Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics

Schematic drawing of a heat engine

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A schematic drawing of heat engine generating power by absorbing heat from a hot source

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Schematic of a process

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A process path, showing the initial and final states and the process path as the piston moves from right to left in the cylinder

Refrigerator

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Refrigerator utilizes the vapour compression cycle. The main components of a refrigerator are compressor, evaporator, expansion valve and condenser.

Vapor Compression Cycle

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Vapor compression cycle consisting of a compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator

T-s diagram of a vapour compression cycle

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Temperature-specific entropy diagram of a vapour compression cycle

Pressure-volume diagram of an Otto cycle

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Pressure-Volume diagram of an Otto Cycle

Four-stroke combustion engine

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Four-stroke combustion engine consisting of intake, compression, ignition and exhaust strokes

Vapour compression cycle

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Vapor compression cycle consisting of a compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator

Watt's Heat Engine

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Watt's Heat Engine

Nuclear Power Plant

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A nuclear power plant consisting of reactor building, turbine building and cooling tower

Passive house scheme

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Passive house design integrating solar panels and ground heat exchangers

System and Surroundings

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A system and its surroundings are separated by a boundary.

Figure 1. 8 Air Conditioner

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Air conditioner, consisting of an outdoor condensing unit and an indoor evaporator.

Steam Power Plant

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Coal is conveyed (14) from an external stack and ground to a very fine powder by large metal spheres in the pulverised fuel mill (16). There it is mixed with preheated air (24) driven by the forced draught fan (20). The hot air-fuel mixture is forced at high pressure into the boiler where it rapidly ignites. Water of a high purity flows vertically up the tube-lined walls of the boiler, where it turns into steam, and is passed to the boiler drum (17), where steam is separated from any remaining water. The steam passes through a manifold in the roof of the drum into the pendant superheater (19) where its temperature and pressure increase rapidly to around 200 bar and 570°C, sufficient to make the tube walls glow a dull red. The steam is piped to the high pressure turbine (11), the first of a three-stage turbine process. A steam governor valve (10) allows for both manual control of the turbine and automatic set-point following. The steam is exhausted from the high pressure turbine, and reduced in both pressure and temperature, is returned to the boiler reheater (21). The reheated steam is then passed to the intermediate pressure turbine (9), and from there passed directly to the low pressure set (6). The steam, now little above its boiling point, is brought into thermal contact with cold water in the condensor (8), where it condenses rapidly back into water, creating a near vacuum inside the condensor chest. The condensed water is then passed by a feed pump (7) through a deaerator (12), and pre-warmed, first in a feed heater (13) powered by steam drawn from the high pressure set, and then in the economiser (23), before being returned to the boiler drum. The water from the condensor is sprayed inside a cooling tower (1), creating a highly visible plume, before being pumped back to the cooling water cycle. The three turbine sets are coupled on the same shaft as the electrical generator (5) which generates an intermediate level voltage (typically 20-25 kV). This is stepped up by the unit transformer (4) to a voltage more suitable for transmission (typically 250-500 kV) and is sent out onto the transmission system (3). Exhaust gas from the boiler is drawn by the induced draft fan (26) through an electrostatic precipitator (25) and is then vented through the chimney stack (27).

Fig. 2.3 Pressure gauge

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Fig. 2.4 U-tube Manometer

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Piston-Cylinder

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Fig. 2.7 P-T diagram

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Fig. 2.8 T-v phase diagram

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Fig. 2-8_T-v_diagram_for_a_liquid_vapor.svg

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Fig. 2.10 P-T Diagram for CO2

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Fig. 2-10_Carbon_dioxide_p-T_phase_diagram

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Sealed Rigid Vessel

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T-v diagram for water

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Compressibility factor for N2

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Compressibility Factor Chart for CO2

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Compressibility Factor Chart

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claireyan — Mon, 07 Jun 2021 04:30:50 +0000

This flow chart shows the procedure of determining fluid properties from thermodynamic tables if P and T are known.

claireyan — Mon, 07 Jun 2021 04:41:07 +0000

Flow chart for determining fluid properties from thermodynamic tables if T and x are known

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Flow chart for determining fluid properties from thermodynamics tables if T and v are known

Fig. 6-11

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Sealed pressure tank

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Sealed pressure tank

Outdoor condensing unit of an air conditioner

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Air conditioner, consisting of an outdoor condensing unit and an indoor evaporator.

Passive house scheme

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Passive house design integrating solar panels and ground heat exchangers

Piston Cylinder

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Piston cylinder device as an example of closed systems

Open system

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Control volume allowing mass and energy to flow across the system boundary

Inline_6_Cylinder_with_firing_order_1-5-3-6-2-4

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Work done due to a force acting on a block over a distance

Piston-cylinder used in air compressors

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Pistons and cylinders used in reciprocating compressors for railroad vehicles

Boundary work

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Boundary work caused by the expansion of gas in a piston cylinder device

Boundary work

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Boundary work caused by the expansion of gas in a piston cylinder device

Spring work

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Work done by force acting on a spring causing compression of the spring

Hydraulic turbine

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Hydraulic Turbine

Radial Compressor

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Radial Compressor

Centrifugal compressor

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HP compressor schematic

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3 stage compressor schematic showing gas path, valves and filters: • F1: intake filter • 1: first stage piston • C1: first stage cooling coil • OP1: overpressure valve • 2: second stage piston • C2: second stage cooling coil • S1: second stage water serparator • OP2: overpressure valve • 3:third stage piston • C3:third stage cooling coil • S2: third stage water separator • F2:main filter stack • OP3:overpressure valve • BP:back-pressure valve • G:pressure gauge • W:filling whip

Turbojet engine

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Schematic of a centrifugal flow turbojet engine consisting of a centrifugal compressor, a combustion chamber, a turbine and a nozzle section

HVAC pipes

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Straight tube heat exchanger

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Schematic of a straight tube heat exchanger

Nozzle and diffuser

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HVAC Duct

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Coffee cup with stirrer

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Rankine cycle layout

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Fig.-6-8

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Schematic illustrating Clausius statement

Two heat engines combined

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Frictionless pendulum

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Irreversible process

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T-s diagram of the Carnot heat engine cycle

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Carnot heat engine: P-v diagram

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A phase diagram showing reversible and irreversible processes

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T-s diagram for water

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T-s diagram for water

Two stage compressor with intercooler

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Piston-cylinder device with two stops

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Piston cylinder with a spring

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Linear spring mounted on a piston-cylinder device

Piston-cylinder arrangement with a spring and stops

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Schematic of heat engine, showing heat source, heat sink and work output

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Schematic of a heat pump with a heat exchanger

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claireyan — Thu, 08 Jul 2021 21:15:29 +0000

An unopened bottle of drink to illustrate the concept of closed system. The drink is the closed system. The bottle is the boundary, separating the drink from its surroundings.

claireyan — Fri, 09 Jul 2021 04:25:08 +0000

An container is divided into two equal compartments to illustrate the concepts of intensive and extensive properties.

Rigid tanks with partition

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Lee-Kesler compressibility factor

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Lee-Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor as a function of reduced pressure and reduced temperature.

amaiya09 — Tue, 13 Jul 2021 20:37:06 +0000

A rigid tank with partition consisting of methane at two different states

Pressure gauge

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Piston-cylinder arrangement with a spring

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U-tube Manometer

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U-tube Manometer

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P-v diagram of a cycle consisting of three processes

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P-h diagram for CO2

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Pressure-enthalpy diagram for carbon dioxide

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P- v diagram showing different process paths with same initial and final states

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Compressibility factor of hydrogen

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Compressibility factor of nitrogen

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The area under the P-v curve is the boundary work.

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Water is a compressed liquid at the given state, as illustrated on the phase diagrams.

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A rigid tank with two rooms

4.5.2

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Flow through a nozzle

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Flow through a vertical pipe section

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Isochoric process in a rigid sealed tank

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An isobaric expansion process in the superheated vapour region

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Isothermal expansion process

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Polytropic processes of an ideal gas

4.3.5_2

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P-v and T-v diagrams of the whole process

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Different processes of an ideal gas

Work done by the spring force

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Work done by the spring force due to the displacement from the spring’s rest position.

