<\/span><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong data-effect=\"bold\">Procedure, isotope<\/strong><\/th>\n<th>Typical activity (mCi), where<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"newline\"><\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-42cc0b741a64df780a90fecb156940d3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#32;&#109;&#67;&#105;&#61;&#51;&#46;&#55;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#66;&#113;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"143\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Brain scan<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6613e94a2efc72ef07a4516131e7afa8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#49;&#51;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#73;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"48\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-035f8424e5aea5842d7114c7776c2c21_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#32;&#40;&#80;&#69;&#84;&#41;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d07137a41e762fbe2805015bd473419b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#32;&#40;&#80;&#69;&#84;&#41;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"83\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-13b0b057e66cfb135cbfad4a790c3cd0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#53;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#79;&#32;&#40;&#80;&#69;&#84;&#41;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"83\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ce6bb4885d7b4a9082b8136966adb618_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#56;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#70;&#32;&#40;&#80;&#69;&#84;&#41;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"81\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Lung scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bef2c594bb1df4ef06fe85d818f4f2ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#51;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#88;&#101;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Cardiovascular blood pool<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-657929045d6a1ff61ea494bec19669ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#51;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#73;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Cardiovascular arterial flow<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bd376fa6ffd62c97ad89851d733f8f33_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#48;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#108;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"39\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b0b99841a5bb4acf4259b635080f44a1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#97;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Thyroid scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-657929045d6a1ff61ea494bec19669ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#51;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#73;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2a75ba9852dcde9b69b7da609ee8eb05_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#50;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#73;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Liver scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6cc6e467b21012d907d103007bd5257d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#57;&#56;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#117;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"43\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> (colloid)<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> (colloid)<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Bone scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e3c9adb3059078958aa3794cde6cabde_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#56;&#53;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#83;&#114;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"32\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Kidney scan<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6cd952aba7bac68dea338cef7c72fb83_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#57;&#55;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#72;&#103;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"42\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that <a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> lists many diagnostic uses for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>, where \u201cm\u201d stands for a metastable state of the technetium nucleus. Perhaps 80 percent of all radiopharmaceutical procedures employ <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> because of its many advantages. One is that the decay of its metastable state produces a single, easily identified 0.142-MeV <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> ray. Additionally, the radiation dose to the patient is limited by the short 6.0-h half-life of <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. And, although its half-life is short, it is easily and continuously produced on site. The basic process for production is neutron activation of molybdenum, which quickly <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-39ffee81b79fbfa10c128d48495e8b8b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#98;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"11\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>  decays into <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. Technetium-99m can be attached to many compounds to allow the imaging of the skeleton, heart, lungs, kidneys, etc.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#import-auto-id1909409\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows one of the simpler methods of imaging the concentration of nuclear activity, employing a device called an <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id3047149\">Anger camera<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\"> or <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2990678\">gamma camera<\/span>. A piece of lead with holes bored through it collimates <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> rays emerging from the patient, allowing detectors to receive <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> rays from specific directions only. The computer analysis of detector signals produces an image. One of the disadvantages of this detection method is that there is no depth information (i.e., it provides a two-dimensional view of the tumor as opposed to a three-dimensional view), because radiation from any location under that detector produces a signal.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">An Anger or gamma camera consists of a lead collimator and an array of detectors. Gamma rays produce light flashes in the scintillators. The light output is converted to an electrical signal by the photomultipliers. A computer constructs an image from the detector output.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1448501\" data-alt=\"The image shows the head of a man scanned by an Anger camera. The camera consists of a lead collimator and array of detectors. Gamma rays emerging from the man\u2019s head pass through the lead collimator and produce light flashes in the scintillators. The photomultiplier tubes convert the light output to electrical signals for computer image generation.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_33_01_02.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The image shows the head of a man scanned by an Anger camera. The camera consists of a lead collimator and array of detectors. Gamma rays emerging from the man\u2019s head pass through the lead collimator and produce light flashes in the scintillators. The photomultiplier tubes convert the light output to electrical signals for computer image generation.