{"id":653,"date":"2017-10-27T16:30:29","date_gmt":"2017-10-27T16:30:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/chapter\/viscosity-and-laminar-flow-poiseuilles-law\/"},"modified":"2017-11-08T03:25:06","modified_gmt":"2017-11-08T03:25:06","slug":"viscosity-and-laminar-flow-poiseuilles-law","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/chapter\/viscosity-and-laminar-flow-poiseuilles-law\/","title":{"raw":"Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille\u2019s Law","rendered":"Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille\u2019s Law"},"content":{"raw":"\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define laminar flow and turbulent flow.<\/li>\n<li>Explain what viscosity is.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate flow and resistance with Poiseuille\u2019s law.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how pressure drops due to resistance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id3125212\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Laminar Flow and Viscosity<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3154476\">When you pour yourself a glass of juice, the liquid flows freely and quickly. But when you pour syrup on your pancakes, that liquid flows slowly and sticks to the pitcher. The difference is fluid friction, both within the fluid itself and between the fluid and its surroundings. We call this property of fluids <em data-effect=\"italics\">viscosity<\/em>. Juice has low viscosity, whereas syrup has high viscosity. In the previous sections we have considered ideal fluids with little or no viscosity. In this section, we will investigate what factors, including viscosity, affect the rate of fluid flow.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2615833\">The precise definition of viscosity is based on <em data-effect=\"italics\">laminar<\/em>, or nonturbulent, flow. Before we can define viscosity, then, we need to define laminar flow and turbulent flow. <a href=\"#import-auto-id3356410\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows both types of flow. <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id1473823\">Laminar<\/span> flow is characterized by the smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix. Turbulent flow, or <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2688377\">turbulence<\/span>, is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id3356410\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Smoke rises smoothly for a while and then begins to form swirls and eddies. The smooth flow is called laminar flow, whereas the swirls and eddies typify turbulent flow. If you watch the smoke (being careful not to breathe on it), you will notice that it rises more rapidly when flowing smoothly than after it becomes turbulent, implying that turbulence poses more resistance to flow. (credit: Creativity103)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2672640\" data-alt=\"Photograph of smoke rising smoothly for a while and then beginning to form swirls and eddies.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_01a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"Photograph of smoke rising smoothly for a while and then beginning to form swirls and eddies.\" width=\"200\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2717271\"><a href=\"#fs-id3007528\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows schematically how laminar and turbulent flow differ. Layers flow without mixing when flow is laminar. When there is turbulence, the layers mix, and there are significant velocities in directions other than the overall direction of flow. The lines that are shown in many illustrations are the paths followed by small volumes of fluids. These are called <em data-effect=\"italics\">streamlines<\/em>. Streamlines are smooth and continuous when flow is laminar, but break up and mix when flow is turbulent. Turbulence has two main causes. First, any obstruction or sharp corner, such as in a faucet, creates turbulence by imparting velocities perpendicular to the flow. Second, high speeds cause turbulence. The drag both between adjacent layers of fluid and between the fluid and its surroundings forms swirls and eddies, if the speed is great enough. We shall concentrate on laminar flow for the remainder of this section, leaving certain aspects of turbulence for later sections.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"fs-id3007528\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">(a) Laminar flow occurs in layers without mixing. Notice that viscosity causes drag between layers as well as with the fixed surface. (b) An obstruction in the vessel produces turbulence. Turbulent flow mixes the fluid. There is more interaction, greater heating, and more resistance than in laminar flow.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"fs-id1951496\" data-alt=\"Part a of the figure shows a laminar flow on a fixed smooth surface. The different layers of the liquid are shown as different colored bands along the horizontal surface. The friction is shown to act all along the line separating two layers. The direction of flow of the fluid is toward right and the velocity is shown as v b for layers at the bottom and v t for layers on top. Part b of the figure shows turbulent flow on a surface with some obstruction. The fluid directions are horizontal on smooth path and irregular near the area of the obstruction. The velocity is v on top as well as at the bottom of the fluid.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_02a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Part a of the figure shows a laminar flow on a fixed smooth surface. The different layers of the liquid are shown as different colored bands along the horizontal surface. The friction is shown to act all along the line separating two layers. The direction of flow of the fluid is toward right and the velocity is shown as v b for layers at the bottom and v t for layers on top. Part b of the figure shows turbulent flow on a surface with some obstruction. The fluid directions are horizontal on smooth path and irregular near the area of the obstruction. The velocity is v on top as well as at the bottom of the fluid.\" width=\"400\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" class=\"note\" data-has-label=\"true\" id=\"fs-id1921189\" data-label=\"\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment: Go Down to the River<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2648120\">Try dropping simultaneously two sticks into a flowing river, one near the edge of the river and one near the middle. Which one travels faster? Why?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2422429\"><a href=\"#import-auto-id1580837\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows how viscosity is measured for a fluid. Two parallel plates have the specific fluid between them. The bottom plate is held fixed, while the top plate is moved to the right, dragging fluid with it. The layer (or lamina) of fluid in contact with either plate does not move relative to the plate, and so the top layer moves at <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]v[\/latex]<\/em> while the bottom layer remains at rest. Each successive layer from the top down exerts a force on the one below it, trying to drag it along, producing a continuous variation in speed from <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]v[\/latex]<\/em> to 0 as shown. Care is taken to insure that the flow is laminar; that is, the layers do not mix. The motion in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1580837\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> is like a continuous shearing motion. Fluids have zero shear strength, but the <em data-effect=\"italics\">rate<\/em> at which they are sheared is related to the same geometrical factors <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]A[\/latex]<\/em> and <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]L[\/latex]<\/em> as is shear deformation for solids.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1580837\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The graphic shows laminar flow of fluid between two plates of area [latex]A[\/latex]. The bottom plate is fixed. When the top plate is pushed to the right, it drags the fluid along with it.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id3112924\" data-alt=\"The figure shows the laminar flow of fluid between two rectangular plates each of area A. The bottom plate is shown as fixed. The distance between the plates is L. The top plate is shown to be pushed to right with a force F. The direction of movement of the layer of fluid in contact with the top plate is also toward right with velocity v. The fluid in contact with the plate in the bottom is shown to be in rest with v equals zero. As we see through the layers above the one on the bottom plate, each show a small displacement toward right in increasing order of value with the topmost layer showing the maximum.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_03a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows the laminar flow of fluid between two rectangular plates each of area A. The bottom plate is shown as fixed. The distance between the plates is L. The top plate is shown to be pushed to right with a force F. The direction of movement of the layer of fluid in contact with the top plate is also toward right with velocity v. The fluid in contact with the plate in the bottom is shown to be in rest with v equals zero. As we see through the layers above the one on the bottom plate, each show a small displacement toward right in increasing order of value with the topmost layer showing the maximum.\" width=\"300\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3094752\">A force <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]F[\/latex]<\/em> is required to keep the top plate in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1580837\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> moving at a constant velocity <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]v[\/latex]<\/em>, and experiments have shown that this force depends on four factors. First, <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]F[\/latex]<\/em> is directly proportional to <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]v[\/latex]<\/em> (until the speed is so high that turbulence occurs\u2014then a much larger force is needed, and it has a more complicated dependence on <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]v[\/latex]<\/em>). Second, <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]F[\/latex]<\/em> is proportional to the area <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]A[\/latex]<\/em> of the plate. This relationship seems reasonable, since <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]A[\/latex]<\/em> is directly proportional to the amount of fluid being moved. Third, <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]F[\/latex]<\/em> is inversely proportional to the distance between the plates <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]L[\/latex]<\/em>. This relationship is also reasonable; <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]L[\/latex]<\/em> is like a lever arm, and the greater the lever arm, the less force that is needed. Fourth, <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]F[\/latex]<\/em> is directly proportional to <em data-effect=\"italics\">the <em data-effect=\"italics\">coefficient of viscosity<\/em>, <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]\\eta [\/latex]<\/em>. The greater the viscosity, the greater the force required. These dependencies are combined into the equation<\/em><\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id2408773\">[latex]F=\\eta \\frac{\\text{vA}}{L}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3013962\">which gives us a working definition of fluid <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id3157304\">viscosity<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]\\eta [\/latex]<\/em>.<strong data-effect=\"bold\"> Solving for <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]\\eta [\/latex]<\/em> gives<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id2598252\">[latex]\\eta =\\frac{\\text{FL}}{\\text{vA}}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1615409\">which defines viscosity in terms of how it is measured. The SI unit of viscosity is [latex]\\text{N}\\cdot \\text{m\/}\\left[\\left(\\text{m\/s}\\right){\\text{m}}^{2}\\right]=\\left({\\text{N\/m}}^{2}\\right)\\text{s or Pa}\\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex]. <a href=\"#import-auto-id3073392\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> lists the coefficients of viscosity for various fluids.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1198223\">Viscosity varies from one fluid to another by several orders of magnitude. As you might expect, the viscosities of gases are much less than those of liquids, and these viscosities are often temperature dependent. The viscosity of blood can be reduced by aspirin consumption, allowing it to flow more easily around the body. (When used over the long term in low doses, aspirin can help prevent heart attacks, and reduce the risk of blood clotting.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2670160\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Laminar Flow Confined to Tubes\u2014Poiseuille\u2019s Law<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1816428\">What causes flow? The answer, not surprisingly, is pressure difference. In fact, there is a very simple relationship between horizontal flow and pressure. Flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/em> is in the direction from high to low pressure. The greater the pressure differential between two points, the greater the flow rate. This relationship can be stated as<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id1514558\">[latex]Q=\\frac{{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}}{R}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1518906\">where [latex]{P}_{1}[\/latex] and [latex]{P}_{2}[\/latex] are the pressures at two points, such as at either end of a tube, and <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em> is the resistance to flow. The resistance <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em> includes everything, except pressure, that affects flow rate. For example, <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em> is greater for a long tube than for a short one. The greater the viscosity of a fluid, the greater the value of <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em>. Turbulence greatly increases <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em>, whereas increasing the diameter of a tube decreases <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3158695\">If viscosity is zero, the fluid is frictionless and the resistance to flow is also zero. Comparing frictionless flow in a tube to viscous flow, as in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2578515\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>, we see that for a viscous fluid, speed is greatest at midstream because of drag at the boundaries. We can see the effect of viscosity in a Bunsen burner flame, even though the viscosity of natural gas is small.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1276292\">The resistance <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em> to laminar flow of an incompressible fluid having viscosity <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]\\eta [\/latex]<\/em> through a horizontal tube of uniform radius <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]r[\/latex]<\/em> and length <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]l[\/latex]<\/em>, such as the one in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1462104\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>, is given by<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id3068689\">[latex]R=\\frac{8\\eta l}{\\pi {r}^{4}}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2660240\">This equation is called <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2057762\">Poiseuille\u2019s law for resistance<\/span> after the French scientist J. L. Poiseuille (1799\u20131869), who derived it in an attempt to understand the flow of blood, an often turbulent fluid.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2578515\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">(a) If fluid flow in a tube has negligible resistance, the speed is the same all across the tube. (b) When a viscous fluid flows through a tube, its speed at the walls is zero, increasing steadily to its maximum at the center of the tube. (c) The shape of the Bunsen burner flame is due to the velocity profile across the tube. (credit: Jason Woodhead)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1022905\" data-alt=\"Part a of the diagram shows a fluid flow across a rectangular non viscous medium. The speed of the fluid is shown to be same across the tube represented as same length of vertical rising arrows. Part b of the diagram shows a fluid flow across a rectangular viscous medium. The speed of the fluid speed at the walls is zero, increasing steadily to its maximum at the center of the tube represented as wave like variation for length of vertical rising arrows. Part c of the figure shows a burning Bunsen burner.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_04a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Part a of the diagram shows a fluid flow across a rectangular non viscous medium. The speed of the fluid is shown to be same across the tube represented as same length of vertical rising arrows. Part b of the diagram shows a fluid flow across a rectangular viscous medium. The speed of the fluid speed at the walls is zero, increasing steadily to its maximum at the center of the tube represented as wave like variation for length of vertical rising arrows. Part c of the figure shows a burning Bunsen burner.