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Forces acting on the piston in equilibrium

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P-V diagram of the process from the initial to final states

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Piston-cylinder device with a spring loaded on top of the piston

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P-v diagram of ammonia in a piston-cylinder device

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A rigid tank with two compartments containing CO2

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T-s and P-v diagrams, showing the solutions for a reversible process of an ideal gas

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P-V diagram showing the total work and its compositions

Electric resistance heater

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An electric resistance heater as an example to illustrate heat and work conversion and irreversible process

Rankine cycle

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Rankine cycle layout

Rankine cycle, T-s diagram

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Two-stage steam turbine with a feedwater heater

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Schematic of the two-stage heat engine

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Ammonia in a piston-cylinder device

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Schematic illustrating Clausius statement

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A heat pump violating the Clausius statement

Carnot heat engine: T-s diagram

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Carnot heat engine: T-s diagram

Carnot heat engine: P-v diagram

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claireyan — Wed, 18 Aug 2021 22:20:47 +0000

Steam in a piston-cylinder device

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A reversible cycle consisting of path A and path B

Entropy as a path function

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The universe as an isolated system

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A piston-cylinder device containing pressurized ammonia

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Schematic illustrating the Clausius statement

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Piston-cylinder device containing oxygen

Flow through a control volume

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Flow through a control volume

Wind turbine schematic

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Wind turbine schematic showing the energy conversion

Reciprocating compressor

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Reciprocating compressor: animation of the compression and expansion processes

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Flow of energy through a turbine and a compressor

Thermal expansion valve

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Thermal expansion valve in a vapour compression refrigeration system

Turbojet

claireyan — Sun, 22 Aug 2021 22:58:45 +0000

Schematic of turbojet engine consisting of a centrifugal compressor, a combustion chamber, a turbine and a nozzle section

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Heat exchanger

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Schematic showing the equivalence of the Kevin-Planck and Clausius Statements

Carnot heat engine: P-v diagram

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Carnot heat engine: T-s diagram

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Heat Exchanger

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P-v and T-s diagrams of a reversible process

claireyan — Thu, 13 Jan 2022 23:48:26 +0000

A common sign convention for heat and work transfer to a closed system.

Vapor compression refrigeration cycle

claireyan — Thu, 20 Jan 2022 00:42:47 +0000

Vapor compression refrigeration cycle consisting of a compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator

Carnot heat engine

claireyan — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 18:33:49 +0000

A schematic of Carnot heat engine

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A cycle consisting of reversible and/or irreversible processes for introducing entropy generation

Entropy transfers and entropy generation through a C.V.

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Flow through a control volume, showing the entropy transfers and entropy generation

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A device consisting of a heat exchanger and a heat pump

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A two-stage compressor with an intercooler

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Well-insulated heat exchanger

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T-S diagram for a reversible process and an irreversible process with the same initial and final states

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T-S diagram: the shaded area represents the heat transfer of a reversible process.

P-v-T phase diagram

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Pressure-specific volume-temperature diagram

P-T diagram

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Pressure-temperature diagram showing the phase change between solid, liquid and vapour

P-T Diagram for CO2

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Pressure-temperature diagram for carbon dioxide

T-v diagram

claireyan — Wed, 15 Jun 2022 23:38:13 +0000

Temperature-specific volume (T-v) diagram

P-v diagram

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Pressure-specific volume diagram

P-T diagram for CO2 (example 1 solution)

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P-T diagram for CO2, showing the solution to example 1

Linear interpolation

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Three points on a linear line, illustrating the principle of linear Interpolation

Appendix A: Thermodynamic Properties of Water

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Table A1: Saturated Water

T (^oC)	P (MPa)	Specific Volume m³/kg		Specific Internal Energy kJ/kg		Specific Enthalpy kJ/kg		Specific Entropy kJ/kgK
T (^oC)	P (MPa)	v_f	v_g	u_f	u_g	h_f	h_g	s_f	s_g
0.01	0.00061	0.001000	205.991	0.00	2374.90	0.00	2500.92	0.0000	9.1555
5	0.00087	0.001000	147.011	21.02	2381.78	21.02	2510.06	0.0763	9.0248
10	0.00123	0.001000	106.303	42.02	2388.65	42.02	2519.21	0.1511	8.8998
15	0.00171	0.001001	77.8755	62.98	2395.49	62.98	2528.33	0.2245	8.7803
20	0.00234	0.001002	57.7567	83.91	2402.32	83.91	2537.43	0.2965	8.6660
25	0.00317	0.001003	43.3373	104.83	2409.13	104.83	2546.51	0.3672	8.5567
30	0.00425	0.001004	32.8783	125.73	2415.91	125.73	2555.55	0.4368	8.4520
35	0.00563	0.001006	25.2053	146.63	2422.67	146.63	2564.55	0.5051	8.3517
40	0.00738	0.001008	19.5151	167.53	2429.39	167.53	2573.51	0.5724	8.2556
45	0.00960	0.001010	15.2521	188.43	2436.08	188.44	2582.43	0.6386	8.1633
50	0.01235	0.001012	12.0269	209.33	2442.73	209.34	2591.29	0.7038	8.0748
55	0.01576	0.001015	9.56428	230.24	2449.34	230.26	2600.09	0.7680	7.9898
60	0.01995	0.001017	7.66723	251.16	2455.90	251.18	2608.83	0.8313	7.9082
65	0.02504	0.001020	6.19354	272.09	2462.41	272.12	2617.50	0.8937	7.8296
70	0.03120	0.001023	5.03954	293.03	2468.86	293.07	2626.10	0.9551	7.7540
75	0.03860	0.001026	4.12894	313.99	2475.24	314.03	2634.60	1.0158	7.6812
80	0.04741	0.001029	3.40516	334.96	2481.56	335.01	2643.02	1.0756	7.6111
85	0.05787	0.001032	2.82584	355.96	2487.81	356.02	2651.33	1.1346	7.5434
90	0.07018	0.001036	2.35906	376.97	2493.97	377.04	2659.53	1.1929	7.4781
95	0.08461	0.001040	1.98056	398.00	2500.04	398.09	2667.61	1.2504	7.4151
100	0.10142	0.001043	1.67177	419.06	2506.02	419.17	2675.57	1.3072	7.3541
105	0.12090	0.001047	1.41838	440.15	2511.90	440.27	2683.39	1.3634	7.2952
110	0.14338	0.001052	1.20929	461.26	2517.67	461.42	2691.06	1.4188	7.2381
115	0.16918	0.001056	1.03584	482.42	2523.33	482.59	2698.58	1.4737	7.1828
120	0.19867	0.001060	0.891212	503.60	2528.86	503.81	2705.93	1.5279	7.1291
125	0.23224	0.001065	0.770026	524.83	2534.27	525.07	2713.10	1.5816	7.0770
130	0.27028	0.001070	0.668004	546.10	2539.53	546.38	2720.08	1.6347	7.0264
135	0.31323	0.001075	0.581729	567.41	2544.65	567.75	2726.87	1.6872	6.9772
140	0.36154	0.001080	0.508454	588.77	2549.62	589.16	2733.44	1.7392	6.9293
145	0.41569	0.001085	0.445962	610.19	2554.42	610.64	2739.80	1.7908	6.8826
150	0.47617	0.001091	0.392453	631.66	2559.05	632.18	2745.93	1.8418	6.8371
155	0.54350	0.001096	0.346460	653.19	2563.51	653.79	2751.81	1.8924	6.7926
160	0.61824	0.001102	0.306782	674.79	2567.78	675.47	2757.44	1.9426	6.7491
165	0.70093	0.001108	0.272431	696.46	2571.85	697.24	2762.81	1.9923	6.7066
170	0.79219	0.001114	0.242589	718.20	2575.73	719.08	2767.90	2.0417	6.6650
175	0.89260	0.001121	0.216581	740.02	2579.39	741.02	2772.71	2.0906	6.6241
180	1.00281	0.001127	0.193842	761.92	2582.83	763.05	2777.21	2.1393	6.5841
185	1.12346	0.001134	0.173901	783.91	2586.04	785.19	2781.41	2.1875	6.5447
190	1.25524	0.001141	0.156362	806.00	2589.01	807.43	2785.28	2.2355	6.5059
195	1.39882	0.001149	0.140892	828.18	2591.74	829.79	2788.82	2.2832	6.4678
200	1.55493	0.001157	0.127210	850.47	2594.20	852.27	2792.01	2.3305	6.4302
205	1.72430	0.001164	0.115078	872.87	2596.40	874.88	2794.83	2.3777	6.3930
210	1.90767	0.001173	0.104292	895.39	2598.31	897.63	2797.27	2.4245	6.3563
215	2.10584	0.001181	0.094680	918.04	2599.94	920.53	2799.32	2.4712	6.3200
220	2.31959	0.001190	0.086092	940.82	2601.25	943.58	2800.95	2.5177	6.2840
225	2.54972	0.001199	0.078404	963.74	2602.24	966.80	2802.15	2.5640	6.2483
230	2.79709	0.001209	0.071504	986.81	2602.90	990.19	2802.90	2.6101	6.2128
235	3.06253	0.001219	0.065298	1010.04	2603.20	1013.77	2803.17	2.6561	6.1775
240	3.34693	0.001229	0.059705	1033.44	2603.13	1037.55	2802.96	2.7020	6.1423
245	3.65117	0.001240	0.054654	1057.02	2602.67	1061.55	2802.22	2.7478	6.1072
250	3.97617	0.001252	0.050083	1080.79	2601.79	1085.77	2800.93	2.7935	6.0721
255	4.32289	0.001264	0.045939	1104.77	2600.49	1110.23	2799.07	2.8392	6.0369
260	4.69226	0.001276	0.042173	1128.97	2598.72	1134.96	2796.60	2.8850	6.0016
265	5.08529	0.001289	0.038746	1153.41	2596.45	1159.96	2793.49	2.9307	5.9661
270	5.50299	0.001303	0.035621	1178.10	2593.67	1185.27	2789.69	2.9765	5.9304
275	5.94639	0.001318	0.032766	1203.07	2590.33	1210.90	2785.17	3.0224	5.8944
280	6.41658	0.001333	0.030153	1228.33	2586.39	1236.88	2779.87	3.0685	5.8579
285	6.91466	0.001349	0.027756	1253.92	2581.81	1263.25	2773.73	3.1147	5.8209
290	7.44178	0.001366	0.025555	1279.86	2576.53	1290.03	2766.70	3.1612	5.7834
295	7.99911	0.001385	0.023529	1306.19	2570.49	1317.27	2758.70	3.2080	5.7451
300	8.58790	0.001404	0.021660	1332.95	2563.62	1345.01	2749.64	3.2552	5.7059
305	9.20943	0.001425	0.019934	1360.18	2555.85	1373.30	2739.43	3.3028	5.6657
310	9.86505	0.001448	0.018335	1387.93	2547.07	1402.22	2727.95	3.3510	5.6244
315	10.55620	0.001472	0.016851	1416.28	2537.17	1431.83	2715.05	3.3998	5.5816
320	11.28430	0.001499	0.015471	1445.31	2526.01	1462.22	2700.59	3.4494	5.5372
325	12.05100	0.001528	0.014183	1475.11	2513.41	1493.52	2684.33	3.5000	5.4909
330	12.85810	0.001561	0.012979	1505.80	2499.15	1525.87	2666.03	3.5518	5.4422
335	13.70730	0.001597	0.011847	1537.56	2482.96	1559.45	2645.35	3.6050	5.3906
340	14.60070	0.001638	0.010781	1570.62	2464.44	1594.53	2621.85	3.6601	5.3356
345	15.54060	0.001685	0.009769	1605.30	2443.09	1631.48	2594.90	3.7176	5.2762
350	16.52940	0.001740	0.008802	1642.13	2418.14	1670.89	2563.64	3.7784	5.2110
355	17.57010	0.001808	0.007868	1681.96	2388.40	1713.72	2526.65	3.8439	5.1380
360	18.66600	0.001895	0.006949	1726.28	2351.78	1761.66	2481.49	3.9167	5.0536
365	19.82140	0.002017	0.006012	1777.79	2303.79	1817.77	2422.95	4.0014	4.9497
370	21.04360	0.002215	0.004954	1844.07	2230.26	1890.69	2334.52	4.1112	4.8012
373.95	22.06400	0.003106	0.003106	2015.73	2015.73	2084.26	2084.26	4.4070	4.4070

