{"id":630,"date":"2017-10-27T16:30:26","date_gmt":"2017-10-27T16:30:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/"},"modified":"2017-11-08T03:25:02","modified_gmt":"2017-11-08T03:25:02","slug":"flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/","title":{"raw":"Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity","rendered":"Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity"},"content":{"raw":"\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Calculate flow rate.<\/li>\n<li>Define units of volume.<\/li>\n<li>Describe incompressible fluids.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the consequences of the equation of continuity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3151377\"><span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id3399640\">Flow rate<\/span><em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/em> is defined to be the volume of fluid passing by some location through an area during a period of time, as seen in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1062406\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. In symbols, this can be written as<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3254631\">[latex]Q=\\frac{V}{t}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3285790\">where <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]V[\/latex]<\/em> is the volume and <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]t[\/latex]<\/em> is the elapsed time.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2655857\">The SI unit for flow rate is [latex]{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex], but a number of other units for <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/em> are in common use. For example, the heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 liters per minute (L\/min). Note that a <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id3112840\">liter<\/span> (L) is 1\/1000 of a cubic meter or 1000 cubic centimeters ([latex]{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}[\/latex]<sup> or [latex]{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}[\/latex]). In this text we shall use whatever metric units are most convenient for a given situation.<\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1062406\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Flow rate is the volume of fluid per unit time flowing past a point through the area [latex]A[\/latex]. Here the shaded cylinder of fluid flows past point [latex]\\text{P}[\/latex] in a uniform pipe in time [latex]t[\/latex]. The volume of the cylinder is [latex]\\text{Ad}[\/latex] and the average velocity is [latex]\\overline{v}=d\/t[\/latex] so that the flow rate is [latex]Q=\\text{Ad}\/t=A\\overline{v}[\/latex].<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id3181830\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a fluid flowing through a cylindrical pipe open at both ends. A portion of the cylindrical pipe with the fluid is shaded for a length d. The velocity of the fluid in the shaded region is shown by v toward the right. The cross sections of the shaded cylinder are marked as A. This cylinder of fluid flows past a point P on the cylindrical pipe. The velocity v is equal to d over t.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_01_01a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a fluid flowing through a cylindrical pipe open at both ends. A portion of the cylindrical pipe with the fluid is shaded for a length d. The velocity of the fluid in the shaded region is shown by v toward the right. The cross sections of the shaded cylinder are marked as A. This cylinder of fluid flows past a point P on the cylindrical pipe. The velocity v is equal to d over t.\" width=\"275\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id2963224\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Calculating Volume from Flow Rate: The Heart Pumps a Lot of Blood in a Lifetime<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2662952\">How many cubic meters of blood does the heart pump in a 75-year lifetime, assuming the average flow rate is 5.00 L\/min?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1434803\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1575796\">Time and flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/em> are given, and so the volume <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]V[\/latex]<\/em> can be calculated from the definition of flow rate.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3162878\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id3397174\">Solving [latex]Q=V\/t[\/latex] for volume gives<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id2590610\">[latex]V=\\text{Qt}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2393627\">Substituting known values yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3138372\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lll}V&amp; =&amp; \\left(\\frac{5\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L}}{\\text{1 min}}\\right)\\left(\\text{75}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{y}\\right)\\left(\\frac{1\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}}{{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L}}\\right)\\left(5\\text{.}\\text{26}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\frac{\\text{min}}{\\text{y}}\\right)\\\\ \\text{}&amp; =&amp; 2\\text{.}0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{.}\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2437020\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2950171\">This amount is about 200,000 tons of blood. For comparison, this value is equivalent to about 200 times the volume of water contained in a 6-lane 50-m lap pool.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2448171\">Flow rate and velocity are related, but quite different, physical quantities. To make the distinction clear, think about the flow rate of a river. The greater the velocity of the water, the greater the flow rate of the river. But flow rate also depends on the size of the river. A rapid mountain stream carries far less water than the Amazon River in Brazil, for example. The precise relationship between flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/em> and velocity [latex]\\overline{v}[\/latex] is<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3135337\">[latex]Q=A\\overline{v}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3397398\">where <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]A[\/latex]<\/em> is the cross-sectional area and [latex]\\overline{v}[\/latex] is the average velocity. This equation seems logical enough. The relationship tells us that flow rate is directly proportional to both the magnitude of the average velocity (hereafter referred to as the speed) and the size of a river, pipe, or other conduit. The larger the conduit, the greater its cross-sectional area. <a href=\"#import-auto-id1062406\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> illustrates how this relationship is obtained. The shaded cylinder has a volume<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1867952\">[latex]V=\\text{Ad}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2381286\">which flows past the point [latex]\\text{P}[\/latex] in a time [latex]t[\/latex]. Dividing both sides of this relationship by <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]t[\/latex]<\/em> gives<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id2668235\">[latex]\\frac{V}{t}=\\frac{\\text{Ad}}{t}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2648082\">We note that [latex]Q=V\/t[\/latex] and the average speed is <\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\overline{v}=d\/t[\/latex]. Thus the equation becomes [latex]Q=A\\overline{v}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2671288\"><a href=\"#fs-id3175177\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows an incompressible fluid flowing along a pipe of decreasing radius. Because the fluid is incompressible, the same amount of fluid must flow past any point in the tube in a given time to ensure continuity of flow. In this case, because the cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases, the velocity must necessarily increase. This logic can be extended to say that the flow rate must be the same at all points along the pipe. In particular, for points 1 and 2,<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1546161\">[latex]\\begin{array}{c}{Q}_{1}={Q}_{2}\\\\ {A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\end{array}\\right\\}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3047364\">This is called the equation of continuity and is valid for any incompressible fluid. The consequences of the equation of continuity can be observed when water flows from a hose into a narrow spray nozzle: it emerges with a large speed\u2014that is the purpose of the nozzle. Conversely, when a river empties into one end of a reservoir, the water slows considerably, perhaps picking up speed again when it leaves the other end of the reservoir. In other words, speed increases when cross-sectional area decreases, and speed decreases when cross-sectional area increases.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"fs-id3175177\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">When a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. For the same volume to pass points 1 and 2 in a given time, the speed must be greater at point 2. The process is exactly reversible. If the fluid flows in the opposite direction, its speed will decrease when the tube widens. (Note that the relative volumes of the two cylinders and the corresponding velocity vector arrows are not drawn to scale.)