\" width=\"400\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3026892\">Let us examine Poiseuille\u2019s expression for <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em> to see if it makes good intuitive sense. We see that resistance is directly proportional to both fluid viscosity <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]\\eta [\/latex]<\/em> and the length <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]l[\/latex]<\/em> of a tube. After all, both of these directly affect the amount of friction encountered\u2014the greater either is, the greater the resistance and the smaller the flow. The radius <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]r[\/latex]<\/em> of a tube affects the resistance, which again makes sense, because the greater the radius, the greater the flow (all other factors remaining the same). But it is surprising that <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]r[\/latex]<\/em> is raised to the <em data-effect=\"italics\">fourth<\/em> power in Poiseuille\u2019s law. This exponent means that any change in the radius of a tube has a very large effect on resistance. For example, doubling the radius of a tube decreases resistance by a factor of [latex]{2}^{4}=\\text{16}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p>Taken together, [latex]Q=\\frac{{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}}{R}[\/latex] and [latex]R=\\frac{8\\eta l}{\\pi {r}^{4}}[\/latex] give the following expression for flow rate:\n    <\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id3012113\">[latex]Q=\\frac{\\left({P}_{2}-{P}_{1}\\right){\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{4}}{8\\eta l}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2062110\">This equation describes laminar flow through a tube. It is sometimes called Poiseuille\u2019s law for laminar flow, or simply <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id1816387\">Poiseuille\u2019s law<\/span>.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id2993051\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Using Flow Rate: Plaque Deposits Reduce Blood Flow <\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3255940\">Suppose the flow rate of blood in a coronary artery has been reduced to half its normal value by plaque deposits. By what factor has the radius of the artery been reduced, assuming no turbulence occurs?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2444990\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id956232\">Assuming laminar flow, Poiseuille\u2019s law states that<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1448448\">[latex]Q=\\frac{\\left({P}_{2}-{P}_{1}\\right){\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{4}}{8\\eta l}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2979833\">We need to compare the artery radius before and after the flow rate reduction.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id3013096\">With a constant pressure difference assumed and the same length and viscosity, along the artery we have<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id3036414\">[latex]\\frac{{Q}_{1}}{{r}_{1}^{4}}=\\frac{{Q}_{2}}{{r}_{2}^{4}}\\text{.}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2420541\">So, given that [latex]{Q}_{2}=0\\text{.}\\text{5}{Q}_{1}[\/latex], we find that [latex]{r}_{2}^{4}=0\\text{.}{5r}_{1}^{4}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2678330\">Therefore, [latex]{r}_{2}={\\left(0\\text{.}5\\right)}^{0\\text{.}\\text{25}}{r}_{1}=0\\text{.}\\text{841}{r}_{1}[\/latex], a decrease in the artery radius of 16%.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1381143\">This decrease in radius is surprisingly small for this situation. To restore the blood flow in spite of this buildup would require an increase in the pressure difference [latex]\\left({P}_{2}-{P}_{1}\\right)[\/latex] of a factor of two, with subsequent strain on the heart.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id3073392\" summary=\"Coefficients of Viscosity of Various Fluids\">\n<caption><span data-type=\"title\">Coefficients of Viscosity of Various Fluids<\/span><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Fluid<\/th>\n<th>Temperature (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th>Viscosity<br>\n[latex]\\eta \\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{(mPa\u00b7s)}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Gases<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\">Air<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0.0171<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0181<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>0.0190<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>0.0218<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ammonia<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.00974<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Carbon dioxide<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0147<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Helium<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0196<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hydrogen<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0.0090<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mercury<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0450<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oxygen<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0203<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Steam<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>0.0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Liquids<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\">Water<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1.792<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1.002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>0.6947<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>0.653<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>0.282<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Whole blood<a data-type=\"footnote-number\" href=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>3.015 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>2.084<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Blood plasma<a data-type=\"footnote-number\" href=\"#footnote2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1.810 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>1.257<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ethyl alcohol<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1.20 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Methanol<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.584<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil (heavy machine)<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>660<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil (motor, SAE 10)<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil (olive)<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>138<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Glycerin<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Honey<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>2000\u201310000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Maple Syrup<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>2000\u20133000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Milk<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil (Corn)<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2429055\">The circulatory system provides many examples of Poiseuille\u2019s law in action\u2014with blood flow regulated by changes in vessel size and blood pressure. Blood vessels are not rigid but elastic. Adjustments to blood flow are primarily made by varying the size of the vessels, since the resistance is so sensitive to the radius. During vigorous exercise, blood vessels are selectively dilated to important muscles and organs and blood pressure increases. This creates both greater overall blood flow and increased flow to specific areas. Conversely, decreases in vessel radii, perhaps from plaques in the arteries, can greatly reduce blood flow. If a vessel\u2019s radius is reduced by only 5% (to 0.95 of its original value), the flow rate is reduced to about [latex]\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{95}{\\right)}^{4}=0\\text{.}\\text{81}[\/latex] of its original value. A 19% decrease in flow is caused by a 5% decrease in radius. The body may compensate by increasing blood pressure by 19%, but this presents hazards to the heart and any vessel that has weakened walls. Another example comes from automobile engine oil. If you have a car with an oil pressure gauge, you may notice that oil pressure is high when the engine is cold. Motor oil has greater viscosity when cold than when warm, and so pressure must be greater to pump the same amount of cold oil.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1462104\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Poiseuille\u2019s law applies to laminar flow of an incompressible fluid of viscosity [latex]\\eta [\/latex] through a tube of length [latex]l[\/latex] and radius [latex]r[\/latex]. The direction of flow is from greater to lower pressure. Flow rate [latex]Q[\/latex] is directly proportional to the pressure difference [latex]{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}[\/latex], and inversely proportional to the length [latex]l[\/latex] of the tube and viscosity [latex]\\eta [\/latex] of the fluid. Flow rate increases with [latex]{r}^{4}[\/latex], the fourth power of the radius.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2448419\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a section of a cylindrical tube of length l. The two end cross section are shown to have pressure P two and P one respectively. The radius of the cylindrical tube is given by r. The direction of flow is shown by horizontal arrows toward right end of the tube. The flow rate is marked as Q.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_05a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a section of a cylindrical tube of length l. The two end cross section are shown to have pressure P two and P one respectively. The radius of the cylindrical tube is given by r. The direction of flow is shown by horizontal arrows toward right end of the tube. The flow rate is marked as Q.\" width=\"313\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id1969731\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">What Pressure Produces This Flow Rate? <\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1609210\">An intravenous (IV) system is supplying saline solution to a patient at the rate of [latex]0\\text{.}\\text{120}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex] through a needle of radius 0.150 mm and length 2.50 cm. What pressure is needed at the entrance of the needle to cause this flow, assuming the viscosity of the saline solution to be the same as that of water? The gauge pressure of the blood in the patient\u2019s vein is 8.00 mm Hg.  (Assume that the temperature is<br>\n[latex]\\text{20\u00baC}[\/latex]<br>\n.)<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1546475\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2654260\">Assuming laminar flow, Poiseuille\u2019s law applies. This is given by<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id2953372\">[latex]Q=\\frac{\\left({P}_{2}-{P}_{1}\\right)\\pi {r}^{4}}{8\\eta l}\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3180466\">where [latex]{P}_{2}[\/latex] is the pressure at the entrance of the needle and [latex]{P}_{1}[\/latex] is the pressure in the vein. The only unknown is [latex]{P}_{2}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2514434\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Solving for [latex]{P}_{2}[\/latex] yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id2401979\">[latex]{P}_{2}=\\frac{8\\eta l}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{4}}Q+{P}_{1\\text{.}}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1187842\">[latex]{P}_{1}[\/latex] is given as 8.00 mm Hg, which converts to [latex]1\\text{.}\\text{066}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}[\/latex]. Substituting this and the other known values yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id1133273\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lll}{P}_{2}&amp; =&amp; \\left[\\frac{8\\left(1\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{N}\\cdot {\\text{s\/m}}^{2}\\right)\\left(2\\text{.}\\text{50}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-2}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}\\right)}{\\pi \\left(0\\text{.}\\text{150}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}{\\right)}^{4}}\\right]\\left(1\\text{.}\\text{20}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\\right)+1\\text{.}\\text{066}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}\\\\ &amp; =&amp; 1\\text{.}\\text{62}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{4}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}\\text{.}\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1575305\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This pressure could be supplied by an IV bottle with the surface of the saline solution 1.61 m above the entrance to the needle (this is left for you to solve in this chapter\u2019s Problems and Exercises), assuming that there is negligible pressure drop in the tubing leading to the needle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2684549\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Flow and Resistance as Causes of Pressure Drops<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2671388\">You may have noticed that water pressure in your home might be lower than normal on hot summer days when there is more use. This pressure drop occurs in the water main before it reaches your home. Let us consider flow through the water main as illustrated in <a href=\"#import-auto-id3191604\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. We can understand why the pressure [latex]{P}_{1}[\/latex] to the home drops during times of heavy use by rearranging<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id3230032\">[latex]Q=\\frac{{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}}{R}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>to<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}=RQ\\text{,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1920546\">where, in this case, [latex]{P}_{2}[\/latex] is the pressure at the water works and <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em> is the resistance of the water main. During times of heavy use, the flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/em> is large. This means that [latex]{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}[\/latex] must also be large. Thus [latex]{P}_{1}[\/latex] must decrease. It is correct to think of flow and resistance as causing the pressure to drop from [latex]{P}_{2}[\/latex] to [latex]{P}_{1}[\/latex]. [latex]{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}=RQ[\/latex] is valid for both laminar and turbulent flows.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id3191604\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">During times of heavy use, there is a significant pressure drop in a water main, and [latex]{P}_{\\text{1}}[\/latex] supplied to users is significantly less than<br>\n[latex]{P}_{\\text{2}}[\/latex] created at the water works. If the flow is very small, then the pressure drop is negligible, and [latex]{P}_{2}\\approx {P}_{1}[\/latex].<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2654260\" data-alt=\"Figure shows the water distribution system from a water works to homes around that area. The pressure at the pipeline near the water works is shown to have a pressure P two and the pressure at the dividing point were the pipe line splits to corresponding houses the pressure is shown as P one.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_06a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Figure shows the water distribution system from a water works to homes around that area. The pressure at the pipeline near the water works is shown to have a pressure P two and the pressure at the dividing point were the pipe line splits to corresponding houses the pressure is shown as P one.\" width=\"300\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3008789\">We can use [latex]{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}=RQ[\/latex] to analyze pressure drops occurring in more complex systems in which the tube radius is not the same everywhere. Resistance will be much greater in narrow places, such as an obstructed coronary artery. For a given flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/em>, the pressure drop will be greatest where the tube is most narrow. This is how water faucets control flow. Additionally, <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em> is greatly increased by turbulence, and a constriction that creates turbulence greatly reduces the pressure downstream. Plaque in an artery reduces pressure and hence flow, both by its resistance and by the turbulence it creates.