Table A2: Superheated Vapor, Water

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 10 kPa (Sat. T = 45.80^oC)				P = 50 kPa (Sat. T = 81.31^oC)
Sat	14.6701	2437.16	2583.86	8.1488	3.24003	2483.21	2645.22	7.5930
50	14.8670	2443.30	2591.97	8.1741	-	-	-	-
100	17.1964	2515.49	2687.46	8.4489	3.41867	2511.49	2682.42	7.6953
150	19.5132	2587.91	2783.04	8.6892	3.88973	2585.73	2780.21	7.9413
200	21.8256	2661.34	2879.60	8.9049	4.35616	2659.96	2877.77	8.1592
250	24.1361	2736.09	2977.45	9.1015	4.82061	2735.12	2976.15	8.3568
300	26.4456	2812.28	3076.74	9.2827	5.28405	2811.56	3075.76	8.5386
350	28.7545	2890.00	3177.55	9.4513	5.74690	2889.44	3176.78	8.7076
400	31.0631	2969.32	3279.95	9.6094	6.20940	2968.86	3279.33	8.8659
450	33.3714	3050.27	3383.98	9.7584	6.67166	3049.89	3383.47	9.0151
500	35.6796	3132.89	3489.69	9.8998	7.13376	3132.58	3489.27	9.1566
550	37.9876	3217.24	3597.11	10.0344	7.59574	3216.96	3596.75	9.2913
600	40.2956	3303.32	3706.27	10.1631	8.05763	3303.08	3705.96	9.4201
650	42.6035	3391.17	3817.20	10.2866	8.51946	3390.96	3816.93	9.5436
700	44.9113	3480.79	3929.90	10.4055	8.98123	3480.60	3929.66	9.6626
750	47.2191	3572.18	4044.37	10.5202	9.44296	3572.02	4044.17	9.7773
800	49.5269	3665.35	4160.62	10.6311	9.90467	3665.20	4160.44	9.8882
850	51.8347	3760.27	4278.61	10.7386	10.3663	3760.13	4278.45	9.9957
900	54.1424	3856.91	4398.33	10.8429	10.8280	3856.79	4398.19	10.1000
950	56.4501	3955.25	4519.75	10.9442	11.2896	3955.14	4519.62	10.2014
1000	58.7578	4055.24	4642.82	11.0428	11.7513	4055.14	4642.70	10.3000

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 100 kPa (Sat. T = 99.60^oC)				P = 200 kPa (Sat. T = 120.21^oC)
Sat	1.69393	2505.55	2674.95	7.3589	0.885682	2529.09	2706.23	7.1269
150	1.93665	2582.94	2776.60	7.6148	0.959855	2577.13	2769.10	7.2810
200	2.17243	2658.21	2875.45	7.8356	1.080480	2654.63	2870.73	7.5081
250	2.40615	2733.90	2974.51	8.0346	1.198890	2731.43	2971.21	7.7100
300	2.63885	2810.65	3074.53	8.2172	1.316230	2808.82	3072.07	7.8941
350	2.87095	2888.73	3175.83	8.3866	1.432970	2887.31	3173.90	8.0644
400	3.10269	2968.29	3278.56	8.5452	1.549330	2967.15	3277.02	8.2236
450	3.33420	3049.42	3382.84	8.6946	1.665460	3048.48	3381.57	8.3734
500	3.56553	3132.18	3488.73	8.8362	1.781420	3131.39	3487.67	8.5152
550	3.79675	3216.62	3596.30	8.9710	1.897260	3215.95	3595.40	8.6502
600	4.02788	3302.79	3705.58	9.0998	2.013010	3302.20	3704.80	8.7792
650	4.25895	3390.70	3816.60	9.2235	2.128700	3390.18	3815.92	8.9030
700	4.48997	3480.37	3929.37	9.3424	2.244330	3479.92	3928.78	9.0220
750	4.72094	3571.82	4043.91	9.4572	2.359930	3571.41	4043.39	9.1369
800	4.95189	3665.02	4160.21	9.5682	2.475500	3664.65	4159.75	9.2479
850	5.18280	3759.97	4278.25	9.6757	2.591030	3759.64	4277.84	9.3555
900	5.41370	3856.64	4398.01	9.7800	2.706550	3856.34	4397.65	9.4598
950	5.64458	3955.00	4519.46	9.8813	2.822050	3954.72	4519.13	9.5612
1000	5.87545	4055.01	4642.56	9.9800	2.937540	4054.76	4642.27	9.6599

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 300 kPa (Sat. T = 133.52^oC)				P = 400 kPa (Sat. T = 143.60^oC)
Sat	0.60576	2543.15	2724.88	6.9916	0.462383	2553.10	2738.05	6.8955
150	0.63401	2570.98	2761.19	7.0791	0.470883	2564.43	2752.78	6.9306
200	0.71642	2650.96	2865.89	7.3131	0.534334	2647.19	2860.93	7.1723
250	0.79644	2728.93	2967.87	7.5180	0.595196	2726.39	2964.47	7.3804
300	0.87534	2806.98	3069.58	7.7037	0.654892	2805.12	3067.08	7.5677
350	0.95363	2885.88	3171.97	7.8750	0.713958	2884.45	3170.03	7.7399
400	1.03154	2966.00	3275.47	8.0347	0.772645	2964.85	3273.91	7.9002
450	1.10921	3047.53	3380.29	8.1849	0.831085	3046.58	3379.02	8.0508
500	1.18671	3130.59	3486.60	8.3271	0.889357	3129.79	3485.54	8.1933
550	1.26409	3215.26	3594.49	8.4623	0.947510	3214.58	3593.59	8.3287
600	1.34139	3301.61	3704.03	8.5914	1.005570	3301.02	3703.25	8.4580
650	1.41861	3389.67	3815.25	8.7153	1.063570	3389.15	3814.58	8.5820
700	1.49579	3479.46	3928.20	8.8344	1.121520	3479.00	3927.61	8.7012
750	1.57293	3571.00	4042.88	8.9494	1.179430	3570.59	4042.36	8.8162
800	1.65003	3664.28	4159.29	9.0604	1.237300	3663.92	4158.84	8.9273
850	1.72711	3759.30	4277.44	9.1680	1.295150	3758.97	4277.03	9.0350
900	1.80417	3856.03	4397.28	9.2724	1.352980	3855.73	4396.92	9.1394
950	1.88121	3954.45	4518.81	9.3739	1.410790	3954.17	4518.49	9.2409
1000	1.95823	4054.51	4641.98	9.4726	1.468580	4054.25	4641.69	9.3396