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"fs-id3399724\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a cylindrical tube broad at the left and narrow at the right. The fluid is shown to flow through the cylindrical tube toward right along the axis of the tube. A shaded area is marked on the broader cylinder on the left. A cross section is marked on it as A one. A point one is marked on this cross section. The velocity of the fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked by v one as an arrow toward right. Another shaded area is marked on the narrow cylindrical on the right. The shaded area on narrow tube is longer than the one on broader tube to show that when a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. A cross section is marked on the narrow cylindrical tube as A two. A point two is marked on this cross section. The velocity of fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked v two toward right. The arrow depicting v two is longer than for v one showing v two to be greater in value than v one.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_01_02a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a cylindrical tube broad at the left and narrow at the right. The fluid is shown to flow through the cylindrical tube toward right along the axis of the tube. A shaded area is marked on the broader cylinder on the left. A cross section is marked on it as A one. A point one is marked on this cross section. The velocity of the fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked by v one as an arrow toward right. Another shaded area is marked on the narrow cylindrical on the right. The shaded area on narrow tube is longer than the one on broader tube to show that when a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. A cross section is marked on the narrow cylindrical tube as A two. A point two is marked on this cross section. The velocity of fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked v two toward right. The arrow depicting v two is longer than for v one showing v two to be greater in value than v one.\" width=\"450\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3358539\">Since liquids are essentially incompressible, the equation of continuity is valid for all liquids. However, gases are compressible, and so the equation must be applied with caution to gases if they are subjected to compression or expansion.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id3230619\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Calculating Fluid Speed: Speed Increases When a Tube Narrows<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2950524\">A nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm is attached to a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm. The flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L\/s. Calculate the speed of the water (a) in the hose and (b) in the nozzle.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3158568\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2668071\">We can use the relationship between flow rate and speed to find both velocities. We will use the subscript 1 for the hose and 2 for the nozzle.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3229579\"><strong>Solution for (a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1462186\">First, we solve [latex]Q=A\\overline{v}[\/latex] for [latex]{v}_{1}[\/latex] and note that the cross-sectional area is [latex]A={\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}[\/latex], yielding<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1616200\">[latex]{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{Q}{{A}_{1}}=\\frac{Q}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{1}^{2}}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2385058\">Substituting known values and making appropriate unit conversions yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1537613\">[latex]{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{500}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L\/s}\\right)\\left({\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\/\\text{L}\\right)}{\\pi \\left(9\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}{\\right)}^{2}}=1\\text{.}\\text{96}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1386574\"><strong>Solution for (b)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2057762\">We could repeat this calculation to find the speed in the nozzle [latex]{\\overline{v}}_{2}[\/latex], but we will use the equation of continuity to give a somewhat different insight. Using the equation which states<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3082712\">[latex]{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1119518\">solving for [latex]{\\overline{v}}_{2}[\/latex] and substituting [latex]{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}[\/latex] for the cross-sectional area yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id2590734\">[latex]{\\overline{v}}_{2}=\\frac{{A}_{1}}{{A}_{2}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{1}^{2}}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{2}^{2}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{{r}_{{1}^{2}}}{{r}_{{2}^{2}}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1186311\">Substituting known values,<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3025743\">[latex]{\\overline{v}}_{2}=\\frac{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{900}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{cm}{\\right)}^{2}}{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{250}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{cm}{\\right)}^{2}}1\\text{.}\\text{96}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}=\\text{25}\\text{.}\\text{5 m\/s}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3418172\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1909073\">A speed of 1.96 m\/s is about right for water emerging from a nozzleless hose. The nozzle produces a considerably faster stream merely by constricting the flow to a narrower tube.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The solution to the last part of the example shows that speed is inversely proportional to the <em data-effect=\"italics\">square<\/em> of the radius of the tube, making for large effects when radius varies. We can blow out a candle at quite a distance, for example, by pursing our lips, whereas blowing on a candle with our mouth wide open is quite ineffective.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3450198\">In many situations, including in the cardiovascular system, branching of the flow occurs. The blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that subdivide into smaller arteries (arterioles) which branch into very fine vessels called capillaries. In this situation, continuity of flow is maintained but it is the <em data-effect=\"italics\">sum<\/em> of the flow rates in each of the branches in any portion along the tube that is maintained. The equation of continuity in a more general form becomes<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3026881\">[latex]{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2404447\">where [latex]{n}_{1}[\/latex] and [latex]{n}_{2}[\/latex] are the number of branches in each of the sections along the tube.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id1895376\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Calculating Flow Speed and Vessel Diameter: Branching in the Cardiovascular System<\/div>\n<p>The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L\/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L\/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm\/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is [latex]8.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}[\/latex], calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181202\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We can use [latex]Q=A\\overline{v}[\/latex] to calculate the speed of flow in the aorta and then use the general form of the equation of continuity to calculate the number of capillaries as all of the other variables are known.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3007976\"><strong>Solution for (a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1860922\">The flow rate is given by [latex]Q=A\\overline{v}[\/latex] or [latex]\\overline{v}=\\frac{Q}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}}[\/latex] for a cylindrical vessel.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2612267\">Substituting the known values (converted to units of meters and seconds) gives<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3104729\">[latex]\\overline{v}=\\frac{\\left(5.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L\/min}\\right)\\left({\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/L}\\right)\\left(1\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{min\/}\\text{60}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{s}\\right)}{\\pi {\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{010 m}\\right)}^{2}}=0\\text{.