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1609528\"><a href=\"#fs-id2660781\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> is a schematic of the human circulatory system, showing average blood pressures in its major parts for an adult at rest. Pressure created by the heart\u2019s two pumps, the right and left ventricles, is reduced by the resistance of the blood vessels as the blood flows through them. The left ventricle increases arterial blood pressure that drives the flow of blood through all parts of the body except the lungs. The right ventricle receives the lower pressure blood from two major veins and pumps it through the lungs for gas exchange with atmospheric gases \u2013 the disposal of carbon dioxide from the blood and the replenishment of oxygen. Only one major organ is shown schematically, with typical branching of arteries to ever smaller vessels, the smallest of which are the capillaries, and rejoining of small veins into larger ones. Similar branching takes place in a variety of organs in the body, and the circulatory system has considerable flexibility in flow regulation to these organs by the dilation and constriction of the arteries leading to them and the capillaries within them. The sensitivity of flow to tube radius makes this flexibility possible over a large range of flow rates.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"fs-id2660781\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Schematic of the circulatory system. Pressure difference is created by the two pumps in the heart and is reduced by resistance in the vessels. Branching of vessels into capillaries allows blood to reach individual cells and exchange substances, such as oxygen and waste products, with them. The system has an impressive ability to regulate flow to individual organs, accomplished largely by varying vessel diameters.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"fs-id2970414\" data-alt=\"Figure is a schematic diagram of the circulatory system. The lungs, heart, arteries and vein systems are shown. The blood is shown to flow from the left atrium through the arteries, then through the veins and back to the right atrium. The flow is also shown from right atrium to the lungs and from lungs back to left atrium. All parts of the system are labeled. Pressure various points of the system all along the movement of blood across various parts are also marked.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_07a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Figure is a schematic diagram of the circulatory system. The lungs, heart, arteries and vein systems are shown. The blood is shown to flow from the left atrium through the arteries, then through the veins and back to the right atrium. The flow is also shown from right atrium to the lungs and from lungs back to left atrium. All parts of the system are labeled. Pressure various points of the system all along the movement of blood across various parts are also marked.\" width=\"350\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Each branching of larger vessels into smaller vessels increases the total cross-sectional area of the tubes through which the blood flows. For example, an artery with a cross section of [latex]1\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex] may branch into 20 smaller arteries, each with cross sections of <\/p>\n<p>[latex]0.5\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex], with a total of <\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\text{10}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex]. In that manner, the resistance of the branchings is reduced so that pressure is not entirely lost. Moreover, because <\/p>\n<p>[latex]Q=A\\overline{v}[\/latex] and [latex]A[\/latex] increases through branching, the average velocity of the blood in the smaller vessels is reduced. The blood velocity in the aorta ([latex]\\text{diameter}=1\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{cm}[\/latex]) is about 25 cm\/s, while in the capillaries ([latex]\\text{20}\\mu \\text{m}[\/latex] in diameter) the velocity is about 1 mm\/s. This reduced velocity allows the blood to exchange substances with the cells in the capillaries and alveoli in particular.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id1336364\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1395110\">\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1997134\">Laminar flow is characterized by smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1995521\">Turbulence is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1538950\">Fluid viscosity <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]\\eta [\/latex]<\/em> is due to friction within a fluid. Representative values are given in <a href=\"#import-auto-id3073392\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. Viscosity has units of [latex]\\left({\\text{N\/m}}^{2}\\right)\\text{s}[\/latex] or [latex]\\text{Pa}\\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id2653755\">Flow is proportional to pressure difference and inversely proportional to resistance:\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]Q=\\frac{{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}}{R}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1936008\">For laminar flow in a tube, Poiseuille\u2019s law for resistance states that\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]R=\\frac{8\\eta l}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{4}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id2446122\">Poiseuille\u2019s law for flow in a tube is\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]Q=\\frac{\\left({P}_{2}-{P}_{1}\\right)\\pi {r}^{4}}{8\\eta l}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id3034519\">The pressure drop caused by flow and resistance is given by\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]{P}_{2}-{P}_{1}=RQ.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2654211\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2016654\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3175118\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1828674\">Explain why the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature\u2014that is, how might increased temperature reduce the effects of cohesive forces in a liquid? Also explain why the viscosity of a gas increases with temperature\u2014that is, how does increased gas temperature create more collisions between atoms and molecules?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3018299\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1486833\">When paddling a canoe upstream, it is wisest to travel as near to the shore as possible. When canoeing downstream, it may be best to stay near the middle. Explain why.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2442163\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3053479\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1578426\">Why does flow decrease in your shower when someone flushes the toilet?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1528282\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2929368\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3399792\">Plumbing usually includes air-filled tubes near water faucets, as shown in <a href=\"#import-auto-id3154513\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. Explain why they are needed and how they work.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id3154513\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The vertical tube near the water tap remains full of air and serves a useful purpose.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2382749\" data-alt=\"The picture shows water gushing out of a water tap. The faucet in the tap is marked. A pipe connected vertically filled with air is shown at an opening on the water pipe before the tap.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_08a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The picture shows water gushing out of a water tap. The faucet in the tap is marked. A pipe connected vertically filled with air is shown at an opening on the water pipe before the tap.\" width=\"300\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2679283\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1011276\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1562414\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1933599\">(a) Calculate the retarding force due to the viscosity of the air layer between a cart and a level air track given the following information\u2014air temperature is [latex]\\text{20\u00ba C}[\/latex], the cart is moving at 0.400 m\/s, its surface area is [latex]2\\text{.}\\text{50}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-2}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{2}[\/latex], and the thickness of the air layer is [latex]6.00\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}[\/latex]. (b) What is the ratio of this force to the weight of the 0.300-kg cart?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2429079\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3035480\">(a) [latex]3\\text{.}\\text{02}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{N}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2930356\">(b) [latex]1\\text{.}\\text{03}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1845376\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2659095\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3119337\">What force is needed to pull one microscope slide over another at a speed of 1.00 cm\/s, if there is a 0.500-mm-thick layer of [latex]\\text{20\u00ba C}[\/latex] water between them and the contact area is [latex]8.00\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex]?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1585889\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1870502\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3138195\">A glucose solution being administered with an IV has a flow rate of [latex]4\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/min}[\/latex]. What will the new flow rate be if the glucose is replaced by whole blood having the same density but a viscosity 2.50 times that of the glucose? All other factors remain constant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1579503\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3356330\">[latex]1\\text{.}{\\text{60 cm}}^{3}\\text{\/min}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1562200\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2052284\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3255137\">The pressure drop along a length of artery is 100 Pa, the radius is 10 mm, and the flow is laminar. The average speed of the blood is 15 mm\/s. (a) What is the net force on the blood in this section of artery? (b) What is the power expended maintaining the flow?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2392198\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1932684\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1867019\">A small artery has a length of [latex]1\\text{.}1\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}[\/latex] and a radius of [latex]2.5\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}[\/latex]. If the pressure drop across the artery is 1.3&nbsp;kPa, what is the flow rate through the artery? (Assume that the temperature is [latex]\\text{37\u00ba C}[\/latex].)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1427401\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2962651\">[latex]8.7\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-\\text{11}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2423387\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2139880\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2410017\">Fluid originally flows through a tube at a rate of [latex]\\text{100}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]. To illustrate the sensitivity of flow rate to various factors, calculate the new flow rate for the following changes with all other factors remaining the same as in the original conditions. (a) Pressure difference increases by a factor of 1.50. (b) A new fluid with 3.00 times greater viscosity is substituted. (c) The tube is replaced by one having 4.00 times the length. (d) Another tube is used with a radius 0.100 times the original. (e) Yet another tube is substituted with a radius 0.100 times the original and half the length, <em data-effect=\"italics\">and<\/em> the pressure difference is increased by a factor of 1.50.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3385463\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1922772\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3138501\">The arterioles (small arteries) leading to an organ, constrict in order to decrease flow to the organ. To shut down an organ, blood flow is reduced naturally to 1.00% of its original value. By what factor did the radii of the arterioles constrict? Penguins do this when they stand on ice to reduce the blood flow to their feet.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2670602\">\n<p>0.316<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3125888\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1945563\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1859605\">Angioplasty is a technique in which arteries partially blocked with plaque are dilated to increase blood flow. By what factor must the radius of an artery be increased in order to increase blood flow by a factor of 10?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2639230\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2917418\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3085591\">(a) Suppose a blood vessel\u2019s radius is decreased to 90.0% of its original value by plaque deposits and the body compensates by increasing the pressure difference along the vessel to keep the flow rate constant. By what factor must the pressure difference increase? (b) If turbulence is created by the obstruction, what additional effect would it have on the flow rate?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id957033\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2666551\">(a) 1.52<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id1588848\">(b) Turbulence will decrease the flow rate of the blood, which would require an even larger increase in the pressure difference, leading to higher blood pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3173408\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3110878\">A spherical particle falling at a terminal speed in a liquid must have the gravitational force balanced by the drag force and the buoyant force. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, while the drag force is assumed to be given by Stokes Law, [latex]{F}_{s}=\\text{6}\\pi r\\eta v[\/latex]. Show that the terminal speed is given by<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-id3232061\">[latex]v=\\frac{{2R}^{2}g}{9\\eta }\\left({\\rho }_{\\text{s}}-{\\rho }_{1}\\right),[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"eip-id1621956\">where <em data-effect=\"italics\">[latex]R[\/latex]<\/em> is the radius of the sphere, [latex]{\\rho }_{\\text{s}}[\/latex] is its density, and [latex]{\\rho }_{1}[\/latex] is the density of the fluid and [latex]\\eta [\/latex] the coefficient of viscosity.\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1427261\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3052728\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3246906\">Using the equation of the previous problem, find the viscosity of motor oil in which a steel ball of radius 0.8 mm falls with a terminal speed of 4.32 cm\/s. The densities of the ball and the oil are 7.86 and 0.88 g\/mL, respectively.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1999971\">\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-779\">[latex]\\text{225}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{mPa}\\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3054572\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3244737\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1899852\">A skydiver will reach a terminal velocity when the air drag equals their weight. For a skydiver with high speed and a large body, turbulence is a factor. The drag force then is approximately proportional to the square of the velocity. Taking the drag force to be [latex]{F}_{\\text{D}}=\\frac{1}{2}\\rho {\\mathrm{Av}}^{\\text{2}}[\/latex] and setting this equal to the person\u2019s weight, find the terminal speed for a person falling \u201cspread eagle.\u201d Find both a formula and a number for [latex]{v}_{\\text{t}}[\/latex], with assumptions as to size.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3034936\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2406920\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3356820\">A layer of oil 1.50 mm thick is placed between two microscope slides. Researchers find that a force of [latex]5\\text{.}\\text{50}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-4}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{N}[\/latex] is required to glide one over the other at a speed of 1.00 cm\/s when their contact area is [latex]6\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}[\/latex]. What is the oil\u2019s viscosity? What type of oil might it be?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2206610\">\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\">[latex]0\\text{.}\\text{138 Pa}\\cdot \\text{s,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3159329\">or<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3101965\">Olive oil.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3025375\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3211252\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3154707\">(a) Verify that a 19.0% decrease in laminar flow through a tube is caused by a 5.00% decrease in radius, assuming that all other factors remain constant, as stated in the text. (b) What increase in flow is obtained from a 5.00% increase in radius, again assuming all other factors remain constant?