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 500 kPa (Sat. T = 151.83^oC)				P = 600 kPa (Sat. T = 158.82^oC)
Sat	0.37481	2560.71	2748.11	6.8207	0.315583	2566.79	2756.14	6.7593
200	0.42503	2643.32	2855.84	7.0610	0.352121	2639.34	2850.61	6.9683
250	0.47443	2723.82	2961.04	7.2724	0.393901	2721.21	2957.55	7.1832
300	0.52261	2803.25	3064.55	7.4614	0.434418	2801.36	3062.01	7.3740
350	0.57015	2883.01	3168.08	7.6346	0.474275	2881.56	3166.12	7.5481
400	0.61730	2963.70	3272.35	7.7955	0.513741	2962.54	3270.78	7.7097
450	0.66421	3045.63	3377.74	7.9465	0.552957	3044.68	3376.46	7.8611
500	0.71094	3129.00	3484.47	8.0892	0.592002	3128.20	3483.40	8.0041
550	0.75756	3213.90	3592.68	8.2249	0.630925	3213.22	3591.77	8.1399
600	0.80409	3300.43	3702.47	8.3543	0.669761	3299.84	3701.69	8.2695
650	0.85055	3388.63	3813.90	8.4784	0.708529	3388.11	3813.23	8.3937
700	0.89696	3478.54	3927.02	8.5977	0.747246	3478.08	3926.43	8.5131
750	0.94332	3570.18	4041.84	8.7128	0.785923	3569.77	4041.33	8.6283
800	0.98966	3663.55	4158.38	8.8240	0.824568	3663.18	4157.92	8.7395
850	1.03597	3758.64	4276.63	8.9317	0.863187	3758.31	4276.22	8.8472
900	1.08226	3855.43	4396.56	9.0362	0.901785	3855.13	4396.20	8.9518
950	1.12853	3953.90	4518.16	9.1377	0.940365	3953.62	4517.84	9.0533
1000	1.17479	4054.00	4641.40	9.2364	0.978931	4053.75	4641.11	9.1521

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 800 kPa (Sat. T = 170.40^oC)				P = 1000 kPa (Sat. T = 179.87^oC)
Sat	0.24034	2576.03	2768.30	6.6616	0.194362	2582.75	2777.11	6.5850
200	0.26088	2631.04	2839.75	6.8176	0.206022	2622.24	2828.26	6.6955
250	0.29321	2715.87	2950.44	7.0401	0.232747	2710.38	2943.12	6.9265
300	0.32416	2797.53	3056.86	7.2345	0.257988	2793.64	3051.63	7.1246
350	0.35442	2878.63	3162.17	7.4106	0.282504	2875.68	3158.18	7.3029
400	0.38428	2960.21	3267.64	7.5734	0.306606	2957.87	3264.47	7.4669
450	0.41389	3042.77	3373.88	7.7257	0.330447	3040.85	3371.30	7.6200
500	0.44332	3126.60	3481.25	7.8692	0.354113	3124.99	3479.10	7.7642
550	0.47263	3211.85	3589.96	8.0055	0.377655	3210.48	3588.14	7.9008
600	0.50185	3298.65	3700.14	8.1354	0.401108	3297.47	3698.58	8.0310
650	0.53101	3387.08	3811.88	8.2598	0.424494	3386.04	3810.53	8.1557
700	0.56011	3477.17	3925.26	8.3794	0.447828	3476.25	3924.08	8.2755
750	0.58917	3568.95	4040.29	8.4947	0.471121	3568.14	4039.26	8.3909
800	0.61820	3662.45	4157.01	8.6061	0.494382	3661.71	4156.09	8.5024
850	0.64721	3757.64	4275.41	8.7139	0.517618	3756.98	4274.60	8.6103
900	0.67619	3854.52	4395.48	8.8185	0.540832	3853.92	4394.75	8.7150
950	0.70516	3953.07	4517.19	8.9201	0.564028	3952.52	4516.54	8.8166
1000	0.73411	4053.24	4640.53	9.0189	0.587210	4052.74	4639.95	8.9155

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 1200 kPa (Sat. T = 187.95^oC)				P = 1400 kPa (Sat. T = 195.03^oC)
Sat	0.16326	2587.83	2783.74	6.5217	0.140778	2591.76	2788.85	6.4675
200	0.16934	2612.85	2816.06	6.5909	0.143025	2602.72	2802.96	6.4975
250	0.19241	2704.71	2935.60	6.8313	0.163561	2698.88	2927.86	6.7488
300	0.21386	2789.69	3046.32	7.0335	0.182324	2785.67	3040.92	6.9552
350	0.23455	2872.70	3154.16	7.2139	0.200292	2869.68	3150.09	7.1379
400	0.25482	2955.51	3261.29	7.3793	0.217820	2953.14	3258.08	7.3046
450	0.27482	3038.93	3368.71	7.5332	0.235078	3036.99	3366.10	7.4594
500	0.29464	3123.38	3476.94	7.6779	0.252156	3121.76	3474.78	7.6047
550	0.31434	3209.11	3586.31	7.8150	0.269109	3207.73	3584.48	7.7422
600	0.33395	3296.28	3697.01	7.9455	0.285970	3295.09	3695.45	7.8730
650	0.35349	3385.00	3809.18	8.0704	0.302764	3383.96	3807.83	7.9982
700	0.37297	3475.33	3922.90	8.1904	0.319505	3474.41	3921.72	8.1183
750	0.39242	3567.32	4038.22	8.3060	0.336206	3566.50	4037.18	8.2340
800	0.41184	3660.98	4155.18	8.4176	0.352874	3660.24	4154.26	8.3457
850	0.43123	3756.31	4273.78	8.5256	0.369516	3755.65	4272.97	8.4538
900	0.45059	3853.32	4394.03	8.6303	0.386137	3852.71	4393.30	8.5587
950	0.46994	3951.96	4515.90	8.7320	0.402741	3951.41	4515.25	8.6604
1000	0.48928	4052.23	4639.37	8.8310	0.419330	4051.72	4638.78	8.7594

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 1600 kPa (Sat. T = 201.37^oC)				P = 1800 kPa (Sat. T = 207.11^oC)
Sat	0.12374	2594.83	2792.82	6.4199	0.110368	2597.24	2795.91	6.3775
250	0.19241	2704.71	2935.60	6.8313	0.163561	2698.88	2927.86	6.7488
300	0.21386	2789.69	3046.32	7.0335	0.182324	2785.67	3040.92	6.9552
350	0.23455	2872.70	3154.16	7.2139	0.200292	2869.68	3150.09	7.1379
400	0.25482	2955.51	3261.29	7.3793	0.217820	2953.14	3258.08	7.3046
450	0.27482	3038.93	3368.71	7.5332	0.235078	3036.99	3366.10	7.4594
500	0.29464	3123.38	3476.94	7.6779	0.252156	3121.76	3474.78	7.6047
550	0.31434	3209.11	3586.31	7.8150	0.269109	3207.73	3584.48	7.7422
600	0.33395	3296.28	3697.01	7.9455	0.285970	3295.09	3695.45	7.8730
650	0.35349	3385.00	3809.18	8.0704	0.302764	3383.96	3807.83	7.9982
700	0.37297	3475.33	3922.90	8.1904	0.319505	3474.41	3921.72	8.1183
750	0.39242	3567.32	4038.22	8.3060	0.336206	3566.50	4037.18	8.2340
800	0.41184	3660.98	4155.18	8.4176	0.352874	3660.24	4154.26	8.3457
850	0.43123	3756.31	4273.78	8.5256	0.369516	3755.65	4272.97	8.4538
900	0.45059	3853.32	4394.03	8.6303	0.386137	3852.71	4393.30	8.5587
950	0.46994	3951.96	4515.90	8.7320	0.402741	3951.41	4515.25	8.6604
1000	0.48928	4052.23	4639.37	8.8310	0.419330	4051.72	4638.78	8.7594