}\\text{27}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p><strong>Solution for (b)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3229045\">Using [latex]{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{1}[\/latex], assigning the subscript 1 to the aorta and 2 to the capillaries, and solving for [latex]{n}_{2}[\/latex] (the number of capillaries) gives [latex]{n}_{2}=\\frac{{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}}{{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}}[\/latex]. Converting all quantities to units of meters and seconds and substituting into the equation above gives<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3175565\">[latex]{n}_{2}=\\frac{\\left(1\\right)\\left(\\pi \\right){\\left(\\text{10}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}\\right)}^{2}\\left(0.27 m\/s\\right)}{\\left(\\pi \\right){\\left(4.0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}\\right)}^{2}\\left(0.33\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}\\right)}=5.0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{capillaries}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3375035\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Note that the speed of flow in the capillaries is considerably reduced relative to the speed in the aorta due to the significant increase in the total cross-sectional area at the capillaries. This low speed is to allow sufficient time for effective exchange to occur although it is equally important for the flow not to become stationary in order to avoid the possibility of clotting. Does this large number of capillaries in the body seem reasonable? In active muscle, one finds about 200 capillaries per [latex]{\\text{mm}}^{3}[\/latex], or about [latex]\\text{200}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}[\/latex] per 1 kg of muscle. For 20 kg of muscle, this amounts to about [latex]4\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}[\/latex] capillaries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"eip-id2616738\">\n<li>Flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/em> is defined to be the volume <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]V[\/latex]<\/em> flowing past a point in time\n<p><em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]t[\/latex]<\/em>, or <\/p>\n<p>[latex]Q=\\frac{V}{t}[\/latex] where<br>\n[latex]V[\/latex] is volume and <\/p>\n<p>[latex]t[\/latex] is time.<\/p><\/li>\n<li>The SI unit of volume is<br>\n[latex]{\\text{m}}^{3}[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li>Another common unit is the liter (L), which is [latex]{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li>Flow rate and velocity are related by<br>\n[latex]Q=A\\overline{v}[\/latex] where [latex]A[\/latex] is the cross-sectional area of the flow and \n<p>[latex]\\overline{v}[\/latex] is its average velocity.<\/p><\/li>\n<li>For incompressible fluids, flow rate at various points is constant. That is,\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]\\begin{array}{c}{Q}_{1}={Q}_{2}\\\\ {A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\\\ {n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\end{array}}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id1910291\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1549295\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3422246\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2346921\">What is the difference between flow rate and fluid velocity? How are they related?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1917833\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1402564\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3090033\">Many figures in the text show streamlines. Explain why fluid velocity is greatest where streamlines are closest together. (Hint: Consider the relationship between fluid velocity and the cross-sectional area through which it flows.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1434712\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2346921\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2499530\">Identify some substances that are incompressible and some that are not.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id1849834\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2115593\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1177794\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3163228\">What is the average flow rate in [latex]{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex] of gasoline to the engine of a car traveling at 100 km\/h if it averages 10.0 km\/L?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id3130566\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3450007\">[latex]\\text{2.78}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2382376\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1895566\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2445544\">The heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 L\/min. (a) Convert this to [latex]{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]. (b) What is this rate in [latex]{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2017637\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3184855\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1596400\">Blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5.0 L\/min into the aorta (of radius 1.0 cm). Determine the speed of blood through the aorta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2688942\">27 cm\/s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1931967\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1174033\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1824582\">Blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm\/s. Determine the flow rate and the volume that passes through the artery in a period of 30 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2438354\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2444640\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2017637\">The Huka Falls on the Waikato River is one of New Zealand\u2019s most visited natural tourist attractions (see <a href=\"#import-auto-id953259\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>). On average the river has a flow rate of about 300,000 L\/s. At the gorge, the river narrows to 20 m wide and averages 20 m deep. (a) What is the average speed of the river in the gorge? (b) What is the average speed of the water in the river downstream of the falls when it widens to 60 m and its depth increases to an average of 40 m?<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id953259\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The Huka Falls in Taupo, New Zealand, demonstrate flow rate. (credit: RaviGogna, Flickr)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id3353414\" data-alt=\"Water rushes over a fall.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_01_04a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"Water rushes over a fall.\" width=\"275\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2681296\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3042804\">(a) 0.75 m\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181183\">(b) 0.13 m\/s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1909395\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1562504\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3306781\">A major artery with a cross-sectional area of [latex]1\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex] branches into 18 smaller arteries, each with an average cross-sectional area of [latex]0\\text{.}\\text{400}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex]. By what factor is the average velocity of the blood reduced when it passes into these branches?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2677825\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3213491\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3006657\">(a) As blood passes through the capillary bed in an organ, the capillaries join to form venules (small veins). If the blood speed increases by a factor of 4.00 and the total cross-sectional area of the venules is [latex]\\text{10}\\text{.}0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex], what is the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries feeding these venules? (b) How many capillaries are involved if their average diameter is [latex]10.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}[\/latex]?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2400374\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2962557\">(a) [latex]40.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2016935\">(b) [latex]5\\text{.}\\text{09}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3137420\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2005958\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2595060\">The human circulation system has approximately [latex]1\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}[\/latex] capillary vessels. Each vessel has a diameter of about [latex]8\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}[\/latex]. Assuming cardiac output is 5&nbsp;L\/min, determine the average velocity of blood flow through each capillary vessel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1580788\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2393682\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2016654\">(a) Estimate the time it would take to fill a private swimming pool with a capacity of 80,000 L using a garden hose delivering 60 L\/min. (b) How long would it take to fill if you could divert a moderate size river, flowing at [latex]\\text{5000}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex], into it?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2928667\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3080881\">(a) 22 h<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2062601\">(b) 0.016 s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3149885\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3011861\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3114281\">The flow rate of blood through a [latex]2\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{\\text{\u20136}}\\text{-m}[\/latex] -radius capillary is [latex]3\\text{.}\\text{80}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]. (a) What is the speed of the blood flow? (This small speed allows time for diffusion of materials to and from the blood.) (b) Assuming all the blood in the body passes through capillaries, how many of them must there be to carry a total flow of [latex]90\\text{.