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2683828\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3225864\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2409861\"><a href=\"#fs-id1969731\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> dealt with the flow of saline solution in an IV system. (a) Verify that a pressure of [latex]1\\text{.}\\text{62}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{4}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}[\/latex] is created at a depth of 1.61 m in a saline solution, assuming its density to be that of sea water. (b) Calculate the new flow rate if the height of the saline solution is decreased to 1.50 m. (c) At what height would the direction of flow be reversed? (This reversal can be a problem when patients stand up.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1574881\">\n<p>(a) [latex]1\\text{.}\\text{62}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{\\text{4}}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1846207\">(b) [latex]0\\text{.}{\\text{111 cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2640522\">(c)10.6 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2442683\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2452711\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1577562\">When physicians diagnose arterial blockages, they quote the reduction in flow rate. If the flow rate in an artery has been reduced to 10.0% of its normal value by a blood clot and the average pressure difference has increased by 20.0%, by what factor has the clot reduced the radius of the artery?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id742312\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3418450\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1999971\">During a marathon race, a runner\u2019s blood flow increases to 10.0 times her resting rate. Her blood\u2019s viscosity has dropped to 95.0% of its normal value, and the blood pressure difference across the circulatory system has increased by 50.0%. By what factor has the average radii of her blood vessels increased?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id3008926\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1575376\">1.59<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3358894\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2402436\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2991396\">Water supplied to a house by a water main has a pressure of [latex]3\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}[\/latex] early on a summer day when neighborhood use is low. This pressure produces a flow of 20.0 L\/min through a garden hose. Later in the day, pressure at the exit of the water main and entrance to the house drops, and a flow of only 8.00 L\/min is obtained through the same hose. (a) What pressure is now being supplied to the house, assuming resistance is constant? (b) By what factor did the flow rate in the water main increase in order to cause this decrease in delivered pressure? The pressure at the entrance of the water main is [latex]5\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}[\/latex], and the original flow rate was 200 L\/min. (c) How many more users are there, assuming each would consume 20.0 L\/min in the morning?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2400972\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1374043\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3092985\">An oil gusher shoots crude oil 25.0 m into the air through a pipe with a 0.100-m diameter. Neglecting air resistance but not the resistance of the pipe, and assuming laminar flow, calculate the gauge pressure at the entrance of the 50.0-m-long vertical pipe. Take the density of the oil to be [latex]\\text{900}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{kg\/m}}^{3}[\/latex] and its viscosity to be [latex]1\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\left({\\text{N\/m}}^{2}\\right)\\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex] (or  [latex]1.00\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{Pa}\\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex]). Note that you must take into account the pressure due to the 50.0-m column of oil in the pipe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1412798\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2626182\">[latex]2\\text{.}\\text{95}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}[\/latex](gauge pressure)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1373292\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1974468\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2990771\">Concrete is pumped from a cement mixer to the place it is being laid, instead of being carried in wheelbarrows. The flow rate is 200.0 L\/min through a 50.0-m-long, 8.00-cm-diameter hose, and the pressure at the pump is [latex]8\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{N\/m}}^{2}[\/latex]. (a) Calculate the resistance of the hose. (b) What is the viscosity of the concrete, assuming the flow is laminar? (c) How much power is being supplied, assuming the point of use is at the same level as the pump? You may neglect the power supplied to increase the concrete\u2019s velocity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2446855\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3452632\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1933987\"><strong>Construct Your Own Problem<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3417498\">Consider a coronary artery constricted by arteriosclerosis. Construct a problem in which you calculate the amount by which the diameter of the artery is decreased, based on an assessment of the decrease in flow rate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2053879\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3224292\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3011338\">Consider a river that spreads out in a delta region on its way to the sea. Construct a problem in which you calculate the average speed at which water moves in the delta region, based on the speed at which it was moving up river. Among the things to consider are the size and flow rate of the river before it spreads out and its size once it has spread out. You can construct the problem for the river spreading out into one large river or into multiple smaller rivers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"footnote-refs\">\n<h2 data-type=\"footnote-title\">Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a data-type=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#footnote-ref1\">1<\/a> The ratios of the viscosities of blood to water are nearly constant between 0\u00b0C and 37\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<li><a data-type=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#footnote-ref2\">2<\/a> See note on Whole Blood.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\" class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id3034330\">\n<dt>laminar<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3117802\">a type of fluid flow in which layers do not mix<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id1484995\">\n<dt>turbulence<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2025066\">fluid flow in which layers mix together via eddies and swirls<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\">\n<dt>viscosity<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3304322\">the friction in a fluid, defined in terms of the friction between layers<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id3179474\">\n<dt>Poiseuille\u2019s law for resistance<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3136162\">the resistance to laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube: <em data-effect=\"italics\">R<\/em> = 8<em data-effect=\"italics\">\u03b7l<\/em>\/<em data-effect=\"italics\">\u03c0r<\/em><sup>4<\/sup><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id2005999\">\n<dt>Poiseuille\u2019s law<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3119126\">the rate of laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube: <em data-effect=\"italics\">Q<\/em> = (<em data-effect=\"italics\">P<\/em><sub>2<\/sub> \u2212 <em data-effect=\"italics\">P<\/em><sub>1<\/sub>)<em data-effect=\"italics\">\u03c0r<\/em><sup>4<\/sup>\/8<em data-effect=\"italics\">\u03b7l<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Define laminar flow and turbulent flow.<\/li>\n<li>Explain what viscosity is.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate flow and resistance with Poiseuille\u2019s law.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how pressure drops due to resistance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id3125212\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Laminar Flow and Viscosity<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3154476\">When you pour yourself a glass of juice, the liquid flows freely and quickly. But when you pour syrup on your pancakes, that liquid flows slowly and sticks to the pitcher. The difference is fluid friction, both within the fluid itself and between the fluid and its surroundings. We call this property of fluids <em data-effect=\"italics\">viscosity<\/em>. Juice has low viscosity, whereas syrup has high viscosity. In the previous sections we have considered ideal fluids with little or no viscosity. In this section, we will investigate what factors, including viscosity, affect the rate of fluid flow.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2615833\">The precise definition of viscosity is based on <em data-effect=\"italics\">laminar<\/em>, or nonturbulent, flow. Before we can define viscosity, then, we need to define laminar flow and turbulent flow. <a href=\"#import-auto-id3356410\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows both types of flow. <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id1473823\">Laminar<\/span> flow is characterized by the smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix. Turbulent flow, or <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2688377\">turbulence<\/span>, is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id3356410\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Smoke rises smoothly for a while and then begins to form swirls and eddies. The smooth flow is called laminar flow, whereas the swirls and eddies typify turbulent flow. If you watch the smoke (being careful not to breathe on it), you will notice that it rises more rapidly when flowing smoothly than after it becomes turbulent, implying that turbulence poses more resistance to flow. (credit: Creativity103)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2672640\" data-alt=\"Photograph of smoke rising smoothly for a while and then beginning to form swirls and eddies.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_01a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" alt=\"Photograph of smoke rising smoothly for a while and then beginning to form swirls and eddies.\" width=\"200\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2717271\"><a href=\"#fs-id3007528\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows schematically how laminar and turbulent flow differ. Layers flow without mixing when flow is laminar. When there is turbulence, the layers mix, and there are significant velocities in directions other than the overall direction of flow. The lines that are shown in many illustrations are the paths followed by small volumes of fluids. These are called <em data-effect=\"italics\">streamlines<\/em>. Streamlines are smooth and continuous when flow is laminar, but break up and mix when flow is turbulent. Turbulence has two main causes. First, any obstruction or sharp corner, such as in a faucet, creates turbulence by imparting velocities perpendicular to the flow. Second, high speeds cause turbulence. The drag both between adjacent layers of fluid and between the fluid and its surroundings forms swirls and eddies, if the speed is great enough. We shall concentrate on laminar flow for the remainder of this section, leaving certain aspects of turbulence for later sections.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"fs-id3007528\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">(a) Laminar flow occurs in layers without mixing. Notice that viscosity causes drag between layers as well as with the fixed surface. (b) An obstruction in the vessel produces turbulence. Turbulent flow mixes the fluid. There is more interaction, greater heating, and more resistance than in laminar flow.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"fs-id1951496\" data-alt=\"Part a of the figure shows a laminar flow on a fixed smooth surface. The different layers of the liquid are shown as different colored bands along the horizontal surface. The friction is shown to act all along the line separating two layers. The direction of flow of the fluid is toward right and the velocity is shown as v b for layers at the bottom and v t for layers on top. Part b of the figure shows turbulent flow on a surface with some obstruction. The fluid directions are horizontal on smooth path and irregular near the area of the obstruction. The velocity is v on top as well as at the bottom of the fluid.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_02a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Part a of the figure shows a laminar flow on a fixed smooth surface. The different layers of the liquid are shown as different colored bands along the horizontal surface. The friction is shown to act all along the line separating two layers. The direction of flow of the fluid is toward right and the velocity is shown as v b for layers at the bottom and v t for layers on top. Part b of the figure shows turbulent flow on a surface with some obstruction. The fluid directions are horizontal on smooth path and irregular near the area of the obstruction. The velocity is v on top as well as at the bottom of the fluid.\" width=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"note\" class=\"note\" data-has-label=\"true\" id=\"fs-id1921189\" data-label=\"\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment: Go Down to the River<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2648120\">Try dropping simultaneously two sticks into a flowing river, one near the edge of the river and one near the middle. Which one travels faster? Why?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2422429\"><a href=\"#import-auto-id1580837\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> shows how viscosity is measured for a fluid. Two parallel plates have the specific fluid between them. The bottom plate is held fixed, while the top plate is moved to the right, dragging fluid with it. The layer (or lamina) of fluid in contact with either plate does not move relative to the plate, and so the top layer moves at <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> while the bottom layer remains at rest. Each successive layer from the top down exerts a force on the one below it, trying to drag it along, producing a continuous variation in speed from <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> to 0 as shown. Care is taken to insure that the flow is laminar; that is, the layers do not mix. The motion in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1580837\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> is like a continuous shearing motion. Fluids have zero shear strength, but the <em data-effect=\"italics\">rate<\/em> at which they are sheared is related to the same geometrical factors <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> and <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-66a9f474fc3c52efdfb0ba6a70199ee8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#76;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> as is shear deformation for solids.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1580837\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The graphic shows laminar flow of fluid between two plates of area <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>. The bottom plate is fixed. When the top plate is pushed to the right, it drags the fluid along with it.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id3112924\" data-alt=\"The figure shows the laminar flow of fluid between two rectangular plates each of area A. The bottom plate is shown as fixed. The distance between the plates is L. The top plate is shown to be pushed to right with a force F. The direction of movement of the layer of fluid in contact with the top plate is also toward right with velocity v. The fluid in contact with the plate in the bottom is shown to be in rest with v equals zero. As we see through the layers above the one on the bottom plate, each show a small displacement toward right in increasing order of value with the topmost layer showing the maximum.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_03a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows the laminar flow of fluid between two rectangular plates each of area A. The bottom plate is shown as fixed. The distance between the plates is L. The top plate is shown to be pushed to right with a force F. The direction of movement of the layer of fluid in contact with the top plate is also toward right with velocity v. The fluid in contact with the plate in the bottom is shown to be in rest with v equals zero. As we see through the layers above the one on the bottom plate, each show a small displacement toward right in increasing order of value with the topmost layer showing the maximum.