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 2000 kPa (Sat. T = 212.37^oC)				P = 2500 kPa (Sat. T = 223.95^oC)
Sat	0.09959	2599.12	2798.29	6.3390	0.079949	2602.06	2801.93	6.2558
250	0.11150	2680.25	2903.24	6.5475	0.087053	2663.26	2880.89	6.4107
300	0.12551	2773.17	3024.18	6.7684	0.098937	2762.24	3009.58	6.6459
350	0.13860	2860.45	3137.65	6.9583	0.109786	2852.53	3127.00	6.8424
400	0.15122	2945.91	3248.34	7.1292	0.120119	2939.78	3240.08	7.0170
450	0.16354	3031.13	3358.22	7.2866	0.130152	3026.19	3351.57	7.1767
500	0.17568	3116.87	3468.24	7.4337	0.139992	3112.77	3462.75	7.3254
550	0.18770	3203.58	3578.97	7.5725	0.149700	3200.10	3574.35	7.4653
600	0.19962	3291.51	3690.74	7.7043	0.159314	3288.51	3686.79	7.5979
650	0.21147	3380.83	3803.75	7.8302	0.168858	3378.21	3800.35	7.7243
700	0.22326	3471.64	3918.17	7.9509	0.178349	3469.33	3915.21	7.8455
750	0.23502	3564.03	4034.07	8.0670	0.187798	3561.98	4031.47	7.9620
800	0.24674	3658.03	4151.51	8.1791	0.197215	3656.18	4149.22	8.0743
850	0.25844	3753.65	4270.53	8.2874	0.206605	3751.98	4268.49	8.1830
900	0.27012	3850.90	4391.13	8.3925	0.215974	3849.38	4389.32	8.2882
950	0.28178	3949.76	4513.31	8.4945	0.225325	3948.37	4511.69	8.3904
1000	0.29342	4050.20	4637.04	8.5936	0.234661	4048.94	4635.59	8.4896

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 3000 kPa (Sat. T = 233.85^oC)				P = 4000 kPa (Sat. T = 250.35^oC)
Sat	0.06666	2603.16	2803.15	6.1856	0.049776	2601.72	2800.82	6.0696
250	0.07063	2644.65	2856.53	6.2893	-	-	-	-
300	0.08118	2750.80	2994.33	6.5412	0.058870	2726.21	2961.69	6.3639
350	0.09056	2844.39	3116.06	6.7449	0.066473	2827.43	3093.32	6.5843
400	0.09938	2933.55	3231.69	6.9235	0.073431	2920.75	3214.47	6.7714
450	0.10789	3021.18	3344.84	7.0856	0.080043	3011.00	3331.17	6.9386
500	0.11620	3108.63	3457.22	7.2359	0.086442	3100.25	3446.02	7.0922
550	0.12437	3196.60	3569.70	7.3769	0.092700	3189.54	3560.34	7.2355
600	0.13245	3285.50	3682.83	7.5103	0.098859	3279.43	3674.87	7.3705
650	0.14045	3375.58	3796.94	7.6373	0.104945	3370.30	3790.08	7.4988
700	0.14841	3467.02	3912.24	7.7590	0.110976	3462.37	3906.28	7.6214
750	0.15632	3559.91	4028.87	7.8758	0.116966	3555.78	4023.64	7.7390
800	0.16420	3654.33	4146.92	7.9885	0.122922	3650.63	4142.32	7.8523
850	0.17205	3750.31	4266.46	8.0973	0.128852	3746.97	4262.38	7.9616
900	0.17988	3847.87	4387.50	8.2028	0.134759	3844.83	4383.87	8.0674
950	0.18769	3946.99	4510.06	8.3051	0.140649	3944.22	4506.82	8.1701
1000	0.19549	4047.67	4634.14	8.4045	0.146525	4045.13	4631.23	8.2697

Table A3: Compressed Liquid Water

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 500 kPa (Sat. T = 151.83^oC)				P = 2000 kPa (Sat. T = 212.38^oC)
Sat	0.001093	639.54	640.09	1.8604	0.001177	906.15	908.50	2.4468
0.01	0.001000	0.01	0.51	0.0000	0.000999	0.04	2.03	0.0001
20	0.001002	83.88	84.38	0.2964	0.001001	83.79	85.79	0.2961
40	0.001008	167.47	167.97	0.5722	0.001007	167.28	169.30	0.5716
60	0.001017	251.08	251.58	0.8310	0.001016	250.81	252.84	0.8302
80	0.001029	334.86	335.37	1.0753	0.001028	334.51	336.57	1.0743
100	0.001043	418.94	419.47	1.3069	0.001042	418.51	420.59	1.3057
120	0.001060	503.49	504.02	1.5276	0.001059	502.96	505.08	1.5263
140	0.001080	588.71	589.25	1.7391	0.001079	588.07	590.22	1.7375
160	-	-	-	-	0.001101	674.08	676.28	1.9409
180	-	-	-	-	0.001127	761.30	763.56	2.1379
200	-	-	-	-	0.001156	850.14	852.45	2.3298

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 5000 kPa (Sat. T = 263.94^oC)				P = 10000 kPa (Sat. T = 311.00^oC)
Sat	0.001286	1148.21	1154.64	2.9210	0.001453	1393.54	1408.06	3.3607
0.01	0.000998	0.09	5.07	0.0003	0.000995	0.16	10.11	0.0005
20	0.001000	83.61	88.61	0.2954	0.000997	83.31	93.28	0.2943
40	0.001006	166.92	171.95	0.5705	0.001004	166.33	176.37	0.5685
60	0.001015	250.29	255.36	0.8287	0.001013	249.43	259.55	0.8260
80	0.001027	333.82	338.96	1.0723	0.001024	332.69	342.94	1.0691
100	0.001041	417.65	422.85	1.3034	0.001038	416.23	426.62	1.2996
120	0.001058	501.91	507.19	1.5236	0.001055	500.18	510.73	1.5191
140	0.001077	586.79	592.18	1.7344	0.001074	584.71	595.45	1.7293
160	0.001099	672.55	678.04	1.9374	0.001095	670.06	681.01	1.9316
180	0.001124	759.46	765.08	2.1338	0.001120	756.48	767.68	2.1271
200	0.001153	847.91	853.68	2.3251	0.001148	844.31	855.80	2.3174
220	0.001187	938.39	944.32	2.5127	0.001181	934.00	945.81	2.5037
240	0.001227	1031.58	1037.71	2.6983	0.001219	1026.14	1038.34	2.6876
260	0.001275	1128.53	1134.91	2.8841	0.001265	1121.61	1134.26	2.8710
280	-	-	-	-	0.001323	1221.80	1235.03	3.0565
300	-	-	-	-	0.001398	1329.35	1343.33	3.2488

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 15000 kPa (Sat. T = 342.16^oC)				P = 20000 kPa (Sat. T = 365.75^oC)
Sat	0.001657	1585.35	1610.20	3.6846	0.002040	1786.41	1827.21	4.0156
0.01	0.000993	0.22	15.11	0.0006	0.000990	0.27	20.07	0.0006
20	0.000995	83.01	97.93	0.2932	0.000993	82.71	102.57	0.2921
40	0.001001	165.75	180.77	0.5666	0.000999	165.17	185.16	0.5646
60	0.001011	248.58	263.74	0.8234	0.001008	247.75	267.92	0.8208
80	0.001022	331.59	346.92	1.0659	0.001020	330.50	350.90	1.0627
100	0.001036	414.85	430.39	1.2958	0.001034	413.50	434.17	1.2920
120	0.001052	498.49	514.28	1.5148	0.001050	496.85	517.84	1.5105
140	0.001071	582.69	598.75	1.7243	0.001068	580.71	602.07	1.7194
160	0.001092	667.63	684.01	1.9259	0.001089	665.28	687.05	1.9203
180	0.001116	753.58	770.32	2.1206	0.001112	750.77	773.02	2.1143
200	0.001144	840.84	857.99	2.3100	0.001139	837.49	860.27	2.3027
220	0.001175	929.80	947.43	2.4951	0.001170	925.77	949.16	2.4867
240	0.001212	1020.98	1039.16	2.6774	0.001205	1016.07	1040.17	2.6676
260	0.001256	1115.12	1133.96	2.8586	0.001247	1109.02	1133.96	2.8469
280	0.001310	1213.36	1233.00	3.0409	0.001298	1205.55	1231.50	3.0265
300	0.001378	1317.63	1338.30	3.2279	0.001361	1307.15	1334.37	3.2091
320	0.001473	1431.93	1454.02	3.4263	0.001445	1416.59	1445.49	3.3996
340	0.001631	1567.89	1592.36	3.6555	0.001569	1540.20	1571.58	3.6086
360	-	-	-	-	0.001825	1703.60	1740.10	3.8787

