{"id":1050,"date":"2017-11-14T13:47:05","date_gmt":"2017-11-14T13:47:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/back-matter\/fundamental-constants\/"},"modified":"2017-11-14T13:47:05","modified_gmt":"2017-11-14T13:47:05","slug":"fundamental-constants","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/back-matter\/fundamental-constants\/","title":{"raw":"Fundamental Constants","rendered":"Fundamental Constants"},"content":{"raw":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Fundamental Constants<\/span>Note:<\/em> These constants are the values recommended in 2006 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measurements. The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.<\/caption>\n
Quantity<\/th>\nSymbol<\/th>\nValue<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Atomic mass unit<\/td>\nu<\/td>\n[latex]\\begin{array}{c}1.660 538 782\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(83\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}\\hfill \\\\ 931.494 028\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(23\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{MeV\/}{c}^{2}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Avogadro\u2019s number<\/td>\n[latex]{N}_{\\text{A}}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]6.022 141 79\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(30\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{23}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{particles\/mol}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bohr magneton<\/td>\n[latex]{\\mu }_{\\text{B}}=\\frac{e\\hslash }{2{m}_{e}}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]9.274 009 15\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(23\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-24}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{J\/T}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bohr radius<\/td>\n[latex]{a}_{0}=\\frac{{\\hslash }^{2}}{{m}_{e}{e}^{2}{k}_{e}}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]5.291 772 085 9\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(36\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-11}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boltzmann\u2019s constant<\/td>\n[latex]{k}_{\\text{B}}=\\frac{R}{{N}_{\\text{A}}}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]1.380 650 4\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(24\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-23}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{J\/K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Compton wavelength<\/td>\n[latex]{\\lambda }_{\\text{C}}=\\frac{h}{{m}_{e}c}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]2.426 310 217 5\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(33\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-12}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coulomb constant<\/td>\n[latex]{k}_{e}=\\frac{1}{4\\pi {\\text{\u03b5}}_{0}}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]8.987 551 788...\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{9}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{N}\u00b7{\\text{m}}^{2}{\\text{\/C}}^{2}\\left(\\text{exact}\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Deuteron mass<\/td>\n[latex]{m}_{d}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]\\begin{array}{c}3.343 583 20\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(17\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}\\hfill \\\\ 2.013 553 212 724\\left(78\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{u}\\hfill \\\\ 1875.612 859\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{MeV\/}{c}^{2}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electron mass<\/td>\n[latex]{m}_{e}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]\\begin{array}{c}9.109 382 15\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(45\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-31}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}\\hfill \\\\ 5.485 799 094 3\\left(23\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-4}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{u}\\hfill \\\\ 0.510 998 910\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(13\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{MeV\/}{c}^{2}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electron volt<\/td>\neV<\/td>\n[latex]1.602 176 487\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(40\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-19}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Elementary charge<\/td>\ne<\/em><\/td>\n[latex]1.602 176 487\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(40\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-19}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{C}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gas constant<\/td>\nR<\/em><\/td>\n[latex]8.314 472\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(15\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{J\/mol}\u00b7\\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gravitational constant\t<\/td>\nG<\/em><\/td>\n[latex]6.674 28\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(67\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-11}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{N}\u00b7{\\text{m}}^{2}{\\text{\/kg}}^{2}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Neutron mass<\/td>\n[latex]{m}_{n}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]\\begin{array}{c}1.674 927 211\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(84\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}\\hfill \\\\ 1.008 664 915 97\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(43\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{u}\\hfill \\\\ 939.565 346\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(23\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{MeV\/}{c}^{2}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nuclear magneton<\/td>\n[latex]{\\mu }_{n}=\\frac{e\\hslash }{2{m}_{p}}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]5.050 783 24\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(13\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{J\/T}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Permeability of free space<\/td>\n[latex]{\\mu }_{0}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]4\\pi \\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{T}\u00b7\\text{m\/A}\\left(\\text{exact}\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Permittivity of free space<\/td>\n[latex]{\\text{\u03b5}}_{0}=\\frac{1}{{\\mu }_{0}{c}^{2}}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]8.854 187 817...\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-12}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\\text{C}}^{2}\\text{\/}\\text{N}\u00b7{\\text{m}}^{2}\\left(\\text{exact}\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Planck\u2019s constant<\/td>\nh<\/em>\n
<\/div>\n[latex]\\hslash =\\frac{h}{2\\pi }[\/latex]<\/td>\n
[latex]\\begin{array}{c}6.626 068 96\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(33\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-34}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{J}\u00b7\\text{s}\\hfill \\\\ 1.054 571 628\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(53\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-34}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{J}\u00b7\\text{s}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proton mass<\/td>\n[latex]{m}_{p}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]\\begin{array}{c}1.672 621 637\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(83\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{kg}\\hfill \\\\ 1.007 276 466 77\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(10\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{u}\\hfill \\\\ 938.272 013\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(23\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{MeV\/}{c}^{2}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rydberg constant<\/td>\n[latex]{R}_{\\text{H}}[\/latex]<\/td>\n[latex]1.097 373 156 852 7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(73\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{7}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{-1}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Speed of light in vacuum<\/td>\nc<\/em><\/td>\n[latex]2.997 924 58\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\u00d7\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{8}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\left(\\text{exact}\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Useful combinations of constants for calculations:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[latex]hc=12,400\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{eV}\u00b7\\text{\u00c5}=1240\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{eV}\u00b7\\text{nm}=1240\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{MeV}\u00b7\\text{fm}[\/latex]<\/p>\n

[latex]\\hslash c=1973\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{eV}\u00b7\\text{\u00c5}=197.3\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{eV}\u00b7\\text{nm}=197.3\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{MeV}\u00b7\\text{fm}[\/latex]<\/p>\n