}0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]? (The large number obtained is an overestimate, but it is still reasonable.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3048002\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2589946\">(a) What is the fluid speed in a fire hose with a 9.00-cm diameter carrying 80.0 L of water per second? (b) What is the flow rate in cubic meters per second? (c) Would your answers be different if salt water replaced the fresh water in the fire hose?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1618161\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1361504\">(a) 12.6 m\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2990529\">(b) [latex]0.0800\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3116723\">(c) No, independent of density.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2673530\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2672070\">The main uptake air duct of a forced air gas heater is 0.300 m in diameter. What is the average speed of air in the duct if it carries a volume equal to that of the house\u2019s interior every 15 min? The inside volume of the house is equivalent to a rectangular solid 13.0 m wide by 20.0 m long by 2.75 m high.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3079662\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3230995\">Water is moving at a velocity of 2.00 m\/s through a hose with an internal diameter of 1.60 cm. (a) What is the flow rate in liters per second? (b) The fluid velocity in this hose\u2019s nozzle is 15.0 m\/s. What is the nozzle\u2019s inside diameter?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"eip-id3634982\">\n<p id=\"eip-id2569242\">(a) 0.402 L\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2309768\">(b) 0.584 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1365720\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3047261\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2442473\">Prove that the speed of an incompressible fluid through a constriction, such as in a Venturi tube, increases by a factor equal to the square of the factor by which the diameter decreases. (The converse applies for flow out of a constriction into a larger-diameter region.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2421219\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2429788\">Water emerges straight down from a faucet with a 1.80-cm diameter at a speed of 0.500 m\/s. (Because of the construction of the faucet, there is no variation in speed across the stream.) (a) What is the flow rate in [latex]{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]? (b) What is the diameter of the stream 0.200 m below the faucet? Neglect any effects due to surface tension.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"eip-id3242584\">\n<p id=\"eip-id3382045\">(a)<br>\n[latex]\\text{127}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{\\text{3}}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2821627\">(b)  0.890 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3088759\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1548219\">\n<p><strong>Unreasonable Results<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2447363\">A mountain stream is 10.0 m wide and averages 2.00 m in depth. During the spring runoff, the flow in the stream reaches [latex]\\text{100,000}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]. (a) What is the average velocity of the stream under these conditions? (b) What is unreasonable about this velocity? (c) What is unreasonable or inconsistent about the premises?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\" class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id1245730\">\n<dt>flow rate<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3191546\">abbreviated <em data-effect=\"italics\">Q<\/em>, it is the volume <em data-effect=\"italics\">V<\/em> that flows past a particular point during a time <em data-effect=\"italics\">t<\/em>, or <em data-effect=\"italics\">Q = V\/t<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id3378881\">\n<dt>liter<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1562453\">a unit of volume, equal to 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Calculate flow rate.<\/li>\n<li>Define units of volume.<\/li>\n<li>Describe incompressible fluids.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the consequences of the equation of continuity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3151377\"><span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id3399640\">Flow rate<\/span><em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> is defined to be the volume of fluid passing by some location through an area during a period of time, as seen in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1062406\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. In symbols, this can be written as<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3254631\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7480acb18a03ee53fd3ee9dc21233793_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#86;&#125;&#123;&#116;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"57\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3285790\">where <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is the volume and <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is the elapsed time.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2655857\">The SI unit for flow rate is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-52555c5b350e0314d9fff9ddec85f878_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"38\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, but a number of other units for <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> are in common use. For example, the heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 liters per minute (L\/min). Note that a <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id3112840\">liter<\/span> (L) is 1\/1000 of a cubic meter or 1000 cubic centimeters (<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf56c1b377cbe367bb9d6d86da6f099f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><sup> or <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-662b478be5e375ff71dc504a90ebd955_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"59\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>). In this text we shall use whatever metric units are most convenient for a given situation.<\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1062406\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Flow rate is the volume of fluid per unit time flowing past a point through the area <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>. Here the shaded cylinder of fluid flows past point <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9a82f0689d03e1a6426b99dd9a039bdf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#80;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> in a uniform pipe in time <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>. The volume of the cylinder is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bd2bc87421e09740f7c78bcb7dfdc864_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#100;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"23\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> and the average velocity is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-713402593b54134f4e8382ed0d70db59_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#61;&#100;&#47;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"57\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/> so that the flow rate is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2d42a681e1bf237cd79ab561c5cd4b7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#100;&#125;&#47;&#116;&#61;&#65;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"123\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/>.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id3181830\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a fluid flowing through a cylindrical pipe open at both ends. A portion of the cylindrical pipe with the fluid is shaded for a length d. The velocity of the fluid in the shaded region is shown by v toward the right. The cross sections of the shaded cylinder are marked as A. This cylinder of fluid flows past a point P on the cylindrical pipe. The velocity v is equal to d over t.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_01_01a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a fluid flowing through a cylindrical pipe open at both ends. A portion of the cylindrical pipe with the fluid is shaded for a length d. The velocity of the fluid in the shaded region is shown by v toward the right. The cross sections of the shaded cylinder are marked as A. This cylinder of fluid flows past a point P on the cylindrical pipe. The velocity v is equal to d over t.\" width=\"275\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id2963224\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Calculating Volume from Flow Rate: The Heart Pumps a Lot of Blood in a Lifetime<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2662952\">How many cubic meters of blood does the heart pump in a 75-year lifetime, assuming the average flow rate is 5.00 L\/min?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1434803\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1575796\">Time and flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> are given, and so the volume <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> can be calculated from the definition of flow rate.