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 30000 kPa				P = 50000 kPa
0.01	0.000986	0.33	29.90	0.0004	0.000977	0.33	49.17	-0.0009
20	0.000989	82.11	111.77	0.2897	0.000980	80.93	129.95	0.2845
40	0.000995	164.05	193.90	0.5607	0.000987	161.90	211.25	0.5528
60	0.001004	246.14	276.26	0.8156	0.000996	243.08	292.88	0.8055
80	0.001016	328.40	358.86	1.0564	0.001007	324.42	374.78	1.0442
100	0.001029	410.87	441.74	1.2847	0.001020	405.94	456.94	1.2705
120	0.001045	493.66	525.00	1.5020	0.001035	487.69	539.43	1.4859
140	0.001062	576.90	608.76	1.7098	0.001052	569.77	622.36	1.6916
160	0.001082	660.74	693.21	1.9094	0.001070	652.32	705.84	1.8889
180	0.001105	745.40	778.55	2.1020	0.001091	735.49	790.06	2.0790
200	0.001130	831.10	865.02	2.2888	0.001115	819.45	875.19	2.2628
220	0.001159	918.14	952.93	2.4707	0.001141	904.39	961.45	2.4414
240	0.001193	1006.87	1042.66	2.6491	0.001171	990.55	1049.09	2.6156
260	0.001231	1097.77	1134.71	2.8250	0.001204	1078.22	1138.44	2.7864
280	0.001277	1191.47	1229.77	3.0001	0.001243	1167.74	1229.89	2.9547
300	0.001332	1288.92	1328.89	3.1760	0.001288	1259.57	1323.96	3.1218
320	0.001401	1391.65	1433.69	3.3557	0.001341	1354.33	1421.37	3.2888
340	0.001493	1502.34	1547.14	3.5438	0.001405	1452.87	1523.11	3.4575
360	0.001628	1626.74	1675.57	3.7498	0.001485	1556.46	1630.70	3.6301
380	0.001873	1782.04	1838.22	4.0025	0.001588	1667.07	1746.49	3.8101

Reference States, default for fluid

Enthalpy H = 2551.013479 kJ/kg at 26.9 C and 0.0010 MPa.
Entropy S = 9.103679 J/g*K at 26.9 C and 0.0010 MPa.

Source: Eric W. Lemmon, Mark O. McLinden and Daniel G. Friend, "Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems" in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P.J. Linstrom and W.G. Mallard, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 20899, https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303, (retrieved May 2021).

Appendix B: Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia

claireyan — Thu, 20 May 2021 01:12:39 +0000

Table B1: Saturated Ammonia

T (^oC)	P (MPa)	Specific Volume m³/kg		Specific Internal Energy kJ/kg		Specific Enthalpy kJ/kg		Specific Entropy kJ/kgK
T (^oC)	P (MPa)	v_f	v_g	u_f	u_g	h_f	h_g	s_f	s_g
-50	0.04084	0.001424	2.627750	118.37	1427.03	118.43	1534.34	0.5661	6.9112
-45	0.05449	0.001436	2.007080	140.23	1433.38	140.31	1542.75	0.6630	6.8100
-40	0.07169	0.001449	1.553280	162.22	1439.56	162.33	1550.92	0.7583	6.7141
-35	0.09310	0.001462	1.216780	184.34	1445.55	184.48	1558.83	0.8522	6.6232
-30	0.11943	0.001475	0.963963	206.58	1451.34	206.76	1566.47	0.9446	6.5367
-25	0.15147	0.001489	0.771672	228.94	1456.92	229.17	1573.81	1.0357	6.4543
-20	0.19008	0.001503	0.623730	251.42	1462.27	251.71	1580.83	1.1254	6.3757
-15	0.23617	0.001518	0.508679	274.01	1467.39	274.37	1587.52	1.2137	6.3005
-10	0.29071	0.001534	0.418303	296.72	1472.25	297.16	1593.86	1.3009	6.2285
-5	0.35476	0.001550	0.346635	319.54	1476.85	320.09	1599.82	1.3868	6.1593
0	0.42939	0.001566	0.289297	342.48	1481.17	343.16	1605.39	1.4716	6.0926
5	0.51575	0.001583	0.243039	365.55	1485.20	366.36	1610.55	1.5553	6.0284
10	0.61505	0.001601	0.205426	388.74	1488.92	389.72	1615.27	1.6380	5.9662
15	0.72853	0.001619	0.174614	412.06	1492.32	413.24	1619.53	1.7197	5.9060
20	0.85748	0.001639	0.149198	435.53	1495.38	436.94	1623.31	1.8005	5.8475
25	1.00324	0.001659	0.128092	459.16	1498.08	460.82	1626.59	1.8804	5.7904
30	1.16720	0.001680	0.110457	482.95	1500.40	484.91	1629.32	1.9597	5.7347
35	1.35077	0.001702	0.095633	506.93	1502.32	509.23	1631.49	2.0382	5.6802
40	1.55542	0.001726	0.083101	531.11	1503.81	533.79	1633.06	2.1161	5.6265
45	1.78266	0.001750	0.072450	555.51	1504.84	558.63	1633.99	2.1936	5.5736
50	2.03403	0.001777	0.063350	580.16	1505.37	583.77	1634.23	2.2706	5.5213
55	2.31113	0.001804	0.055538	605.09	1505.37	609.26	1633.73	2.3473	5.4693
60	2.61560	0.001834	0.048797	630.33	1504.79	635.12	1632.42	2.4239	5.4174
65	2.94913	0.001866	0.042955	655.91	1503.56	661.42	1630.24	2.5004	5.3655
70	3.31347	0.001900	0.037868	681.90	1501.62	688.20	1627.09	2.5770	5.3131
75	3.71045	0.001937	0.033419	708.34	1498.88	715.53	1622.88	2.6539	5.2601
80	4.14197	0.001978	0.029509	735.31	1495.24	743.50	1617.46	2.7312	5.2060
85	4.61002	0.002022	0.026058	762.88	1490.56	772.20	1610.69	2.8093	5.1505
90	5.11672	0.002071	0.022997	791.16	1484.67	801.76	1602.34	2.8884	5.0929
95	5.66432	0.002127	0.020268	820.29	1477.36	832.34	1592.16	2.9689	5.0328
100	6.25527	0.002190	0.017820	850.46	1468.32	864.16	1579.79	3.0513	4.9691
105	6.89227	0.002263	0.015610	881.91	1457.14	897.51	1564.72	3.1363	4.9007
110	7.57834	0.002350	0.013596	915.03	1443.19	932.84	1546.23	3.2249	4.8258
115	8.31700	0.002456	0.011740	950.47	1425.51	970.89	1523.15	3.3190	4.7418
120	9.11249	0.002594	0.009993	989.44	1402.32	1013.08	1493.38	3.4218	4.6435
125	9.97022	0.002795	0.008283	1034.97	1369.69	1062.84	1452.28	3.5417	4.5199
130	10.89770	0.003202	0.006379	1100.28	1312.96	1135.17	1382.47	3.7153	4.3287
132.25	11.33930	0.004444	0.004444	1211.98	1211.98	1262.38	1262.38	4.0258	4.0258

