Chapter 9: Energy Production & Climate Change

9.5 Case Study: Two Climate Action Plans

Introduction

Increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activity are causing climate change, so how do we reduce those emissions? Whether dictated by an international, national, or local regulation or a voluntary agreement, plans are needed to move to a low-carbon economy. In the absence of federal regulation, cities, states, government institutions, and colleges and universities, have all taken climate action initiatives. This case study provides two examples of climate action plans – one for a city (Chicago) and one for an institution (the University of Illinois at Chicago).

Chicago’s Climate Action Plan

Urban areas produce a lot of waste. In fact, 75% of all greenhouse gas emissions are generated in urban areas. Therefore, it is important for cities to develop plans to address environmental issues. The Chicago Climate Action Plan (Chicago CAP) is one such example. The mid-term goal of this plan is a 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and final goal is 80% reduction below 1990 GHG levels by the year 2050.

The Chicago CAP outlines several benefits of a climate action plan. The first would obviously be the reduction of the effects of climate change.  Second, there is an economic benefit derived from increased efficiency that reduce energy and water consumption. Third, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels helps the United States achieve energy independence.

Figure 1. Chicago Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Reduction Goals Figure illustrates the emissions calculated for Chicago through 2005. Source: City of Chicago, Chicago Climate Action Plan

Figure 1 depicts the emissions calculated for Chicago through 2005. From that point there is an estimate (the dotted line) of a further increase before the reductions become evident and the goals portrayed can be obtained. The plan was released in September 2008 and provides a roadmap of five strategies with 35 actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and adapt to climate change. Figure 2 identifies the proportion of emissions reductions from the various strategies.

Figure 2. Graph shows the sources of the Chicago CAP emission reductions by strategy. Source: C. Klein-Banai using data from City of Chicago, Chicago Climate Action Plan.

University Climate Action Plan

Several factors caused a major Chicago university to develop a climate action plan. As part of the American College and University Presidents’ Climate Commitment (ACUPCC), nearly 670 presidents have signed a commitment to inventory their greenhouse gases, publicly report it, and to develop a climate action plan. In order to be a better steward of the environment, the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) developed a climate action plan. The goals are similar to Chicago’s: a 40% GHG emissions reduction by 2030 and at least 80% by 2050, using a 2004 baseline. The strategies align with those of the city in which the campus resides (see Table Alignment of the Chicago and UIC Climate Action Plans). UIC’s greenhouse gas reports are also made publicly available on the ACUPCC reporting site. Figure 3 displays UIC’s calculated emissions inventory (in red) and then the predicted increases for growth if activities continue in a “business as usual (BAU)” approach. The triangular wedges below represent emissions reductions through a variety of strategies. Those strategies are displayed in Table Alignment of the Chicago and UIC Climate Action Plans, alongside Chicago’s for comparative purposes.

Figure 3. UIC’s Projected Emissions Reductions Projected emissions reductions from 2004 to 2030. Where BAU stands for Business as Usual, what would happen if no action were taken? Source: UIC Climate Action Plan, figure 6.

The UIC CAP also has major strategy categories that are similar to Chicago’s and within each strategy there are a number of recommended actions. Progress on this plan will be monitored both by reporting emissions at least every two years to the ACUPCC and by tracking individual actions and reporting to the campus community.

CHICAGO CAP UIC CAP
Energy Efficient Buildings Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Retrofit commercial and industrial buildings Retrofit buildings
Retrofit residential buildings Energy performance contracting
Trade in appliances Monitoring and maintenance
Conserve water Water conservation
Update City energy code Establish green building standards
Establish new guidelines for renovations
Cool with trees and green roofs Green roofs/reflective roofs
Take easy steps Energy conservation by campus community
Clean & Renewable Energy Sources Clean and Renewable Energy
Upgrade power plants Modify power plants
Improve power plant efficiency Purchase electricity from a renewable electricity provider
Build renewable electricity Build renewable electricity
Increase distributed generation
Promote household renewable power Geothermal heating and cooling
Improved Transportation Options Improved Transportation Options
Invest more in transit
Expand transit incentives Expand transit incentives
Promote transit-oriented development
Make walking and biking easier Make walking and biking easier
Car share and car pool Car sharing/car pool program
Improve fleet efficiency Continue to improve fleet efficiency
Achieve higher fuel efficiency standards
Switch to cleaner fuels
Support intercity rail Reduce business travel (web conferencing)
Improve freight movement Anti-Idling regulations/guidelines
Reduced Waste & Industrial Pollution Recycling and Waste Management
Reduce, reuse and recycle Establishing recycling goals
Shift to alternative refrigerants Composting
Capture stormwater on site Sustainable food purchases & use of biodegradable packaging
Collecting and converting vegetable oil
Develop a user-friendly property management system
Expand the waste minimization program
Recycle construction debris
Purchasing policies
Preparation (Adaptation) Improved Grounds Operations
Manage heat Capture stormwater on site
Protect air quality Use native species
Manage stormwater Reduce/eliminate irrigation
Implement green urban design Integrated pest management
Preserve plants and trees Tree care plan
Pursue innovative cooling
Engage the public Education, Research and Public Engagement
Engage businesses Employment Strategies
Plan for the future Telecommuting
Flextime
Childcare center
Public Engagement
Alignment of the Chicago and UIC Climate Action Plans Source: C. Klein-Banai using data from Chicago Climate Action Plant and UIC Climate Action Plan

Conclusion

There is no one approach that will effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate action plans are helpful tools to represent strategies to reduce emissions. Governmental entities such as nations, states, and cities can develop plans, as can institutions and businesses. It is important that there be an alignment of plans when they intersect, such as a city and a university that resides within it.

Attribution

Essentials of Environmental Science by Kamala Doršner is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Modified from the original.

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Environmental Issues Copyright © 2019 by Andrew Frank is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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