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3162878\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id3397174\">Solving <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2a95780f02b2f2cc92a0454412b136c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#86;&#47;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"65\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/> for volume gives<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id2590610\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-638956b5261e8710cabf80b5e784db13_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#61;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#81;&#116;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"63\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2393627\">Substituting known values yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3138372\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3b3e842e273af1064c192d487f8f7526_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#98;&#101;&#103;&#105;&#110;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;&#123;&#108;&#108;&#108;&#125;&#86;&#38;&#32;&#61;&#38;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#76;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#32;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#121;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#49;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#76;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#54;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#121;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#92;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#125;&#38;&#32;&#61;&#38;&#32;&#50;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#48;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#101;&#110;&#100;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"49\" width=\"333\" style=\"vertical-align: -17px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2437020\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2950171\">This amount is about 200,000 tons of blood. For comparison, this value is equivalent to about 200 times the volume of water contained in a 6-lane 50-m lap pool.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2448171\">Flow rate and velocity are related, but quite different, physical quantities. To make the distinction clear, think about the flow rate of a river. The greater the velocity of the water, the greater the flow rate of the river. But flow rate also depends on the size of the river. A rapid mountain stream carries far less water than the Amazon River in Brazil, for example. The precise relationship between flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> and velocity <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3135337\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8442274acc67014404b4062f286cd626_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#65;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"64\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3397398\">where <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is the cross-sectional area and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is the average velocity. This equation seems logical enough. The relationship tells us that flow rate is directly proportional to both the magnitude of the average velocity (hereafter referred to as the speed) and the size of a river, pipe, or other conduit. The larger the conduit, the greater its cross-sectional area. <a href=\"#import-auto-id1062406\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> illustrates how this relationship is obtained. The shaded cylinder has a volume<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1867952\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3537706ec1fb7cf6e19e74761ed7ccb6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#61;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#100;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"65\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2381286\">which flows past the point <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9a82f0689d03e1a6426b99dd9a039bdf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#80;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> in a time <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>. Dividing both sides of this relationship by <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> gives<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id2668235\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a0f72d34f688ac45eba0fd85be3dc626_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#86;&#125;&#123;&#116;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#100;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#116;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"62\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2648082\">We note that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2a95780f02b2f2cc92a0454412b136c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#86;&#47;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"65\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/> and the average speed is <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-713402593b54134f4e8382ed0d70db59_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#61;&#100;&#47;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"57\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/>. Thus the equation becomes <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#65;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2671288\"><a href=\"#fs-id3175177\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows an incompressible fluid flowing along a pipe of decreasing radius. Because the fluid is incompressible, the same amount of fluid must flow past any point in the tube in a given time to ensure continuity of flow. In this case, because the cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases, the velocity must necessarily increase. This logic can be extended to say that the flow rate must be the same at all points along the pipe. In particular, for points 1 and 2,<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1546161\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c3c3de88285110de1d0f6fcdffc5cafc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#98;&#101;&#103;&#105;&#110;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;&#123;&#99;&#125;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#92;&#32;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#101;&#110;&#100;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#92;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"38\" width=\"112\" style=\"vertical-align: -15px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3047364\">This is called the equation of continuity and is valid for any incompressible fluid. The consequences of the equation of continuity can be observed when water flows from a hose into a narrow spray nozzle: it emerges with a large speed\u2014that is the purpose of the nozzle. Conversely, when a river empties into one end of a reservoir, the water slows considerably, perhaps picking up speed again when it leaves the other end of the reservoir. In other words, speed increases when cross-sectional area decreases, and speed decreases when cross-sectional area increases.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"fs-id3175177\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">When a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. For the same volume to pass points 1 and 2 in a given time, the speed must be greater at point 2. The process is exactly reversible. If the fluid flows in the opposite direction, its speed will decrease when the tube widens. (Note that the relative volumes of the two cylinders and the corresponding velocity vector arrows are not drawn to scale.)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"fs-id3399724\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a cylindrical tube broad at the left and narrow at the right. The fluid is shown to flow through the cylindrical tube toward right along the axis of the tube. A shaded area is marked on the broader cylinder on the left. A cross section is marked on it as A one. A point one is marked on this cross section. The velocity of the fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked by v one as an arrow toward right. Another shaded area is marked on the narrow cylindrical on the right. The shaded area on narrow tube is longer than the one on broader tube to show that when a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. A cross section is marked on the narrow cylindrical tube as A two. A point two is marked on this cross section. The velocity of fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked v two toward right. The arrow depicting v two is longer than for v one showing v two to be greater in value than v one.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_01_02a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a cylindrical tube broad at the left and narrow at the right. The fluid is shown to flow through the cylindrical tube toward right along the axis of the tube. A shaded area is marked on the broader cylinder on the left. A cross section is marked on it as A one. A point one is marked on this cross section. The velocity of the fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked by v one as an arrow toward right. Another shaded area is marked on the narrow cylindrical on the right. The shaded area on narrow tube is longer than the one on broader tube to show that when a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. A cross section is marked on the narrow cylindrical tube as A two. A point two is marked on this cross section. The velocity of fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked v two toward right. The arrow depicting v two is longer than for v one showing v two to be greater in value than v one.