Table B2: Superheated Ammonia

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 50 kPa (Sat. T = -46.51^oC)				P = 100 kPa (Sat. T = -33.58^oC)
Sat	2.17495	1431.47	1540.22	6.8401	1.13809	1447.21	1561.01	6.5983
-30	2.34496	1458.80	1576.05	6.9927	1.15730	1453.48	1569.21	6.6323
-20	2.44645	1475.09	1597.42	7.0788	1.21016	1470.67	1591.69	6.7229
-10	2.54720	1491.30	1618.66	7.1611	1.26220	1487.57	1613.79	6.8085
0	2.64739	1507.47	1639.84	7.2402	1.31365	1504.29	1635.65	6.8900
10	2.74715	1523.67	1661.02	7.3163	1.36463	1520.91	1657.37	6.9681
20	2.84657	1539.91	1682.24	7.3899	1.41527	1537.50	1679.03	7.0433
30	2.94572	1556.23	1703.51	7.4613	1.46562	1554.10	1700.66	7.1159
40	3.04466	1572.64	1724.88	7.5306	1.51576	1570.75	1722.33	7.1862
50	3.14343	1589.17	1746.34	7.5981	1.56571	1587.48	1744.05	7.2544
60	3.24205	1605.83	1767.93	7.6639	1.61552	1604.30	1765.85	7.3209
70	3.34056	1622.63	1789.65	7.7281	1.66521	1621.23	1787.76	7.3857
80	3.43896	1639.57	1811.52	7.7910	1.71480	1638.30	1809.78	7.4490
90	3.53729	1656.68	1833.54	7.8525	1.76431	1655.51	1831.94	7.5108
100	3.63554	1673.95	1855.73	7.9127	1.81374	1672.88	1854.25	7.5714
110	3.73373	1691.40	1878.08	7.9718	1.86311	1690.40	1876.71	7.6308
120	3.83187	1709.02	1900.62	8.0299	1.91243	1708.10	1899.34	7.6891
130	3.92996	1726.83	1923.33	8.0869	1.96170	1725.97	1922.14	7.7464
140	4.02801	1744.83	1946.23	8.1431	2.01094	1744.02	1945.12	7.8027
150	4.12603	1763.03	1969.33	8.1983	2.06013	1762.27	1968.28	7.8581
160	4.22402	1781.42	1992.62	8.2527	2.10930	1780.70	1991.63	7.9126
170	4.32198	1800.01	2016.11	8.3063	2.15844	1799.34	2015.18	7.9664
180	4.41991	1818.81	2039.80	8.3592	2.20755	1818.17	2038.92	8.0194
190	4.51783	1837.81	2063.70	8.4113	2.25664	1837.21	2062.87	8.0716
200	4.61572	1857.03	2087.81	8.4628	2.30572	1856.45	2087.02	8.1232

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 150 kPa (Sat. T = -25.20 ^oC)				P = 200 kPa (Sat. T = -18.84 ^oC)
Sat	0.778759	1456.69	1573.50	6.4577	0.594648	1463.47	1582.40	6.3581
-20	0.797792	1466.08	1585.75	6.5066	-	-	-	-
-10	0.833689	1483.73	1608.78	6.5958	0.619287	1479.77	1603.63	6.4401
0	0.868939	1501.03	1631.37	6.6801	0.646486	1497.69	1626.98	6.5272
10	0.903705	1518.10	1653.66	6.7602	0.673171	1515.24	1649.87	6.6096
20	0.938100	1535.05	1675.77	6.8370	0.699467	1532.57	1672.46	6.6880
30	0.972207	1551.95	1697.78	6.9108	0.725463	1549.77	1694.86	6.7631
40	1.006090	1568.84	1719.75	6.9821	0.751222	1566.91	1717.15	6.8354
50	1.039780	1585.76	1741.73	7.0512	0.776793	1584.04	1739.40	6.9054
60	1.073330	1602.75	1763.75	7.1183	0.802212	1601.20	1761.64	6.9732
70	1.106750	1619.83	1785.85	7.1836	0.827505	1618.42	1783.93	7.0391
80	1.140070	1637.02	1808.03	7.2474	0.852693	1635.74	1806.28	7.1033
90	1.173310	1654.34	1830.34	7.3096	0.877795	1653.16	1828.72	7.1659
100	1.206470	1671.79	1852.76	7.3706	0.902823	1670.71	1851.27	7.2272
110	1.239570	1689.40	1875.34	7.4303	0.927789	1688.40	1873.95	7.2872
120	1.272610	1707.17	1898.06	7.4888	0.952700	1706.23	1896.77	7.3460
130	1.305610	1725.10	1920.94	7.5463	0.977565	1724.23	1919.75	7.4037
140	1.338570	1743.21	1944.00	7.6028	1.002390	1742.40	1942.88	7.4604
150	1.371500	1761.51	1967.23	7.6583	1.027180	1760.74	1966.18	7.5161
160	1.404390	1779.99	1990.65	7.7130	1.051930	1779.27	1989.66	7.5709
170	1.437260	1798.66	2014.25	7.7669	1.076660	1797.99	2013.32	7.6249
180	1.470100	1817.53	2038.05	7.8200	1.101370	1816.89	2037.17	7.6781
190	1.502920	1836.60	2062.04	7.8724	1.126050	1836.00	2061.21	7.7306
200	1.535710	1855.88	2086.24	7.9241	1.150710	1855.31	2085.45	7.7824
210	1.568500	1875.36	2110.64	7.9751	1.175360	1874.82	2109.89	7.8335
220	1.601260	1895.06	2135.25	8.0255	1.199990	1894.54	2134.54	7.8840

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 300 kPa (Sat. T = -9.224 ^oC)				P = 400 kPa (Sat. T = -1.88 ^oC)
Sat	0.406085	1472.98	1594.81	6.2175	0.309410	1479.58	1603.34	6.1174
0	0.423819	1490.74	1617.89	6.3035	0.312249	1483.41	1608.31	6.1356
10	0.442489	1509.34	1642.08	6.3905	0.326987	1503.18	1633.97	6.2279
20	0.460728	1527.48	1665.70	6.4725	0.341246	1522.21	1658.71	6.3138
30	0.478641	1545.32	1688.91	6.5503	0.355149	1540.75	1682.81	6.3946
40	0.496302	1562.98	1711.87	6.6249	0.368782	1558.96	1706.48	6.4714
50	0.513762	1580.54	1734.67	6.6965	0.382202	1576.97	1729.85	6.5449
60	0.531063	1598.05	1757.37	6.7657	0.395454	1594.86	1753.04	6.6156
70	0.548233	1615.58	1780.05	6.8328	0.408571	1612.70	1776.12	6.6839
80	0.565296	1633.15	1802.74	6.8979	0.421576	1630.53	1799.16	6.7500
90	0.582269	1650.79	1825.47	6.9614	0.434489	1648.39	1822.19	6.8143
100	0.599166	1668.53	1848.28	7.0234	0.447324	1666.32	1845.25	6.8770
110	0.616000	1686.38	1871.18	7.0839	0.460094	1684.35	1868.38	6.9382
120	0.632778	1704.36	1894.19	7.1432	0.472807	1702.48	1891.60	6.9980
130	0.649508	1722.49	1917.34	7.2014	0.485473	1720.73	1914.92	7.0566
140	0.666198	1740.77	1940.63	7.2584	0.498096	1739.13	1938.37	7.1140
150	0.682851	1759.22	1964.07	7.3145	0.510683	1757.68	1961.95	7.1704
160	0.699473	1777.83	1987.68	7.3696	0.523238	1776.39	1985.69	7.2258
170	0.716066	1796.63	2011.45	7.4239	0.535764	1795.27	2009.58	7.2804
180	0.732635	1815.61	2035.40	7.4774	0.548266	1814.33	2033.64	7.3341
190	0.749181	1834.79	2059.54	7.5300	0.560745	1833.57	2057.87	7.3870
200	0.765708	1854.16	2083.87	7.5820	0.573204	1853.01	2082.29	7.4391
210	0.782217	1873.73	2108.39	7.6333	0.585645	1872.63	2106.89	7.4906
220	0.798710	1893.50	2133.11	7.6839	0.598070	1892.46	2131.69	7.5414
230	0.815188	1913.48	2158.04	7.7340	0.610480	1912.49	2156.68	7.5915
240	0.831653	1933.67	2183.17	7.7834	0.622877	1932.72	2181.87	7.6411
250	0.848105	1954.08	2208.51	7.8323	0.635261	1953.17	2207.27	7.6901
260	0.864547	1974.69	2234.06	7.8807	0.647635	1973.83	2232.88	7.7386