[latex]{k}_{e}{e}^{2}=14.40\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{eV}\u00b7\\text{\u00c5}=1.440\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{eV}\u00b7\\text{nm}=1.440\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{MeV}\u00b7\\text{fm}[\/latex]<\/p>\n

[latex]{k}_{\\text{B}}T=0.02585\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{eV at}\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}T=300\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\\text{K}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n","rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Fundamental Constants<\/span>Note:<\/em> These constants are the values recommended in 2006 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measurements. The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.<\/caption>\n
Quantity<\/th>\nSymbol<\/th>\nValue<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Atomic mass unit<\/td>\nu<\/td>\n\"\begin{array}{c}1.660 538 782\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(83\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{kg}\hfill \\ 931.494 028\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(23\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Avogadro\u2019s number<\/td>\n\"{N}_{\text{A}}\"<\/td>\n\"6.022 141 79\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(30\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{23}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{particles/mol}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bohr magneton<\/td>\n\"{\mu }_{\text{B}}=\frac{e\hslash }{2{m}_{e}}\"<\/td>\n\"9.274 009 15\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(23\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-24}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J/T}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bohr radius<\/td>\n\"{a}_{0}=\frac{{\hslash }^{2}}{{m}_{e}{e}^{2}{k}_{e}}\"<\/td>\n\"5.291 772 085 9\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(36\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-11}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{m}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boltzmann\u2019s constant<\/td>\n\"{k}_{\text{B}}=\frac{R}{{N}_{\text{A}}}\"<\/td>\n\"1.380 650 4\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(24\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-23}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J/K}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Compton wavelength<\/td>\n\"{\lambda }_{\text{C}}=\frac{h}{{m}_{e}c}\"<\/td>\n\"2.426 310 217 5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(33\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-12}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{m}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coulomb constant<\/td>\n\"{k}_{e}=\frac{1}{4\pi {\text{ε}}_{0}}\"<\/td>\n\"8.987 551 788...\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{N}·{\text{m}}^{2}{\text{/C}}^{2}\left(\text{exact}\right)\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Deuteron mass<\/td>\n\"{m}_{d}\"<\/td>\n\"\begin{array}{c}3.343 583 20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(17\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{kg}\hfill \\ 2.013 553 212 724\left(78\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{u}\hfill \\ 1875.612 859\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electron mass<\/td>\n\"{m}_{e}\"<\/td>\n\"\begin{array}{c}9.109 382 15\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(45\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-31}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{kg}\hfill \\ 5.485 799 094 3\left(23\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-4}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{u}\hfill \\ 0.510 998 910\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(13\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electron volt<\/td>\neV<\/td>\n\"1.602 176 487\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(40\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-19}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Elementary charge<\/td>\ne<\/em><\/td>\n\"1.602 176 487\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(40\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-19}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{C}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gas constant<\/td>\nR<\/em><\/td>\n\"8.314 472\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(15\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J/mol}·\text{K}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gravitational constant\t<\/td>\nG<\/em><\/td>\n\"6.674 28\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(67\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-11}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{N}·{\text{m}}^{2}{\text{/kg}}^{2}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Neutron mass<\/td>\n\"{m}_{n}\"<\/td>\n\"\begin{array}{c}1.674 927 211\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(84\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{kg}\hfill \\ 1.008 664 915 97\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(43\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{u}\hfill \\ 939.565 346\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(23\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nuclear magneton<\/td>\n\"{\mu }_{n}=\frac{e\hslash }{2{m}_{p}}\"<\/td>\n\"5.050 783 24\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(13\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J/T}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Permeability of free space<\/td>\n\"{\mu }_{0}\"<\/td>\n\"4\pi \phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-7}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{T}·\text{m/A}\left(\text{exact}\right)\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Permittivity of free space<\/td>\n\"{\text{ε}}_{0}=\frac{1}{{\mu }_{0}{c}^{2}}\"<\/td>\n\"8.854 187 817...\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-12}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{C}}^{2}\text{/}\text{N}·{\text{m}}^{2}\left(\text{exact}\right)\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Planck\u2019s constant<\/td>\nh<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/div>\n

\"\hslash =\frac{h}{2\pi }\"<\/td>\n

\"\begin{array}{c}6.626 068 96\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(33\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-34}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J}·\text{s}\hfill \\ 1.054 571 628\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(53\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-34}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J}·\text{s}\hfill \end{array}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proton mass<\/td>\n\"{m}_{p}\"<\/td>\n\"\begin{array}{c}1.672 621 637\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(83\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{kg}\hfill \\ 1.007 276 466 77\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(10\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{u}\hfill \\ 938.272 013\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(23\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rydberg constant<\/td>\n\"{R}_{\text{H}}\"<\/td>\n\"1.097 373 156 852 7\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(73\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{-1}\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Speed of light in vacuum<\/td>\nc<\/em><\/td>\n\"2.997 924 58\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{8}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{m/s}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\text{exact}\right)\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Useful combinations of constants for calculations:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"hc=12,400\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{eV}·\text{Å}=1240\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{eV}·\text{nm}=1240\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}·\text{fm}\"<\/p>\n

\"\hslash c=1973\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{eV}·\text{Å}=197.3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{eV}·\text{nm}=197.3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}·\text{fm}\"<\/p>\n

\"{k}_{e}{e}^{2}=14.40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{eV}·\text{Å}=1.440\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{eV}·\text{nm}=1.440\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}·\text{fm}\"<\/p>\n

\"{k}_{\text{B}}T=0.02585\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{eV at}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}T=300\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{K}\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":211,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"all-rights-reserved"},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-1050","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry","license-all-rights-reserved"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1050","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/211"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1050\/revisions"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1050\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1050"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=1050"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1050"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/universityphysicssandboxbook1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1050"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}