\" width=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3094752\">A force <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2510519bbe1660dfdffb4195c7287343_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#70;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is required to keep the top plate in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1580837\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> moving at a constant velocity <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em>, and experiments have shown that this force depends on four factors. First, <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2510519bbe1660dfdffb4195c7287343_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#70;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is directly proportional to <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> (until the speed is so high that turbulence occurs\u2014then a much larger force is needed, and it has a more complicated dependence on <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em>). Second, <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2510519bbe1660dfdffb4195c7287343_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#70;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is proportional to the area <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> of the plate. This relationship seems reasonable, since <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is directly proportional to the amount of fluid being moved. Third, <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2510519bbe1660dfdffb4195c7287343_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#70;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is inversely proportional to the distance between the plates <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-66a9f474fc3c52efdfb0ba6a70199ee8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#76;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em>. This relationship is also reasonable; <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-66a9f474fc3c52efdfb0ba6a70199ee8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#76;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is like a lever arm, and the greater the lever arm, the less force that is needed. Fourth, <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2510519bbe1660dfdffb4195c7287343_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#70;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is directly proportional to <em data-effect=\"italics\">the <em data-effect=\"italics\">coefficient of viscosity<\/em>, <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em>. The greater the viscosity, the greater the force required. These dependencies are combined into the equation<\/em><\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id2408773\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bdad2d9bdb54f5188cd1cabcdf8119b0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#70;&#61;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#118;&#65;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#76;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"72\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3013962\">which gives us a working definition of fluid <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id3157304\">viscosity<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\"><em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em>.<strong data-effect=\"bold\"> Solving for <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> gives<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id2598252\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b12a54f63425641a914de4618e6b66c7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#70;&#76;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#118;&#65;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"59\" style=\"vertical-align: -7px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1615409\">which defines viscosity in terms of how it is measured. The SI unit of viscosity is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-933918aff1c927f7221c7a5424e0ad9a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#125;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#91;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#93;&#61;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#32;&#111;&#114;&#32;&#80;&#97;&#125;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"33\" width=\"305\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\" \/>. <a href=\"#import-auto-id3073392\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> lists the coefficients of viscosity for various fluids.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1198223\">Viscosity varies from one fluid to another by several orders of magnitude. As you might expect, the viscosities of gases are much less than those of liquids, and these viscosities are often temperature dependent. The viscosity of blood can be reduced by aspirin consumption, allowing it to flow more easily around the body. (When used over the long term in low doses, aspirin can help prevent heart attacks, and reduce the risk of blood clotting.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2670160\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Laminar Flow Confined to Tubes\u2014Poiseuille\u2019s Law<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1816428\">What causes flow? The answer, not surprisingly, is pressure difference. In fact, there is a very simple relationship between horizontal flow and pressure. Flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> is in the direction from high to low pressure. The greater the pressure differential between two points, the greater the flow rate. This relationship can be stated as<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id1514558\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-813ca8bd9c38289fec39b882d4891631_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#82;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"87\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1518906\">where <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ef26d9c4d93f2f8977444350b66fd38_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-19b858535d72b63f038528cf301c2070_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> are the pressures at two points, such as at either end of a tube, and <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is the resistance to flow. The resistance <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> includes everything, except pressure, that affects flow rate. For example, <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is greater for a long tube than for a short one. The greater the viscosity of a fluid, the greater the value of <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em>. Turbulence greatly increases <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em>, whereas increasing the diameter of a tube decreases <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3158695\">If viscosity is zero, the fluid is frictionless and the resistance to flow is also zero. Comparing frictionless flow in a tube to viscous flow, as in <a href=\"#import-auto-id2578515\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>, we see that for a viscous fluid, speed is greatest at midstream because of drag at the boundaries. We can see the effect of viscosity in a Bunsen burner flame, even though the viscosity of natural gas is small.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1276292\">The resistance <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> to laminar flow of an incompressible fluid having viscosity <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> through a horizontal tube of uniform radius <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c409433a9e2dfcdb83360a974d243f18_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> and length <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-502276c66966e5a861539c7de60c26c0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#108;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"5\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em>, such as the one in <a href=\"#import-auto-id1462104\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>, is given by<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id3068689\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf720760703ec8dec73bec99538d178f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#108;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"67\" style=\"vertical-align: -7px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2660240\">This equation is called <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id2057762\">Poiseuille\u2019s law for resistance<\/span> after the French scientist J. L. Poiseuille (1799\u20131869), who derived it in an attempt to understand the flow of blood, an often turbulent fluid.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id2578515\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">(a) If fluid flow in a tube has negligible resistance, the speed is the same all across the tube. (b) When a viscous fluid flows through a tube, its speed at the walls is zero, increasing steadily to its maximum at the center of the tube. (c) The shape of the Bunsen burner flame is due to the velocity profile across the tube. (credit: Jason Woodhead)<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id1022905\" data-alt=\"Part a of the diagram shows a fluid flow across a rectangular non viscous medium. The speed of the fluid is shown to be same across the tube represented as same length of vertical rising arrows. Part b of the diagram shows a fluid flow across a rectangular viscous medium. The speed of the fluid speed at the walls is zero, increasing steadily to its maximum at the center of the tube represented as wave like variation for length of vertical rising arrows. Part c of the figure shows a burning Bunsen burner.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_04a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Part a of the diagram shows a fluid flow across a rectangular non viscous medium. The speed of the fluid is shown to be same across the tube represented as same length of vertical rising arrows. Part b of the diagram shows a fluid flow across a rectangular viscous medium. The speed of the fluid speed at the walls is zero, increasing steadily to its maximum at the center of the tube represented as wave like variation for length of vertical rising arrows. Part c of the figure shows a burning Bunsen burner.\" width=\"400\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3026892\">Let us examine Poiseuille\u2019s expression for <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> to see if it makes good intuitive sense. We see that resistance is directly proportional to both fluid viscosity <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> and the length <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-502276c66966e5a861539c7de60c26c0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#108;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"5\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> of a tube. After all, both of these directly affect the amount of friction encountered\u2014the greater either is, the greater the resistance and the smaller the flow. The radius <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c409433a9e2dfcdb83360a974d243f18_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> of a tube affects the resistance, which again makes sense, because the greater the radius, the greater the flow (all other factors remaining the same). But it is surprising that <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c409433a9e2dfcdb83360a974d243f18_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is raised to the <em data-effect=\"italics\">fourth<\/em> power in Poiseuille\u2019s law. This exponent means that any change in the radius of a tube has a very large effect on resistance. For example, doubling the radius of a tube decreases resistance by a factor of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f92c4cfd75e57399a1067c88afb8c744_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#50;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"58\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p>Taken together, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3d18ae85df2f5fe0768ffd793fac718e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#82;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-757a931067bcd8ea4febce4ba5d1dc3b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#108;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -7px;\" \/> give the following expression for flow rate:\n    <\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id3012113\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7b9f9a4f94351d380c544b8d03894ec8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#108;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"29\" width=\"118\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2062110\">This equation describes laminar flow through a tube. It is sometimes called Poiseuille\u2019s law for laminar flow, or simply <span data-type=\"term\" id=\"import-auto-id1816387\">Poiseuille\u2019s law<\/span>.<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id2993051\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">Using Flow Rate: Plaque Deposits Reduce Blood Flow <\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3255940\">Suppose the flow rate of blood in a coronary artery has been reduced to half its normal value by plaque deposits. By what factor has the radius of the artery been reduced, assuming no turbulence occurs?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2444990\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id956232\">Assuming laminar flow, Poiseuille\u2019s law states that<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"fs-id1448448\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7b9f9a4f94351d380c544b8d03894ec8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#108;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"29\" width=\"118\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2979833\">We need to compare the artery radius before and after the flow rate reduction.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id3013096\">With a constant pressure difference assumed and the same length and viscosity, along the artery we have<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id3036414\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ff728d22b6044b6180424dbfe6ca3cf9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"29\" width=\"69\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2420541\">So, given that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9606242efdda1cb557aaf56b6bfe1723_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#81;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#61;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#125;&#123;&#81;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"88\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, we find that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0be49c06d919f9fd0321bd12a3d597b7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#61;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#123;&#53;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"78\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2678330\">Therefore, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-89a9017972f2951c9d5f352d81b6908d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#61;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#53;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#53;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#56;&#52;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"195\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, a decrease in the artery radius of 16%.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1381143\">This decrease in radius is surprisingly small for this situation. To restore the blood flow in spite of this buildup would require an increase in the pressure difference <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4acea1677372462cc80a44baf3015075_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"72\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> of a factor of two, with subsequent strain on the heart.