\" width=\"450\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3358539\">Since liquids are essentially incompressible, the equation of continuity is valid for all liquids. However, gases are compressible, and so the equation must be applied with caution to gases if they are subjected to compression or expansion.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id3230619\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Calculating Fluid Speed: Speed Increases When a Tube Narrows<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2950524\">A nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm is attached to a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm. The flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L\/s. Calculate the speed of the water (a) in the hose and (b) in the nozzle.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3158568\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2668071\">We can use the relationship between flow rate and speed to find both velocities. We will use the subscript 1 for the hose and 2 for the nozzle.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3229579\"><strong>Solution for (a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1462186\">First, we solve <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#65;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2ae0996f672b3c41b449ed8af9d729b6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#118;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> and note that the cross-sectional area is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f18df9cb15867739694108f0028121f3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;&#61;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"62\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>, yielding<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1616200\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0263ea05a4175f5f036c9c06244ba40d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"29\" width=\"113\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2385058\">Substituting known values and making appropriate unit conversions yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1537613\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e273d69b92b4f2a90e3f7d5fe8671d8c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#76;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#47;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#76;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#57;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#61;&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"41\" width=\"296\" style=\"vertical-align: -14px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1386574\"><strong>Solution for (b)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2057762\">We could repeat this calculation to find the speed in the nozzle <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4a69d7e42b098c79fe9f303e749bfe96_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/>, but we will use the equation of continuity to give a somewhat different insight. Using the equation which states<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3082712\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bf540cfa1593846c3ffcaac879c9d697_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"103\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1119518\">solving for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4a69d7e42b098c79fe9f303e749bfe96_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> and substituting <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5780c8f52c2a0739a3ef9bd1e6da2c0a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"25\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> for the cross-sectional area yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id2590734\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-34ea9fd178786449a47d50d98db462e7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"31\" width=\"211\" style=\"vertical-align: -11px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1186311\">Substituting known values,<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3025743\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f00aecc046c958392d1727a1e1fdb642_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#53;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#32;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"34\" width=\"285\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3418172\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1909073\">A speed of 1.96 m\/s is about right for water emerging from a nozzleless hose. The nozzle produces a considerably faster stream merely by constricting the flow to a narrower tube.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The solution to the last part of the example shows that speed is inversely proportional to the <em data-effect=\"italics\">square<\/em> of the radius of the tube, making for large effects when radius varies. We can blow out a candle at quite a distance, for example, by pursing our lips, whereas blowing on a candle with our mouth wide open is quite ineffective.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3450198\">In many situations, including in the cardiovascular system, branching of the flow occurs. The blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that subdivide into smaller arteries (arterioles) which branch into very fine vessels called capillaries. In this situation, continuity of flow is maintained but it is the <em data-effect=\"italics\">sum<\/em> of the flow rates in each of the branches in any portion along the tube that is maintained. The equation of continuity in a more general form becomes<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3026881\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1bb45774b5dac763e6720fe0ea3236e9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"140\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2404447\">where <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5ec105631a98188a023966b8df420845_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b9d5dd6b91867bc7f95c1d0507ce3fc8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> are the number of branches in each of the sections along the tube.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id1895376\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Calculating Flow Speed and Vessel Diameter: Branching in the Cardiovascular System<\/div>\n<p>The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L\/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L\/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm\/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-754c5c872137120ae5581ece3ae37b1f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#56;&#46;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#109;&#117;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"53\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181202\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We can use <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#65;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> to calculate the speed of flow in the aorta and then use the general form of the equation of continuity to calculate the number of capillaries as all of the other variables are known.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3007976\"><strong>Solution for (a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1860922\">The flow rate is given by <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#65;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> or <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-78f3aa7c2b707c9932933ec80e7a07ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"25\" width=\"56\" style=\"vertical-align: -8px;\" \/> for a cylindrical vessel.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2612267\">Substituting the known values (converted to units of meters and seconds) gives<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3104729\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cceb1d8be326700f1b4e5d258be2dd9b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#53;&#46;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#76;&#47;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#76;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#49;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#47;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#49;&#48;&#32;&#109;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#61;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#46;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"36\" width=\"359\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p><strong>Solution for (b)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3229045\">Using <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-91bc9159a9402391f3d050d522a8204b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"134\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, assigning the subscript 1 to the aorta and 2 to the capillaries, and solving for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b9d5dd6b91867bc7f95c1d0507ce3fc8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> (the number of capillaries) gives <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-07700416d82533c2f1b273a1816708d1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"91\" style=\"vertical-align: -8px;\" \/>. Converting all quantities to units of meters and seconds and substituting into the equation above