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Physics: An Introduction
Physical Quantities and Units
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Approximation
Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics
Displacement
Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
Time, Velocity, and Speed
Acceleration
Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension
Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics
Falling Objects
Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
Introduction to Two-Dimensional Kinematics
Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction
Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
Projectile Motion
Addition of Velocities
Problem-Solving Strategies
Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction
Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion
Development of Force Concept
Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces
Introduction: Further Applications of Newton’s Laws
Friction
Drag Forces
Elasticity: Stress and Strain
Introduction to Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
Centripetal Acceleration
Centripetal Force
Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity
Introduction to Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
Work: The Scientific Definition
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
Gravitational Potential Energy
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Nonconservative Forces
Conservation of Energy
Power
Work, Energy, and Power in Humans
World Energy Use
Introduction to Linear Momentum and Collisions
Linear Momentum and Force
Impulse
Conservation of Momentum
Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
Introduction to Statics and Torque
The First Condition for Equilibrium
The Second Condition for Equilibrium
Stability
Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies
Simple Machines
Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
Angular Acceleration
Kinematics of Rotational Motion
Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia
Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited
Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
Introduction to Fluid Statics
What Is a Fluid?
Density
Pressure
Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
Pascal’s Principle
Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement
Archimedes’ Principle
Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action
Pressures in the Body
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
Bernoulli’s Equation
The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law
The Onset of Turbulence
Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid
Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes
Introduction to Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws
Temperature
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
The Ideal Gas Law
Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
Phase Changes
Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
Heat
Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
Phase Change and Latent Heat
Heat Transfer Methods
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Introduction to Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation
Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves
Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
Period and Frequency in Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
The Simple Pendulum
Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
Damped Harmonic Motion
Forced Oscillations and Resonance
Waves
Superposition and Interference
Energy in Waves: Intensity
Introduction to the Physics of Hearing
Sound
Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
Sound Intensity and Sound Level
Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns
Hearing
Ultrasound
Applications of Electrostatics
Introduction to Electric Charge and Electric Field
Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge
Conductors and Insulators
Coulomb’s Law
Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited
Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges
Electric Forces in Biology
Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
Introduction to Electric Potential and Electric Energy
Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference
Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
Equipotential Lines
Capacitors and Dielectrics
Capacitors in Series and Parallel
Energy Stored in Capacitors
Introduction to Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law
Current
Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits
Resistance and Resistivity
Electric Power and Energy
Alternating Current versus Direct Current
Electric Hazards and the Human Body
Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms
Introduction to Circuits and DC Instruments
Resistors in Series and Parallel
Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage
Kirchhoff’s Rules
DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
Null Measurements
DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
More Applications of Magnetism
Introduction to Magnetism
Magnets
Ferromagnets and Electromagnets
Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications
The Hall Effect
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters
Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law
Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies
Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law
Motional Emf
Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
Electric Generators
Back Emf
Transformers
Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
Inductance
RL Circuits
Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive
RLC Series AC Circuits
Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
Production of Electromagnetic Waves
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
Introduction to Geometric Optics
The Ray Aspect of Light
The Law of Reflection
The Law of Refraction
Total Internal Reflection
Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms
Image Formation by Lenses
Image Formation by Mirrors
Introduction to Vision and Optical Instruments
Physics of the Eye
Vision Correction
Color and Color Vision
Microscopes
Telescopes
Aberrations
Introduction to Wave Optics
The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference
Huygens’s Principle: Diffraction
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Multiple Slit Diffraction
Single Slit Diffraction
Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
Thin Film Interference
Polarization
*Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light
Simultaneity And Time Dilation
Length Contraction
Relativistic Addition of Velocities
Relativistic Momentum
Relativistic Energy
Introduction to Special Relativity
Einstein’s Postulates
Introduction to Quantum Physics
Quantization of Energy
The Photoelectric Effect
Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Photon Momentum
The Particle-Wave Duality
The Wave Nature of Matter
Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
Introduction to Atomic Physics
Discovery of the Atom
Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
Quantum Numbers and Rules
The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Radioactivity
Radiation Detection and Detectors
Substructure of the Nucleus
Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
Half-Life and Activity
Binding Energy
Tunneling
Introduction to Applications of Nuclear Physics
Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
Food Irradiation
Fusion
Fission
Nuclear Weapons
GUTs: The Unification of Forces
Introduction to Particle Physics
The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
The Four Basic Forces
Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
Quarks: Is That All There Is?
Introduction to Frontiers of Physics
Cosmology and Particle Physics
General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
Superstrings
Dark Matter and Closure
Complexity and Chaos
High-temperature Superconductors
Some Questions We Know to Ask
Appendix
Atomic Masses
Selected Radioactive Isotopes
Useful Information
Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation
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