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id3073392\" summary=\"Coefficients of Viscosity of Various Fluids\">\n<caption><span data-type=\"title\">Coefficients of Viscosity of Various Fluids<\/span><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Fluid<\/th>\n<th>Temperature (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th>Viscosity<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-66677c38ed7e8fbc57f5a51163e408c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#40;&#109;&#80;&#97;&middot;&#115;&#41;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"69\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Gases<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\">Air<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0.0171<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0181<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>0.0190<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>0.0218<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ammonia<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.00974<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Carbon dioxide<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0147<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Helium<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0196<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hydrogen<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0.0090<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mercury<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0450<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oxygen<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.0203<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Steam<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>0.0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Liquids<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\">Water<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1.792<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1.002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>0.6947<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>0.653<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>0.282<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Whole blood<a data-type=\"footnote-number\" href=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>3.015 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>2.084<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Blood plasma<a data-type=\"footnote-number\" href=\"#footnote2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1.810 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>1.257<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ethyl alcohol<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1.20 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Methanol<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>0.584<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil (heavy machine)<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>660<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil (motor, SAE 10)<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil (olive)<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>138<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Glycerin<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Honey<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>2000\u201310000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Maple Syrup<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>2000\u20133000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Milk<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil (Corn)<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2429055\">The circulatory system provides many examples of Poiseuille\u2019s law in action\u2014with blood flow regulated by changes in vessel size and blood pressure. Blood vessels are not rigid but elastic. Adjustments to blood flow are primarily made by varying the size of the vessels, since the resistance is so sensitive to the radius. During vigorous exercise, blood vessels are selectively dilated to important muscles and organs and blood pressure increases. This creates both greater overall blood flow and increased flow to specific areas. Conversely, decreases in vessel radii, perhaps from plaques in the arteries, can greatly reduce blood flow. If a vessel\u2019s radius is reduced by only 5% (to 0.95 of its original value), the flow rate is reduced to about <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ec2d4a174c1dead2ce5770cbac998cb9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#53;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#61;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#56;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"106\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> of its original value. A 19% decrease in flow is caused by a 5% decrease in radius. The body may compensate by increasing blood pressure by 19%, but this presents hazards to the heart and any vessel that has weakened walls. Another example comes from automobile engine oil. If you have a car with an oil pressure gauge, you may notice that oil pressure is high when the engine is cold. Motor oil has greater viscosity when cold than when warm, and so pressure must be greater to pump the same amount of cold oil.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id1462104\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Poiseuille\u2019s law applies to laminar flow of an incompressible fluid of viscosity <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> through a tube of length <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-502276c66966e5a861539c7de60c26c0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#108;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"5\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and radius <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c409433a9e2dfcdb83360a974d243f18_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>. The direction of flow is from greater to lower pressure. Flow rate <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> is directly proportional to the pressure difference <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-916e3d66d83fd41de8a7b37473ad545e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"58\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, and inversely proportional to the length <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-502276c66966e5a861539c7de60c26c0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#108;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"5\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> of the tube and viscosity <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> of the fluid. Flow rate increases with <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3a6da89dfec623b5c4a847d347145421_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#114;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, the fourth power of the radius.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2448419\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a section of a cylindrical tube of length l. The two end cross section are shown to have pressure P two and P one respectively. The radius of the cylindrical tube is given by r. The direction of flow is shown by horizontal arrows toward right end of the tube. The flow rate is marked as Q.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_05a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a section of a cylindrical tube of length l. The two end cross section are shown to have pressure P two and P one respectively. The radius of the cylindrical tube is given by r. The direction of flow is shown by horizontal arrows toward right end of the tube. The flow rate is marked as Q.\" width=\"313\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"example\" class=\"textbox examples\" id=\"fs-id1969731\">\n<div data-type=\"title\" class=\"title\">What Pressure Produces This Flow Rate? <\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1609210\">An intravenous (IV) system is supplying saline solution to a patient at the rate of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5bba6c439dbbdc690d11b312148b52de_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#50;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"91\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> through a needle of radius 0.150 mm and length 2.50 cm. What pressure is needed at the entrance of the needle to cause this flow, assuming the viscosity of the saline solution to be the same as that of water? The gauge pressure of the blood in the patient\u2019s vein is 8.00 mm Hg.  (Assume that the temperature is<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8c5021f856100c9924f694724df9862a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#48;&ordm;&#67;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"30\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><br \/>\n.)<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1546475\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2654260\">Assuming laminar flow, Poiseuille\u2019s law applies. This is given by<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id2953372\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1e45649e1ace4cd287a3842248ac99f3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#108;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"29\" width=\"120\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3180466\">where <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-19b858535d72b63f038528cf301c2070_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> is the pressure at the entrance of the needle and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ef26d9c4d93f2f8977444350b66fd38_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> is the pressure in the vein. The only unknown is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-19b858535d72b63f038528cf301c2070_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2514434\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Solving for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-19b858535d72b63f038528cf301c2070_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id2401979\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-12c3041bccdcebfa9f356cec677558eb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#108;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#81;&#43;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"25\" width=\"124\" style=\"vertical-align: -8px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1187842\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ef26d9c4d93f2f8977444350b66fd38_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> is given as 8.00 mm Hg, which converts to <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-14fcc150f0ce1fc85a04230bb7b1ca55_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#54;&#54;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"113\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. Substituting this and the other known values yields<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id1133273\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8a659ebf0b34cacfeee3163784b0be84_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#98;&#101;&#103;&#105;&#110;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;&#123;&#108;&#108;&#108;&#125;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#38;&#32;&#61;&#38;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#91;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#125;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#50;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#53;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#93;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#55;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#54;&#54;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#92;&#32;&#38;&#32;&#61;&#38;&#32;&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#50;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#101;&#110;&#100;&#123;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#97;&#121;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"64\" width=\"569\" style=\"vertical-align: -26px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1575305\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This pressure could be supplied by an IV bottle with the surface of the saline solution 1.61 m above the entrance to the needle (this is left for you to solve in this chapter\u2019s Problems and Exercises), assuming that there is negligible pressure drop in the tubing leading to the needle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2684549\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Flow and Resistance as Causes of Pressure Drops<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2671388\">You may have noticed that water pressure in your home might be lower than normal on hot summer days when there is more use. This pressure drop occurs in the water main before it reaches your home. Let us consider flow through the water main as illustrated in <a href=\"#import-auto-id3191604\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. We can understand why the pressure <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ef26d9c4d93f2f8977444350b66fd38_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> to the home drops during times of heavy use by rearranging<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"import-auto-id3230032\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3d18ae85df2f5fe0768ffd793fac718e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#82;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p>to<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-81e82fcd5bebb6bc9d7122061d404e05_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#82;&#81;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"115\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1920546\">where, in this case, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-19b858535d72b63f038528cf301c2070_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> is the pressure at the water works and <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is the resistance of the water main. During times of heavy use, the flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> is large. This means that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-916e3d66d83fd41de8a7b37473ad545e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"58\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> must also be large. Thus <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ef26d9c4d93f2f8977444350b66fd38_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> must decrease. It is correct to think of flow and resistance as causing the pressure to drop from <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-19b858535d72b63f038528cf301c2070_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> to <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ef26d9c4d93f2f8977444350b66fd38_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3276142bdaed069f0b5060a9759e266f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#82;&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"111\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> is valid for both laminar and turbulent flows.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id3191604\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">During times of heavy use, there is a significant pressure drop in a water main, and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9a6855cb2abfff33320c57e3c20a60b3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> supplied to users is significantly less than<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-46bdbb040184eb45670b182ddd32bb5c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/> created at the water works. If the flow is very small, then the pressure drop is negligible, and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b99d3d1a6c2b75ce72dcfa7be2523e55_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#97;&#112;&#112;&#114;&#111;&#120;&#32;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"60\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2654260\" data-alt=\"Figure shows the water distribution system from a water works to homes around that area. The pressure at the pipeline near the water works is shown to have a pressure P two and the pressure at the dividing point were the pipe line splits to corresponding houses the pressure is shown as P one.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_06a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Figure shows the water distribution system from a water works to homes around that area. The pressure at the pipeline near the water works is shown to have a pressure P two and the pressure at the dividing point were the pipe line splits to corresponding houses the pressure is shown as P one.\" width=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3008789\">We can use <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3276142bdaed069f0b5060a9759e266f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#82;&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"111\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> to analyze pressure drops occurring in more complex systems in which the tube radius is not the same everywhere. Resistance will be much greater in narrow places, such as an obstructed coronary artery. For a given flow rate <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em>, the pressure drop will be greatest where the tube is most narrow. This is how water faucets control flow. Additionally, <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is greatly increased by turbulence, and a constriction that creates turbulence greatly reduces the pressure downstream. Plaque in an artery reduces pressure and hence flow, both by its resistance and by the turbulence it creates.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1609528\"><a href=\"#fs-id2660781\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> is a schematic of the human circulatory system, showing average blood pressures in its major parts for an adult at rest. Pressure created by the heart\u2019s two pumps, the right and left ventricles, is reduced by the resistance of the blood vessels as the blood flows through them. The left ventricle increases arterial blood pressure that drives the flow of blood through all parts of the body except the lungs. The right ventricle receives the lower pressure blood from two major veins and pumps it through the lungs for gas exchange with atmospheric gases \u2013 the disposal of carbon dioxide from the blood and the replenishment of oxygen. Only one major organ is shown schematically, with typical branching of arteries to ever smaller vessels, the smallest of which are the capillaries, and rejoining of small veins into larger ones. Similar branching takes place in a variety of organs in the body, and the circulatory system has considerable flexibility in flow regulation to these organs by the dilation and constriction of the arteries leading to them and the capillaries within them. The sensitivity of flow to tube radius makes this flexibility possible over a large range of flow rates.