gives<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id3175565\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5964ddefb9765612b4a2e89e56f42897_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#49;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#55;&#32;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#52;&#46;&#48;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#46;&#51;&#51;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#61;&#53;&#46;&#48;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#57;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#97;&#112;&#105;&#108;&#108;&#97;&#114;&#105;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#46;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"41\" width=\"402\" style=\"vertical-align: -16px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3375035\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Note that the speed of flow in the capillaries is considerably reduced relative to the speed in the aorta due to the significant increase in the total cross-sectional area at the capillaries. This low speed is to allow sufficient time for effective exchange to occur although it is equally important for the flow not to become stationary in order to avoid the possibility of clotting. Does this large number of capillaries in the body seem reasonable? In active muscle, one finds about 200 capillaries per <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae60267d215d2ebd3fe2f2d58d84f64_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, or about <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e89cceee939ff142a3d8600e9c249ca2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"51\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> per 1 kg of muscle. For 20 kg of muscle, this amounts to about <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2a29911ded51e97e669f255281268862_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#52;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#57;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"34\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> capillaries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"eip-id2616738\">\n<li>Flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> is defined to be the volume <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> flowing past a point in time\n<p><em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em>, or <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b6ac7752361d16e9316b49baff3390ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#86;&#125;&#123;&#116;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"52\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/> where<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is volume and <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>The SI unit of volume is<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e3b87847f2822cabdde235117b9f5dc8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"22\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>.<\/li>\n<li>Another common unit is the liter (L), which is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf56c1b377cbe367bb9d6d86da6f099f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>.<\/li>\n<li>Flow rate and velocity are related by<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#65;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> where <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is the cross-sectional area of the flow and <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is its average velocity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>For incompressible fluids, flow rate at various points is constant. That is,\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1641c811085001ee174144488a6b50ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#98;&#101;&#103;&#105;&#110;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;&#123;&#99;&#125;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#92;&#32;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#92;&#32;&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#110;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#101;&#110;&#100;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"60\" width=\"148\" style=\"vertical-align: -26px;\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id1910291\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1549295\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3422246\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2346921\">What is the difference between flow rate and fluid velocity? How are they related?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1917833\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1402564\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3090033\">Many figures in the text show streamlines. Explain why fluid velocity is greatest where streamlines are closest together. (Hint: Consider the relationship between fluid velocity and the cross-sectional area through which it flows.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1434712\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2346921\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2499530\">Identify some substances that are incompressible and some that are not.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id1849834\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2115593\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1177794\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3163228\">What is the average flow rate in <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"46\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> of gasoline to the engine of a car traveling at 100 km\/h if it averages 10.0 km\/L?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id3130566\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3450007\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-42c1924db763d879a4c50ebaddc837cd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#46;&#55;&#56;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2382376\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1895566\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2445544\">The heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 L\/min. (a) Convert this to <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"46\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. (b) What is this rate in <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-52555c5b350e0314d9fff9ddec85f878_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"38\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2017637\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3184855\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1596400\">Blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5.0 L\/min into the aorta (of radius 1.0 cm). Determine the speed of blood through the aorta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2688942\">27 cm\/s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1931967\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1174033\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1824582\">Blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm\/s. Determine the flow rate and the volume that passes through the artery in a period of 30 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2438354\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2444640\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2017637\">The Huka Falls on the Waikato River is one of New Zealand\u2019s most visited natural tourist attractions (see <a href=\"#import-auto-id953259\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>). On average the river has a flow rate of about 300,000 L\/s. At the gorge, the river narrows to 20 m wide and averages 20 m deep. (a) What is the average speed of the river in the gorge? (b) What is the average speed of the water in the river downstream of the falls when it widens to 60 m and its depth increases to an average of 40 m?<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id953259\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The Huka Falls in Taupo, New Zealand, demonstrate flow rate. (credit: RaviGogna, Flickr)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id3353414\" data-alt=\"Water rushes over a fall.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_01_04a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"Water rushes over a fall.\" width=\"275\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2681296\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3042804\">(a) 0.75 m\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181183\">(b) 0.13 m\/s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1909395\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1562504\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3306781\">A major artery with a cross-sectional area of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fa3038e52eadbb4280361ccd3fff39ca_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"65\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> branches into 18 smaller arteries, each with an average cross-sectional area of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-006a4823359abd0c0a63b8a9225e5c10_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#52;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"74\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. By what factor is the average velocity of the blood reduced when it passes into these branches?