{"id":103,"date":"2018-01-01T18:57:21","date_gmt":"2018-01-01T23:57:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/chapter\/what-is-respiration\/"},"modified":"2020-10-02T15:05:35","modified_gmt":"2020-10-02T19:05:35","slug":"what-is-respiration","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/chapter\/what-is-respiration\/","title":{"raw":"What is Respiration?","rendered":"What is Respiration?"},"content":{"raw":" \r\n\r\nRespiration refers to a person\u2019s breathing and the movement of air into and out of the lungs (OER #2). The respiratory system provides oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, removes the waste product carbon dioxide, and helps maintain acid\u2013base balance (OER #2). Inspiration\u00a0is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and\u00a0expiration\u00a0is the process that causes air to leave the lungs (OER #2). A\u00a0respiratory cycle (or one breath while you are measuring respiratory rate)\u00a0is one sequence of inspiration and expiration (OER #2).\r\n\r\nRespiration is assessed for quality<\/strong>, rhythm<\/strong>, and rate<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe quality<\/strong> of a person\u2019s breathing is normally relaxed and silent. Healthcare providers assess use of accessory muscles in the neck and chest and indrawing of intercostal spaces (also referred to as intercostal tugging), which can indicate respiratory distress. Respiratory distress can also cause nasal flaring, and the person often moves into a tripod position. The tripod position involves leaning forward and placing arms\/hands and\/or upper body on one's knees or on the bedside table.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRespiration normally has a regular rhythm<\/strong>. A regular rhythm\u00a0means that the frequency of the respiration follows an even tempo with equal intervals between each respiration. If you compare this to music, it involves a constant beat that does not speed up or slow down, but stays at the same tempo.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRespiratory rates<\/strong> vary based on age. The normal resting respiratory rate for adults is 10\u201320 breaths per minute (OER #1). Children younger than one year normally have a respiratory rate of 30\u201360 breaths per minute, but by the age of ten, the normal rate is usually 18\u201330 (OER #2). By adolescence, the respiratory rate is usually similar to that of adults, 12\u201318 breaths per minute (OER #2). The normal respiratory rate for children decreases from birth to adolescence (OER #2). Respiratory rates often increase slightly over the age of sixty-five.\r\n\r\nEstimated respiratory rates<\/strong> vary based on the source. Table 3.2<\/strong> lists a generous range of normal respiratory rates based on age. It is important to consider the client and the situation to determine whether the respiratory rate is normal. Healthcare providers take into consideration the client\u2019s health and illness state and determinants such as rest\/sleep, awake\/active, presence of pain, and crying when assessing the respiratory rate.\r\n

Table 3.2: Respiratory Rate Ranges<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Age<\/strong><\/th>\r\nRate (breaths per minute)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Newborn to one month<\/td>\r\n30\u201365<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
One month to one year<\/td>\r\n26\u201360<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1\u201310 years<\/td>\r\n14\u201350<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
11\u201318 years<\/td>\r\n12\u201322<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Adult and older adult<\/td>\r\n10\u201320<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n_________________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\nPart of this content was adapted from OER #1 (as noted in brackets above):\r\n\r\n\u00a9 2015\u00a0British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care\u00a0by\u00a0Glynda Rees Doyle and Jodie Anita McCutcheon, British Columbia Institute of Technology. Licensed under a\u00a0Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted. Download this book for free at\u00a0http:\/\/open.bccampus.ca<\/a>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPart of this content was adapted from OER #2 (as noted in brackets above):\r\n\r\n\u00a9 Apr 10, 2017\u00a0OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology.\u00a0Textbook content produced by\u00a0OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\u00a0Download for free at\u00a0http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/7c42370b-c3ad-48ac-9620-d15367b882c6@12<\/a>","rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

Respiration refers to a person\u2019s breathing and the movement of air into and out of the lungs (OER #2). The respiratory system provides oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, removes the waste product carbon dioxide, and helps maintain acid\u2013base balance (OER #2). Inspiration\u00a0is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and\u00a0expiration\u00a0is the process that causes air to leave the lungs (OER #2). A\u00a0respiratory cycle (or one breath while you are measuring respiratory rate)\u00a0is one sequence of inspiration and expiration (OER #2).<\/p>\n

Respiration is assessed for quality<\/strong>, rhythm<\/strong>, and rate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The quality<\/strong> of a person\u2019s breathing is normally relaxed and silent. Healthcare providers assess use of accessory muscles in the neck and chest and indrawing of intercostal spaces (also referred to as intercostal tugging), which can indicate respiratory distress. Respiratory distress can also cause nasal flaring, and the person often moves into a tripod position. The tripod position involves leaning forward and placing arms\/hands and\/or upper body on one’s knees or on the bedside table.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Respiration normally has a regular rhythm<\/strong>. A regular rhythm\u00a0means that the frequency of the respiration follows an even tempo with equal intervals between each respiration. If you compare this to music, it involves a constant beat that does not speed up or slow down, but stays at the same tempo.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Respiratory rates<\/strong> vary based on age. The normal resting respiratory rate for adults is 10\u201320 breaths per minute (OER #1). Children younger than one year normally have a respiratory rate of 30\u201360 breaths per minute, but by the age of ten, the normal rate is usually 18\u201330 (OER #2). By adolescence, the respiratory rate is usually similar to that of adults, 12\u201318 breaths per minute (OER #2). The normal respiratory rate for children decreases from birth to adolescence (OER #2). Respiratory rates often increase slightly over the age of sixty-five.<\/p>\n

Estimated respiratory rates<\/strong> vary based on the source. Table 3.2<\/strong> lists a generous range of normal respiratory rates based on age. It is important to consider the client and the situation to determine whether the respiratory rate is normal. Healthcare providers take into consideration the client\u2019s health and illness state and determinants such as rest\/sleep, awake\/active, presence of pain, and crying when assessing the respiratory rate.<\/p>\n

Table 3.2: Respiratory Rate Ranges<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Age<\/strong><\/th>\nRate (breaths per minute)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Newborn to one month<\/td>\n30\u201365<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
One month to one year<\/td>\n26\u201360<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1\u201310 years<\/td>\n14\u201350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11\u201318 years<\/td>\n12\u201322<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Adult and older adult<\/td>\n10\u201320<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

_________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

Part of this content was adapted from OER #1 (as noted in brackets above):<\/p>\n

\u00a9 2015\u00a0British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care\u00a0by\u00a0Glynda Rees Doyle and Jodie Anita McCutcheon, British Columbia Institute of Technology. Licensed under a\u00a0Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted. Download this book for free at\u00a0http:\/\/open.bccampus.ca<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Part of this content was adapted from OER #2 (as noted in brackets above):<\/p>\n

\u00a9 Apr 10, 2017\u00a0OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology.\u00a0Textbook content produced by\u00a0OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\u00a0Download for free at\u00a0http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/7c42370b-c3ad-48ac-9620-d15367b882c6@12<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-103","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":80,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/103","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":425,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/103\/revisions\/425"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/80"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/103\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=103"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=103"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/vitalsignh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}