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"fs-id2660781\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Schematic of the circulatory system. Pressure difference is created by the two pumps in the heart and is reduced by resistance in the vessels. Branching of vessels into capillaries allows blood to reach individual cells and exchange substances, such as oxygen and waste products, with them. The system has an impressive ability to regulate flow to individual organs, accomplished largely by varying vessel diameters.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"fs-id2970414\" data-alt=\"Figure is a schematic diagram of the circulatory system. The lungs, heart, arteries and vein systems are shown. The blood is shown to flow from the left atrium through the arteries, then through the veins and back to the right atrium. The flow is also shown from right atrium to the lungs and from lungs back to left atrium. All parts of the system are labeled. Pressure various points of the system all along the movement of blood across various parts are also marked.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_07a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"Figure is a schematic diagram of the circulatory system. The lungs, heart, arteries and vein systems are shown. The blood is shown to flow from the left atrium through the arteries, then through the veins and back to the right atrium. The flow is also shown from right atrium to the lungs and from lungs back to left atrium. All parts of the system are labeled. Pressure various points of the system all along the movement of blood across various parts are also marked.\" width=\"350\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Each branching of larger vessels into smaller vessels increases the total cross-sectional area of the tubes through which the blood flows. For example, an artery with a cross section of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2eb1fe1b891ece54637fc1aac78c567f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"42\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> may branch into 20 smaller arteries, each with cross sections of <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-875135731a3db27b5d64736f6ddf14c7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#48;&#46;&#53;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"57\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, with a total of <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-009850b83c833e3cb1840bb0e962ec43_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"51\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. In that manner, the resistance of the branchings is reduced so that pressure is not entirely lost. Moreover, because <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#65;&#92;&#111;&#118;&#101;&#114;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#123;&#118;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"61\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> increases through branching, the average velocity of the blood in the smaller vessels is reduced. The blood velocity in the aorta (<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-91d8089cded3ad5494def82b00b906c0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#100;&#105;&#97;&#109;&#101;&#116;&#101;&#114;&#125;&#61;&#49;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"128\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>) is about 25 cm\/s, while in the capillaries (<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-38d960bff81a7797342f34ec7ff59ddf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#109;&#117;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"44\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> in diameter) the velocity is about 1 mm\/s. This reduced velocity allows the blood to exchange substances with the cells in the capillaries and alveoli in particular.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id1336364\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1395110\">\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1997134\">Laminar flow is characterized by smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1995521\">Turbulence is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1538950\">Fluid viscosity <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/em> is due to friction within a fluid. Representative values are given in <a href=\"#import-auto-id3073392\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. Viscosity has units of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d8c2e934af3ae735444b20b4851abb44_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"33\" width=\"73\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\" \/> or <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-de7217534aa75ae70de2eedbc8cfc7d8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#80;&#97;&#125;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"40\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id2653755\">Flow is proportional to pressure difference and inversely proportional to resistance:\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-95da92b727cd064eefaf148a430e5d11_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#82;&#125;&#46;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"87\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1936008\">For laminar flow in a tube, Poiseuille\u2019s law for resistance states that\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7396613ca1591268c71519a95b5fa95c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#108;&#125;&#123;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#46;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"25\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: -8px;\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id2446122\">Poiseuille\u2019s law for flow in a tube is\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-98af30ddabbaf7ee50d62c6a0b662c07_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#123;&#114;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#56;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#108;&#125;&#46;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"29\" width=\"120\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id3034519\">The pressure drop caused by flow and resistance is given by\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6e022fa4682b62f85ed66e3964b39ec1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#80;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#61;&#82;&#81;&#46;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"115\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2654211\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2016654\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3175118\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1828674\">Explain why the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature\u2014that is, how might increased temperature reduce the effects of cohesive forces in a liquid? Also explain why the viscosity of a gas increases with temperature\u2014that is, how does increased gas temperature create more collisions between atoms and molecules?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3018299\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1486833\">When paddling a canoe upstream, it is wisest to travel as near to the shore as possible. When canoeing downstream, it may be best to stay near the middle. Explain why.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2442163\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3053479\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1578426\">Why does flow decrease in your shower when someone flushes the toilet?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1528282\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2929368\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3399792\">Plumbing usually includes air-filled tubes near water faucets, as shown in <a href=\"#import-auto-id3154513\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a>. Explain why they are needed and how they work.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" id=\"import-auto-id3154513\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The vertical tube near the water tap remains full of air and serves a useful purpose.<\/div>\n<p><span data-type=\"media\" id=\"import-auto-id2382749\" data-alt=\"The picture shows water gushing out of a water tap. The faucet in the tap is marked. A pipe connected vertically filled with air is shown at an opening on the water pipe before the tap.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clalonde\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/280\/2017\/10\/Figure_13_04_08a.jpg\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" alt=\"The picture shows water gushing out of a water tap. The faucet in the tap is marked. A pipe connected vertically filled with air is shown at an opening on the water pipe before the tap.\" width=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" id=\"fs-id2679283\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h1>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1011276\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1562414\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1933599\">(a) Calculate the retarding force due to the viscosity of the air layer between a cart and a level air track given the following information\u2014air temperature is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d71ac180c62ee319a62fdc808f7c4e1d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#48;&ordm;&#32;&#67;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"36\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, the cart is moving at 0.400 m\/s, its surface area is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3e37e1552b3c1dbb8427ed330f11c440_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"94\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>, and the thickness of the air layer is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-946e8c32c28f9f487d1d6874bb3c2c58_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#54;&#46;&#48;&#48;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"87\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. (b) What is the ratio of this force to the weight of the 0.300-kg cart?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2429079\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3035480\">(a) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-096b608ce3a4837116fa5eae4280ada2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#50;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"85\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2930356\">(b) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1b8a625e6910245b3cec8ccc20371cb1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#51;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1845376\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2659095\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3119337\">What force is needed to pull one microscope slide over another at a speed of 1.00 cm\/s, if there is a 0.500-mm-thick layer of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d71ac180c62ee319a62fdc808f7c4e1d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#48;&ordm;&#32;&#67;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"36\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> water between them and the contact area is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d086437d9f92ba5e5a1435c468241178_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#56;&#46;&#48;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1585889\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1870502\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3138195\">A glucose solution being administered with an IV has a flow rate of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7bd13cb1a4c69093ffe4f1f0d318a02c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#52;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"105\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. What will the new flow rate be if the glucose is replaced by whole blood having the same density but a viscosity 2.50 times that of the glucose? All other factors remain constant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1579503\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3356330\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6dc92f5cb494576a9ec8860a7afb5967_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#48;&#32;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"106\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1562200\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2052284\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3255137\">The pressure drop along a length of artery is 100 Pa, the radius is 10 mm, and the flow is laminar. The average speed of the blood is 15 mm\/s. (a) What is the net force on the blood in this section of artery? (b) What is the power expended maintaining the flow?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2392198\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1932684\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1867019\">A small artery has a length of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-38b3f43ec9a0e93fac73796e7c59cb02_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#49;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"77\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> and a radius of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6844bc1bb8fb045b5952950907a24f09_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#46;&#53;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"78\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>. If the pressure drop across the artery is 1.3&nbsp;kPa, what is the flow rate through the artery? (Assume that the temperature is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ba8b95e9db59f1fbc7595c50a46624d8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#55;&ordm;&#32;&#67;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"36\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1427401\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2962651\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5a483c3ea5da296ed6408edd5b94975a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#56;&#46;&#55;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#49;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"109\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2423387\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2139880\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2410017\">Fluid originally flows through a tube at a rate of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c627cdcff2f2a5222a45df6e64d4518a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"76\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. To illustrate the sensitivity of flow rate to various factors, calculate the new flow rate for the following changes with all other factors remaining the same as in the original conditions. (a) Pressure difference increases by a factor of 1.50. (b) A new fluid with 3.00 times greater viscosity is substituted. (c) The tube is replaced by one having 4.00 times the length. (d) Another tube is used with a radius 0.100 times the original. (e) Yet another tube is substituted with a radius 0.100 times the original and half the length, <em data-effect=\"italics\">and<\/em> the pressure difference is increased by a factor of 1.50.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3385463\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1922772\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3138501\">The arterioles (small arteries) leading to an organ, constrict in order to decrease flow to the organ. To shut down an organ, blood flow is reduced naturally to 1.00% of its original value. By what factor did the radii of the arterioles constrict? Penguins do this when they stand on ice to reduce the blood flow to their feet.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2670602\">\n<p>0.316<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3125888\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1945563\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1859605\">Angioplasty is a technique in which arteries partially blocked with plaque are dilated to increase blood flow. By what factor must the radius of an artery be increased in order to increase blood flow by a factor of 10?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2639230\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2917418\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3085591\">(a) Suppose a blood vessel\u2019s radius is decreased to 90.0% of its original value by plaque deposits and the body compensates by increasing the pressure difference along the vessel to keep the flow rate constant. By what factor must the pressure difference increase? (b) If turbulence is created by the obstruction, what additional effect would it have on the flow rate?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id957033\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2666551\">(a) 1.52<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id1588848\">(b) Turbulence will decrease the flow rate of the blood, which would require an even larger increase in the pressure difference, leading to higher blood pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3173408\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3110878\">A spherical particle falling at a terminal speed in a liquid must have the gravitational force balanced by the drag force and the buoyant force. