{"id":5,"date":"2019-01-29T13:36:30","date_gmt":"2019-01-29T18:36:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/2019\/01\/29\/chapter-1\/"},"modified":"2019-04-02T15:47:06","modified_gmt":"2019-04-02T19:47:06","slug":"chapter-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/chapter\/chapter-1\/","title":{"raw":"Forests - An Overview","rendered":"Forests &#8211; An Overview"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 style=\"text-align: justify\">What is a Forest?<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Forests are usually described as an ecosystem dominated by trees, but is it really that simple? To understand forests from a perspective of disturbance ecology, it is important to remember the many species processes and interactions that take place in a forest ecosystem.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Consider a managed timber farm and a mostly untouched stand. A timber farm will likely have low diversity as compared to the untouched stand, but does that make it any less of a forest? The answer, obviously, is no. A major key to defining forests and their health is to first understand that forests come in all shapes and sizes. For our purposes in this course, consider a\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"23\"]forest[\/pb_glossary] to be any plant community where major disturbance is relatively infrequent, allowing for long-living plants to develop.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Forest Ecology Basics<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">It can become a bit of a headache to think about forests from an ecological point of view. Stand composition\/structure, natural abiotic\/biotic factors, and human interactions combine to create a hard to predict future. Time can further complicate predictions, as disturbance events in the short term may seem random, but can display patterns over long periods of time. This long term pattern of disturbance events is referred to as its\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"21\"]natural disturbance regime[\/pb_glossary].<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">One of the chief concepts in forest disturbance ecology is stand\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"25\"]diversity[\/pb_glossary] and how it relates to a forest's\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"27\"]stability[\/pb_glossary]. Throughout this course we will learn more about how disturbance affects diversity (and vice versa) and how that in turn can make or break stand stability and therefore health.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify\">Health &amp; Management<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">There are many definitions of forest health:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXAMPLES:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">O\u2019Laughlin, 1994: Forest health is a condition of forest ecosystems that sustains their complexity while providing for human needs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">USDA Forest Service, 1993: Forest Health is a condition where biotic and abiotic influences on the forest do not threaten resource management objectives now or in the future<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Wilson, 1991: In the broadest sense, a healthy forest is a description of a productive, resilient, and diverse ecosystem; a forest with a future.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Joseph et al., 1991: A healthy forest is one that is resilient to changes and characterized by tree species and landscape diversity that provides sustained habitat for fish, wildlife and humans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">As you can see, these definitions are not all alike; the definition of forest health tends to change based on the objectives of the person defining it. True assessment of forest health involves multiples aspects such as:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"very-tight\">review of species composition and structure<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"very-tight\">identification of\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"32\"]sign[\/pb_glossary]s and\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"30\"]symptom[\/pb_glossary]s<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"very-tight\">understanding of the ecosystem ([pb_glossary id=\"21\"]natural disturbance regime[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"44\"]scale[\/pb_glossary], recovery)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: justify\">What is a Forest?<\/h1>\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Forests are usually described as an ecosystem dominated by trees, but is it really that simple? To understand forests from a perspective of disturbance ecology, it is important to remember the many species processes and interactions that take place in a forest ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Consider a managed timber farm and a mostly untouched stand. A timber farm will likely have low diversity as compared to the untouched stand, but does that make it any less of a forest? The answer, obviously, is no. A major key to defining forests and their health is to first understand that forests come in all shapes and sizes. For our purposes in this course, consider a\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_23\">forest<\/a> to be any plant community where major disturbance is relatively infrequent, allowing for long-living plants to develop.<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"no-indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Forest Ecology Basics<\/h1>\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">It can become a bit of a headache to think about forests from an ecological point of view. Stand composition\/structure, natural abiotic\/biotic factors, and human interactions combine to create a hard to predict future. Time can further complicate predictions, as disturbance events in the short term may seem random, but can display patterns over long periods of time. This long term pattern of disturbance events is referred to as its\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_21\">natural disturbance regime<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">One of the chief concepts in forest disturbance ecology is stand\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_25\">diversity<\/a> and how it relates to a forest&#8217;s\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_27\">stability<\/a>. Throughout this course we will learn more about how disturbance affects diversity (and vice versa) and how that in turn can make or break stand stability and therefore health.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify\">Health &amp; Management<\/h1>\n<p class=\"indent\" style=\"text-align: justify\">There are many definitions of forest health:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXAMPLES:<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">O\u2019Laughlin, 1994: Forest health is a condition of forest ecosystems that sustains their complexity while providing for human needs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">USDA Forest Service, 1993: Forest Health is a condition where biotic and abiotic influences on the forest do not threaten resource management objectives now or in the future<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Wilson, 1991: In the broadest sense, a healthy forest is a description of a productive, resilient, and diverse ecosystem; a forest with a future.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Joseph et al., 1991: A healthy forest is one that is resilient to changes and characterized by tree species and landscape diversity that provides sustained habitat for fish, wildlife and humans.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">As you can see, these definitions are not all alike; the definition of forest health tends to change based on the objectives of the person defining it. True assessment of forest health involves multiples aspects such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"very-tight\">review of species composition and structure<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"very-tight\">identification of\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_32\">sign<\/a>s and\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_30\">symptom<\/a>s<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"very-tight\">understanding of the ecosystem (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_21\">natural disturbance regime<\/a>,\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_5_44\">scale<\/a>, recovery)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_5_23\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_23\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>any plant community where major disturbance is relatively infrequent, allowing for long-living plants to develop<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_5_21\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_21\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the natural disturbance events that historically occur in an ecosystem (type and frequency)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_5_25\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_25\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the level of variety in a forest with regards to stand composition, age structure, other organisms, etc<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_5_27\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_27\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a forest's resistance to disturbance, and resilience to recover from disturbance<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_5_32\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_32\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>presence of agent itself<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_5_30\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_30\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>noticeable change in physiology\/morphology of host due to agent<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_5_44\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_5_44\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>ecologically:<\/p>\n<p>spatial - the extent of a process\/species\/etc over an area<\/p>\n<p>temporal - the extent of a process\/species\/etc over time<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":654,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-5","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/654"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":69,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/revisions\/69"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/unbcfsty307\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}