\" width=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Imaging techniques much like those in x-ray computed tomography (CT) scans use nuclear activity in patients to form three-dimensional images. <a href=\"#import-auto-id2410176\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows a patient in a circular array of detectors that may be stationary or rotated, with detector output used by a computer to construct a detailed image. This technique is called <span data-type=\"term\">single-photon-emission computed tomography(SPECT)<\/span> or sometimes simply SPET. The spatial resolution of this technique is poor, about 1 cm, but the contrast (i.e. the difference in visual properties that makes an object distinguishable from other objects and the background) is good.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2410176\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">SPECT uses a geometry similar to a CT scanner to form an image of the concentration of a radiopharmaceutical compound. (credit: Woldo, Wikimedia Commons)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"A man lying down, going through a cylindrical scanning machine.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_33_01_04.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"A man lying down, going through a cylindrical scanning machine.\" width=\"250\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2511307\">Images produced by<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-77aea07b1c09110b6d6b6fd5249abec2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#43;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"21\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> emitters have become important in recent years. When the emitted positron (<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-77aea07b1c09110b6d6b6fd5249abec2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#43;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"21\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>) encounters an electron, mutual annihilation occurs, producing two <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> rays. These <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> rays have identical 0.511-MeV energies (the energy comes from the destruction of an electron or positron mass) and they move directly away from one another, allowing detectors to determine their point of origin accurately, as shown in <a href=\"#import-auto-id3400779\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. The system is called <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2957607\">positron emission tomography (PET)<\/span>. It requires detectors on opposite sides to simultaneously (i.e., at the same time) detect photons of 0.511-MeV energy and utilizes computer imaging techniques similar to those in SPECT and CT scans. Examples of<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-77aea07b1c09110b6d6b6fd5249abec2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#43;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"21\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> -emitting isotopes used in PET are <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2310288ae7338e0eaa48732f7b2425c3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9d83360bf9a956b1d5a4ea16bc13a312_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-27b0a599ab5841682143221800a4f148_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#53;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#79;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, and <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0dfb29a57faa82257f6f60c1bf85af17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#56;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#70;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"25\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>, as seen in <a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. This list includes C, N, and O, and so they have the advantage of being able to function as tags for natural body compounds. Its resolution of 0.5 cm is better than that of SPECT; the accuracy and sensitivity of PET scans make them useful for examining the brain\u2019s anatomy and function. The brain\u2019s use of oxygen and water can be monitored with<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-27b0a599ab5841682143221800a4f148_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#53;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#79;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>. PET is used extensively for diagnosing brain disorders. It can note decreased metabolism in certain regions prior to a confirmation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PET can locate regions in the brain that become active when a person carries out specific activities, such as speaking, closing their eyes, and so on.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id3400779\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">A PET system takes advantage of the two identical <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>-ray photons produced by positron-electron annihilation. These <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> rays are emitted in opposite directions, so that the line along which each pair is emitted is determined. Various events detected by several pairs of detectors are then analyzed by the computer to form an accurate image.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id3054663\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a patient undergoing a scan in a cylindrical device. The P E T system uses two gamma ray photons produced by positron electron annihilation. These gamma rays are emitted in opposite directions.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_33_01_05.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a patient undergoing a scan in a cylindrical device. The P E T system uses two gamma ray photons produced by positron electron annihilation. These gamma rays are emitted in opposite directions.\" width=\"225\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" class=\"note\" data-has-label=\"true\" data-label=\"\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">PhET Explorations: Simplified MRI<\/div>\n<p id=\"eip-id1719041\">Is it a tumor? Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can tell. Your head is full of tiny radio transmitters (the nuclear spins of the hydrogen nuclei of your water molecules). In an MRI unit, these little radios can be made to broadcast their positions, giving a detailed picture of the inside of your head. <\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"eip-id1430273\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\"><a href=\"\/resources\/29f6215a78c8dc0999e77cfb33f0b18a6f909ee0\/mri_en.jar\">Simplified MRI<\/a><\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"Phet_module_33.1\" data-alt=\"\"><a href=\"\/resources\/29f6215a78c8dc0999e77cfb33f0b18a6f909ee0\/mri_en.jar\" data-type=\"image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/PhET_Icon.png\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"\" data-print=\"false\" width=\"450\" \/><\/a><span data-media-type=\"image\/png\" data-print=\"true\" data-src=\"\/resources\/075500ad9f71890a85fe3f7a4137ac08e2b7907c\/PhET_Icon.png\" data-type=\"image\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2054692\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1398723\">\n<li>Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds that are used for medical imaging and therapeutics.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id2017105\">The process of attaching a radioactive substance is called tagging.