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, while the drag force is assumed to be given by Stokes Law, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8d78514e4b4665c6ce9574e280ddad0f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#70;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#115;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#114;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"89\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. Show that the terminal speed is given by<\/p>\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-id3232061\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a7460359d9495a9a00bbe5983ffcf2cb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#123;&#50;&#82;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#103;&#125;&#123;&#57;&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#104;&#111;&#32;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;&#125;&#45;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#104;&#111;&#32;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#44;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"28\" width=\"145\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"eip-id1621956\">where <em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae6bae3dcdac4629730754352c5e329_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#82;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/><\/em> is the radius of the sphere, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-817be0ae6ddf95ba3570fdb8ab1614d9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#114;&#104;&#111;&#32;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> is its density, and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-41611b9578e709af4aaa71ad2244a8b9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#92;&#114;&#104;&#111;&#32;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> is the density of the fluid and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ced508615fa42cc2e835ee8b031831ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#101;&#116;&#97;&#32;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> the coefficient of viscosity.\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1427261\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3052728\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3246906\">Using the equation of the previous problem, find the viscosity of motor oil in which a steel ball of radius 0.8 mm falls with a terminal speed of 4.32 cm\/s. The densities of the ball and the oil are 7.86 and 0.88 g\/mL, respectively.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1999971\">\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\" id=\"eip-779\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cb6ab1e89da3dae06b685b1afc246419_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#50;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#109;&#80;&#97;&#125;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"86\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3054572\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3244737\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1899852\">A skydiver will reach a terminal velocity when the air drag equals their weight. For a skydiver with high speed and a large body, turbulence is a factor. The drag force then is approximately proportional to the square of the velocity. Taking the drag force to be <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-88d657b9c76060f9c67bb5e7c48f3055_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#70;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#68;&#125;&#125;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#104;&#111;&#32;&#123;&#92;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#114;&#109;&#123;&#65;&#118;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"96\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\" \/> and setting this equal to the person\u2019s weight, find the terminal speed for a person falling \u201cspread eagle.\u201d Find both a formula and a number for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3c0e8faf3ebc88ce7ef5dae947bd2dec_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#123;&#118;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#116;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/>, with assumptions as to size.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3034936\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2406920\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3356820\">A layer of oil 1.50 mm thick is placed between two microscope slides. Researchers find that a force of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-05c8d472f3ba3a4bc421c86ae72e2bdb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"85\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/> is required to glide one over the other at a speed of 1.00 cm\/s when their contact area is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-af43e1be336852f37552519bde1aa56a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#54;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>. What is the oil\u2019s viscosity? What type of oil might it be?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id2206610\">\n<div data-type=\"equation\" class=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1e26c903eecb8a4a11dd0e8ca8ffec6e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#51;&#56;&#32;&#80;&#97;&#125;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#44;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"91\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3159329\">or<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3101965\">Olive oil.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3025375\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3211252\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3154707\">(a) Verify that a 19.0% decrease in laminar flow through a tube is caused by a 5.00% decrease in radius, assuming that all other factors remain constant, as stated in the text. (b) What increase in flow is obtained from a 5.00% increase in radius, again assuming all other factors remain constant?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2683828\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3225864\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2409861\"><a href=\"#fs-id1969731\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">(Figure)<\/a> dealt with the flow of saline solution in an IV system. (a) Verify that a pressure of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-236beb217b4b959b9cf451968c93570e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#50;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"104\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> is created at a depth of 1.61 m in a saline solution, assuming its density to be that of sea water. (b) Calculate the new flow rate if the height of the saline solution is decreased to 1.50 m. (c) At what height would the direction of flow be reversed? (This reversal can be a problem when patients stand up.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1574881\">\n<p>(a) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-17b15dd1b95bb210180dc82b6eeb6b7e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#50;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"104\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1846207\">(b) <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7179ac28dadf3946d94b3b93131d865e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#48;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#49;&#49;&#32;&#99;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#47;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"93\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2640522\">(c)10.6 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2442683\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2452711\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1577562\">When physicians diagnose arterial blockages, they quote the reduction in flow rate. If the flow rate in an artery has been reduced to 10.0% of its normal value by a blood clot and the average pressure difference has increased by 20.0%, by what factor has the clot reduced the radius of the artery?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id742312\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3418450\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1999971\">During a marathon race, a runner\u2019s blood flow increases to 10.0 times her resting rate. Her blood\u2019s viscosity has dropped to 95.0% of its normal value, and the blood pressure difference across the circulatory system has increased by 50.0%. By what factor has the average radii of her blood vessels increased?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id3008926\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1575376\">1.59<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id3358894\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id2402436\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2991396\">Water supplied to a house by a water main has a pressure of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ce3a2f8067e8a469f6b36bdfbf3d1764_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"105\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> early on a summer day when neighborhood use is low. This pressure produces a flow of 20.0 L\/min through a garden hose. Later in the day, pressure at the exit of the water main and entrance to the house drops, and a flow of only 8.00 L\/min is obtained through the same hose. (a) What pressure is now being supplied to the house, assuming resistance is constant? (b) By what factor did the flow rate in the water main increase in order to cause this decrease in delivered pressure? The pressure at the entrance of the water main is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d3d044a775eface8837f8d90d528870c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#53;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#53;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"105\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, and the original flow rate was 200 L\/min. (c) How many more users are there, assuming each would consume 20.0 L\/min in the morning?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2400972\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1374043\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3092985\">An oil gusher shoots crude oil 25.0 m into the air through a pipe with a 0.100-m diameter. Neglecting air resistance but not the resistance of the pipe, and assuming laminar flow, calculate the gauge pressure at the entrance of the 50.0-m-long vertical pipe. Take the density of the oil to be <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5a0afe45489690e00d5d7174a481e540_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#107;&#103;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"80\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> and its viscosity to be <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fbc1db638f71eaeb1614c608ab90e9c6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"33\" width=\"124\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\" \/> (or  <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ce522b9b55de9432838a896f5e07d4aa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#46;&#48;&#48;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#80;&#97;&#125;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#115;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"75\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\" \/>). Note that you must take into account the pressure due to the 50.0-m column of oil in the pipe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"solution\" class=\"solution\" id=\"fs-id1412798\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2626182\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b7fef58b3a23bbba1991ce9b29b0efd4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#57;&#53;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"105\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>(gauge pressure)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id1373292\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id1974468\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2990771\">Concrete is pumped from a cement mixer to the place it is being laid, instead of being carried in wheelbarrows. The flow rate is 200.0 L\/min through a 50.0-m-long, 8.00-cm-diameter hose, and the pressure at the pump is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c1bcb2dd82496ff3e3c44e946a58708e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#56;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#46;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#48;&#48;&#125;&times;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#48;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#54;&#125;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#53;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#47;&#109;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"105\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>. (a) Calculate the resistance of the hose. (b) What is the viscosity of the concrete, assuming the flow is laminar? (c) How much power is being supplied, assuming the point of use is at the same level as the pump? You may neglect the power supplied to increase the concrete\u2019s velocity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2446855\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3452632\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1933987\"><strong>Construct Your Own Problem<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3417498\">Consider a coronary artery constricted by arteriosclerosis. Construct a problem in which you calculate the amount by which the diameter of the artery is decreased, based on an assessment of the decrease in flow rate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"exercise\" class=\"exercise\" id=\"fs-id2053879\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div data-type=\"problem\" class=\"problem\" id=\"fs-id3224292\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3011338\">Consider a river that spreads out in a delta region on its way to the sea. Construct a problem in which you calculate the average speed at which water moves in the delta region, based on the speed at which it was moving up river. Among the things to consider are the size and flow rate of the river before it spreads out and its size once it has spread out. You can construct the problem for the river spreading out into one large river or into multiple smaller rivers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"footnote-refs\">\n<h2 data-type=\"footnote-title\">Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a data-type=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#footnote-ref1\">1<\/a> The ratios of the viscosities of blood to water are nearly constant between 0\u00b0C and 37\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<li><a data-type=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#footnote-ref2\">2<\/a> See note on Whole Blood.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"glossary\" class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id3034330\">\n<dt>laminar<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3117802\">a type of fluid flow in which layers do not mix<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id1484995\">\n<dt>turbulence<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2025066\">fluid flow in which layers mix together via eddies and swirls<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\">\n<dt>viscosity<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3304322\">the friction in a fluid, defined in terms of the friction between layers<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id3179474\">\n<dt>Poiseuille\u2019s law for resistance<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3136162\">the resistance to laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube: <em data-effect=\"italics\">R<\/em> = 8<em data-effect=\"italics\">\u03b7l<\/em>\/<em data-effect=\"italics\">\u03c0r<\/em><sup>4<\/sup><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\" id=\"import-auto-id2005999\">\n<dt>Poiseuille\u2019s law<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3119126\">the rate of laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube: <em data-effect=\"italics\">Q<\/em> = (<em data-effect=\"italics\">P<\/em><sub>2<\/sub> \u2212 <em data-effect=\"italics\">P<\/em><sub>1<\/sub>)<em data-effect=\"italics\">\u03c0r<\/em><sup>4<\/sup>\/8<em data-effect=\"italics\">\u03b7l<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":211,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"all-rights-reserved"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-653","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-all-rights-reserved"],"part":623,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/211"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/653\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":654,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/653\/revisions\/654"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/623"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/653\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=653"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=653"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ubcbatessandbox\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}