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2677825\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3213491\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3006657\">(a) As blood passes through the capillary bed in an organ, the capillaries join to form venules (small veins). If the blood speed increases by a factor of 4.00 and the total cross-sectional area of the venules is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b51733bf8e034665a17a7e1ff8032cb6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"65\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>, what is the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries feeding these venules? (b) How many capillaries are involved if their average diameter is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e8c63c4cfc732a0122f984d027477d1e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#48;&#46;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#109;&#117;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2400374\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2962557\">(a) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7a916293763847ecf1582d7cadea8288_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#52;&#48;&#46;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2016935\">(b) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9938c91fdd8663519c30a0b8eacfdb5f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#57;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"56\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3137420\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2005958\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2595060\">The human circulation system has approximately <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c6bc7559ce35d31878c154bec125b276_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#57;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"33\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> capillary vessels. Each vessel has a diameter of about <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-791c22b6107431c2038fc58409b9a523_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#56;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#109;&#117;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"39\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. Assuming cardiac output is 5&nbsp;L\/min, determine the average velocity of blood flow through each capillary vessel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1580788\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2393682\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2016654\">(a) Estimate the time it would take to fill a private swimming pool with a capacity of 80,000 L using a garden hose delivering 60 L\/min. (b) How long would it take to fill if you could divert a moderate size river, flowing at <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9894d850d32d6de57807a690c006ae34_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#48;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"78\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, into it?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2928667\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3080881\">(a) 22 h<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2062601\">(b) 0.016 s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3149885\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3011861\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3114281\">The flow rate of blood through a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1ee952d3954e10c6ed85ec7344a2facb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#45;&#54;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#45;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"83\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> -radius capillary is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6e445a7a7c833e4e554318f06abc85e7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#56;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#57;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. (a) What is the speed of the blood flow? (This small speed allows time for diffusion of materials to and from the blood.) (b) Assuming all the blood in the body passes through capillaries, how many of them must there be to carry a total flow of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a1bef5697e91a21d807bbdd5b8c655df_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#57;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>? (The large number obtained is an overestimate, but it is still reasonable.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3048002\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2589946\">(a) What is the fluid speed in a fire hose with a 9.00-cm diameter carrying 80.0 L of water per second? (b) What is the flow rate in cubic meters per second? (c) Would your answers be different if salt water replaced the fresh water in the fire hose?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1618161\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1361504\">(a) 12.6 m\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2990529\">(b) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be9e361aae9210b6c3ce5cf96601fc5e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#48;&#46;&#48;&#56;&#48;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3116723\">(c) No, independent of density.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2673530\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2672070\">The main uptake air duct of a forced air gas heater is 0.300 m in diameter. What is the average speed of air in the duct if it carries a volume equal to that of the house\u2019s interior every 15 min? The inside volume of the house is equivalent to a rectangular solid 13.0 m wide by 20.0 m long by 2.75 m high.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3079662\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3230995\">Water is moving at a velocity of 2.00 m\/s through a hose with an internal diameter of 1.60 cm. (a) What is the flow rate in liters per second? (b) The fluid velocity in this hose\u2019s nozzle is 15.0 m\/s. What is the nozzle\u2019s inside diameter?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"eip-id3634982\">\n<p id=\"eip-id2569242\">(a) 0.402 L\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2309768\">(b) 0.584 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1365720\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3047261\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2442473\">Prove that the speed of an incompressible fluid through a constriction, such as in a Venturi tube, increases by a factor equal to the square of the factor by which the diameter decreases. (The converse applies for flow out of a constriction into a larger-diameter region.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2421219\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2429788\">Water emerges straight down from a faucet with a 1.80-cm diameter at a speed of 0.500 m\/s. (Because of the construction of the faucet, there is no variation in speed across the stream.) (a) What is the flow rate in <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"46\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>? (b) What is the diameter of the stream 0.200 m below the faucet? Neglect any effects due to surface tension.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"eip-id3242584\">\n<p id=\"eip-id3382045\">(a)<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-32d9eae0675825c0f1ea93421516885b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#50;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"76\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2821627\">(b)  0.890 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3088759\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1548219\">\n<p><strong>Unreasonable Results<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2447363\">A mountain stream is 10.0 m wide and averages 2.00 m in depth. During the spring runoff, the flow in the stream reaches <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5ef629e239bb13ea140f8a319e53f350_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#48;&#44;&#48;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"100\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. (a) What is the average velocity of the stream under these conditions? (b) What is unreasonable about this velocity? (c) What is unreasonable or inconsistent about the premises?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\" class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id1245730\">\n<dt>flow rate<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3191546\">abbreviated <em data-effect=\"italics\">Q<\/em>, it is the volume <em data-effect=\"italics\">V<\/em> that flows past a particular point during a time <em data-effect=\"italics\">t<\/em>, or <em data-effect=\"italics\">Q = V\/t<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id3378881\">\n<dt>liter<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1562453\">a unit of volume, equal to 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":211,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"all-rights-reserved"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-630","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-all-rights-reserved"],"part":623,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/630","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/211"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/630\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":631,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/630\/revisions\/631"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/623"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/630\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=630"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=630"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=630"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=630"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}