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id3004371\"><a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> lists certain diagnostic uses of radiopharmaceuticals including the isotope and activity typically used in diagnostics.<\/li>\n<li>One common imaging device is the Anger camera, which consists of a lead collimator, radiation detectors, and an analysis computer.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1607938\">Tomography performed with <strong data-effect=\"bold\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/strong>-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is called SPECT and has the advantages of x-ray CT scans coupled with organ- and function-specific drugs.<\/li>\n<li>PET is a similar technique that uses <strong data-effect=\"bold\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-77aea07b1c09110b6d6b6fd5249abec2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#43;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"21\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/strong> emitters and detects the two annihilation <strong data-effect=\"bold\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/strong> rays, which aid to localize the source.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2684209\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1132453\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1817203\">\n<p>In terms of radiation dose, what is the major difference between medical diagnostic uses of radiation and medical therapeutic uses?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2968635\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2628834\">\n<p>One of the methods used to limit radiation dose to the patient in medical imaging is to employ isotopes with short half-lives. How would this limit the dose?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2654437\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2436871\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1575014\">A neutron generator uses an <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-946f8144d4e3d460c8621773145884d3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#97;&#108;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"11\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> source, such as radium, to bombard beryllium, inducing the reaction <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b996ad975eadb243ea41bc692ad92d7f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#72;&#101;&#125;&#43;&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#57;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#66;&#101;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#111;&#32;&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#125;&#43;&#110;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"166\" style=\"vertical-align: -2px;\" \/>. Such neutron sources are called RaBe sources, or PuBe sources if they use plutonium to get the <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-946f8144d4e3d460c8621773145884d3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#97;&#108;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"11\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> s. Calculate the energy output of the reaction in MeV.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3259687\">5.701 MeV<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1996812\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2650830\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1773056\">Neutrons from a source (perhaps the one discussed in the preceding problem) bombard natural molybdenum, which is 24 percent <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-178db51d928e4ee1ac5af92aa1b73ee5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#56;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#77;&#111;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"40\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. What is the energy output of the reaction <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e6946f1656057cfe67096aad9df3ab4f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#56;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#77;&#111;&#125;&#43;&#110;&#92;&#116;&#111;&#32;&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#77;&#111;&#125;&#43;&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"171\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> ? The mass of <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-178db51d928e4ee1ac5af92aa1b73ee5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#56;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#77;&#111;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"40\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> is given in <a href=\"\/contents\/aaf30a54-a356-4c5f-8c0d-2f55e4d20556@3\">Appendix A: Atomic Masses<\/a>, and that of <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b084148e685aaa6755efce197280bff6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#77;&#111;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"40\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> is 98.907711 u.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2688305\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2401839\">The purpose of producing <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b084148e685aaa6755efce197280bff6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#77;&#111;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"40\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> (usually by neutron activation of natural molybdenum, as in the preceding problem) is to produce <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a066acd4c5199a43ccc5a11277e96af7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"51\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> Using the rules, verify that the <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-11b606b25e9e398c430d53f0bcda3707_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"21\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> decay of <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b084148e685aaa6755efce197280bff6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#77;&#111;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"40\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> produces <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. (Most <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> nuclei produced in this decay are left in a metastable excited state denoted <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1969906\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2667652\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf536c952979faa188a99fde09e34351_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#52;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#77;&#111;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#55;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#111;&#32;&#123;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#52;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#54;&#125;&#125;&#43;&#123;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#125;&#43;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#101;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"20\" width=\"213\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3177812\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1517177\">(a) Two annihilation <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> rays in a PET scan originate at the same point and travel to detectors on either side of the patient. If the point of origin is 9.00 cm closer to one of the detectors, what is the difference in arrival times of the photons? (This could be used to give position information, but the time difference is small enough to make it difficult.)<\/p>\n<p>(b) How accurately would you need to be able to measure arrival time differences to get a position resolution of 1.00 mm?