Theories of Group Formation
In this section, we will take a look at classic and modern theories of intergroup bias. To this end, we will discuss 6 theories that try explain why we form groups and how that results in intergroup animosity.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to
- Compare and contrast the main theories of group formation.
- Understand the role that intergroup competition plays in each theory.
- Apply these concepts successfully to the conflict in Konstanshia.
- For each of the theories, what predicts how we think, feel, and behave?
Introduction
I love this cartoon.
I love this cartoon because it so beautifully describes how quickly and easily we can identify with a group and feel some form of loyalty towards it. While this may seem like an extreme example, as we’ll find out, it is actually pretty accurate. We are inherently social beings, and we are physiologically adapted for social living (Brewer & Caporael, 2006; see Chapter XX – “The Physiology of Identity and Intergroup Bias” for more information on this). Our proclivity to form groups is universal and extends beyond familial relations (see Brewer & Campbell, 1976). So strong is group behaviour that those whith which we become friends activate the same cognitive (simply our ability to think) and affective (our emotions) processes that are activated by our family members (Ackerman, Kenrick, & Schaller, 2007). The natural question then is why have we evolved to be a group-based species? Well, the obvious answer is that it must serve some evoluationary function. Indeed, out natural tendency to form social groups beyond famillial relations definitely supports an evoluationary explanation.
Often when we think of evoluationary explanations, the think of fighting off some predator or rival group. While this is definitely a(n important) function of group living, it is not the only one. Broader group living characterized by interdependence and cooperation has helped us survive while facing a range of tasks in a variety of environments (Brewer, 1999). Group-based resource management and skills sharing serve important functions in keeping us (individual group members) alive. Some explain intergroup relations in evoluationary terms as evolutionary vigilance of outgroups (Schaller, Park, & Faulkner, 2003). It is from this evolutionary background that we discuss some classic and contemporary theories of group identification and how it relates to intergroup attitudes.