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2447320\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3035339\"><a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> indicates that 7.50 mCi of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-93cbb8cd97f7934cbf9223fcdd36a3ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#57;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#84;&#99;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"47\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> is used in a brain scan. What is the mass of technetium?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2448162\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2663512\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-47c9193e423676507d3b1de92170376b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#52;&#51;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#57;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#103;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"80\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1933588\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3353285\">The activities of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-657929045d6a1ff61ea494bec19669ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#51;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#73;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> and <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2a75ba9852dcde9b69b7da609ee8eb05_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#50;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#73;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> used in thyroid scans are given in <a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> to be 50 and <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-309eeed1cbdb97f7a1ff9949f07754f6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#48;&#32;&mu;&#125;&#67;&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"44\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, respectively. Find and compare the masses of <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-657929045d6a1ff61ea494bec19669ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#51;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#73;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> and <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2a75ba9852dcde9b69b7da609ee8eb05_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#50;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#73;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> in such scans, given their respective half-lives are 8.04 d and 13.2 h. The masses are so small that the radioiodine is usually mixed with stable iodine as a carrier to ensure normal chemistry and distribution in the body.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2973764\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3205488\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1488236\">(a) Neutron activation of sodium, which is 100%<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b8cc1ed1058bf67be56ab251356dda07_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#97;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, produces <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b0b99841a5bb4acf4259b635080f44a1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#97;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, which is used in some heart scans, as seen in <a href=\"#eip-909\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. The equation for the reaction is <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-765961aa2bdeb292b1cf50297e9daabb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#97;&#125;&#43;&#110;&#92;&#116;&#111;&#32;&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#97;&#125;&#43;&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"165\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. Find its energy output, given the mass of <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b0b99841a5bb4acf4259b635080f44a1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#97;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is 23.990962 u.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1617247\">(b) What mass of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b0b99841a5bb4acf4259b635080f44a1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#97;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> produces the needed 5.0-mCi activity, given its half-life is 15.0 h?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id3007553\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2005836\">(a) 6.958 MeV<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181786\">(b) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b19b8c328c36fcc39d67e3b2e87a64fd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#55;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#103;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"79\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\" class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id2449340\">\n<dt>Anger camera<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2397446\">a common medical imaging device that uses a scintillator connected to a series of photomultipliers<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"fs-id2181170\">\n<dt>gamma camera<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2406056\">another name for an Anger camera<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id2070170\">\n<dt>positron emission tomography (PET)<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3351808\">tomography technique that uses <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-77aea07b1c09110b6d6b6fd5249abec2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#43;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"21\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> emitters and detects the two annihilation <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> rays, aiding in source localization<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\">\n<dt>radiopharmaceutical<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2000668\">compound used for medical imaging<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id2514218\">\n<dt>single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT)<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1916326\">tomography performed with <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4dfd339d0f13026ff7af56aa6f129380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#103;&#97;&#109;&#109;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>-emitting radiopharmaceuticals<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\">\n<dt>tagged<\/dt>\n<dd>process of attaching a radioactive substance to a chemical compound<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":211,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"all-rights-reserved"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-1719","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-all-rights-reserved"],"part":1709,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1719","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/211"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1719\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1720,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1719\/revisions\/1720"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1709"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1719\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1719"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1719"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1719"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1719"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}