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 500 kPa (Sat. T = 4.13 ^oC)				P = 600 kPa (Sat. T = 9.28 ^oC)
Sat	0.250324	1484.53	1609.69	6.0393	0.210353	1488.41	1614.62	5.9750
10	0.257544	1496.73	1625.50	6.0957	0.211117	1489.97	1616.64	5.9821
20	0.269459	1516.75	1651.48	6.1859	0.221513	1511.08	1643.99	6.0771
30	0.280985	1536.04	1676.54	6.2699	0.231480	1531.20	1670.09	6.1646
40	0.292219	1554.85	1700.96	6.3492	0.241132	1550.64	1695.32	6.2465
50	0.303228	1573.34	1724.95	6.4246	0.250546	1569.63	1719.96	6.3240
60	0.314060	1591.62	1748.65	6.4968	0.259773	1588.32	1744.18	6.3978
70	0.324751	1609.77	1772.15	6.5663	0.268852	1606.81	1768.13	6.4686
80	0.335327	1627.88	1795.54	6.6335	0.277812	1625.20	1791.89	6.5369
90	0.345807	1645.98	1818.88	6.6987	0.286674	1643.53	1815.54	6.6029
100	0.356208	1664.10	1842.21	6.7621	0.295454	1661.87	1839.14	6.6670
110	0.366541	1682.30	1865.57	6.8239	0.304166	1680.24	1862.73	6.7294
120	0.376818	1700.58	1888.99	6.8842	0.312819	1698.67	1886.36	6.7903
130	0.387045	1718.97	1912.49	6.9432	0.321422	1717.19	1910.05	6.8498
140	0.397230	1737.48	1936.10	7.0011	0.329982	1735.83	1933.82	6.9080
150	0.407378	1756.14	1959.83	7.0578	0.338505	1754.59	1957.69	6.9651
160	0.417494	1774.94	1983.69	7.1136	0.346995	1773.49	1981.68	7.0212
170	0.427580	1793.91	2007.70	7.1683	0.355455	1792.54	2005.81	7.0762
180	0.437642	1813.04	2031.86	7.2223	0.363891	1811.75	2030.08	7.1304
190	0.447681	1832.35	2056.19	7.2754	0.372303	1831.13	2054.51	7.1837
200	0.457700	1851.85	2080.70	7.3277	0.380695	1850.69	2079.11	7.2363
210	0.467700	1871.54	2105.39	7.3794	0.389069	1870.43	2103.88	7.2881
220	0.477684	1891.41	2130.26	7.4303	0.397427	1890.37	2128.82	7.3392
230	0.487654	1911.49	2155.32	7.4806	0.405769	1910.50	2153.96	7.3896
240	0.497610	1931.77	2180.58	7.5303	0.414099	1930.82	2179.28	7.4395
250	0.507554	1952.26	2206.04	7.5795	0.422416	1951.35	2204.80	7.4887
260	0.517487	1972.96	2231.70	7.6281	0.430721	1972.09	2230.52	7.5374

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 800 kPa (Sat. T = 17.84^oC)				P = 1000 kPa (Sat. T = 24.89^oC)
Sat	0.159551	1494.11	1621.75	5.8725	0.128497	1498.03	1626.52	5.7916
20	0.161354	1499.04	1628.12	5.8943	-	-	-	-
30	0.169445	1521.03	1656.59	5.9898	0.132037	1510.15	1642.19	5.8437
40	0.177166	1541.90	1683.63	6.0776	0.138657	1532.67	1671.32	5.9383
50	0.184614	1561.99	1709.68	6.1595	0.144962	1554.01	1698.97	6.0252
60	0.191854	1581.56	1735.04	6.2367	0.151035	1574.55	1725.59	6.1063
70	0.198934	1600.77	1759.91	6.3103	0.156931	1594.54	1751.47	6.1829
80	0.205884	1619.74	1784.45	6.3808	0.162688	1614.15	1776.84	6.2558
90	0.212730	1638.57	1808.76	6.4487	0.168333	1633.51	1801.85	6.3256
100	0.219490	1657.33	1832.92	6.5143	0.173887	1652.71	1826.60	6.3929
110	0.226178	1676.06	1857.01	6.5780	0.179366	1671.83	1851.19	6.4579
120	0.232805	1694.81	1881.06	6.6400	0.184782	1690.91	1875.69	6.5210
130	0.239381	1713.61	1905.12	6.7004	0.190144	1709.99	1900.14	6.5824
140	0.245912	1732.49	1929.22	6.7595	0.195460	1729.12	1924.58	6.6423
150	0.252405	1751.47	1953.39	6.8173	0.200737	1748.32	1949.05	6.7008
160	0.258864	1770.56	1977.65	6.8739	0.205979	1767.61	1973.59	6.7581
170	0.265294	1789.78	2002.02	6.9295	0.211191	1787.01	1998.20	6.8143
180	0.271697	1809.15	2026.51	6.9842	0.216376	1806.54	2022.91	6.8695
190	0.278077	1828.68	2051.14	7.0380	0.221538	1826.21	2047.74	6.9237
200	0.284437	1848.36	2075.91	7.0909	0.226678	1846.02	2072.70	6.9770
210	0.290778	1868.23	2100.85	7.1430	0.231800	1866.01	2097.81	7.0295
220	0.297102	1888.27	2125.95	7.1945	0.236905	1886.16	2123.06	7.0812
230	0.303412	1908.49	2151.22	7.2452	0.241995	1906.48	2148.48	7.1322
240	0.309708	1928.91	2176.68	7.2953	0.247071	1926.99	2174.07	7.1826
250	0.315991	1949.53	2202.32	7.3448	0.252135	1947.69	2199.83	7.2323
260	0.322263	1970.34	2228.15	7.3937	0.257187	1968.59	2225.77	7.2814
270	0.328525	1991.36	2254.18	7.4420	0.262229	1989.68	2251.91	7.3300
280	0.334778	2012.58	2280.40	7.4899	0.267262	2010.97	2278.23	7.3780
290	0.341022	2034.01	2306.83	7.5372	0.272286	2032.47	2304.76	7.4256
300	0.347258	2055.66	2333.47	7.5841	0.277301	2054.18	2331.48	7.4726

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 1200 kPa (Sat. T = 30.93^oC)				P = 1400 kPa (Sat. T = 36.25^oC)
Sat	0.107487	1500.79	1629.77	5.7244	0.092296	1502.73	1631.95	5.6666
40	0.112860	1522.88	1658.31	5.8169	0.094311	1512.44	1644.48	5.7069
50	0.118442	1545.65	1687.78	5.9096	0.099416	1536.87	1676.05	5.8062
60	0.123761	1567.28	1715.79	5.9950	0.104221	1559.71	1705.62	5.8963
70	0.128884	1588.12	1742.78	6.0748	0.108808	1581.49	1733.82	5.9797
80	0.133856	1608.42	1769.05	6.1502	0.113230	1602.53	1761.05	6.0579
90	0.138708	1628.34	1794.79	6.2221	0.117523	1623.05	1787.59	6.1320
100	0.143464	1648.01	1820.17	6.2911	0.121715	1643.22	1813.62	6.2028
110	0.148141	1667.52	1845.29	6.3575	0.125823	1663.15	1839.30	6.2707
120	0.152753	1686.94	1870.25	6.4218	0.129863	1682.93	1864.73	6.3362
130	0.157308	1706.33	1895.10	6.4842	0.133844	1702.62	1890.00	6.3997
140	0.161816	1725.71	1919.89	6.5450	0.137777	1722.27	1915.16	6.4613
150	0.166284	1745.14	1944.68	6.6043	0.141668	1741.93	1940.26	6.5213
160	0.170716	1764.63	1969.49	6.6622	0.145523	1761.63	1965.36	6.5800
170	0.175117	1784.21	1994.35	6.7190	0.149346	1781.40	1990.48	6.6373
180	0.179491	1803.90	2019.29	6.7746	0.153141	1801.25	2015.65	6.6935
190	0.183841	1823.72	2044.33	6.8293	0.156912	1821.22	2040.89	6.7486
200	0.188170	1843.67	2069.48	6.8830	0.160661	1841.31	2066.23	6.8027
210	0.192480	1863.77	2094.75	6.9358	0.164391	1861.53	2091.68	6.8559
220	0.196772	1884.04	2120.16	6.9879	0.168104	1881.91	2117.25	6.9083
230	0.201049	1904.47	2145.72	7.0392	0.171801	1902.44	2142.96	6.9599
240	0.205313	1925.07	2171.45	7.0898	0.175484	1923.14	2168.82	7.0108
250	0.209563	1945.86	2197.33	7.1398	0.179154	1944.01	2194.83	7.0610
260	0.213803	1966.83	2223.39	7.1891	0.182813	1965.07	2221.00	7.1106
270	0.218032	1988.00	2249.63	7.2379	0.186461	1986.31	2247.35	7.1595
280	0.222251	2009.36	2276.06	7.2861	0.190100	2007.74	2273.88	7.2079
290	0.226461	2030.92	2302.67	7.3338	0.193729	2029.37	2300.59	7.2558
300	0.230664	2052.69	2329.48	7.3810	0.197351	2051.19	2327.49	7.3031
310	0.234859	2074.66	2356.49	7.4277	0.200965	2073.23	2354.58	7.3500
320	0.239047	2096.84	2383.70	7.4740	0.204572	2095.46	2381.86	7.3964

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 1600 kPa (Sat. T = 41.02^oC)				P = 2000 kPa (Sat. T = 49.35^oC)
Sat	0.080782	1504.06	1633.31	5.6156	0.064453	1505.33	1634.24	5.5281
50	0.085064	1527.59	1663.69	5.7110	0.064729	1507.24	1636.69	5.5357
60	0.089509	1551.82	1695.03	5.8066	0.068754	1534.87	1672.38	5.6445
70	0.093710	1574.63	1724.57	5.8939	0.072463	1560.13	1705.06	5.7411
80	0.097730	1596.48	1752.84	5.9751	0.075952	1583.81	1735.72	5.8292
90	0.101612	1617.64	1780.22	6.0516	0.079278	1606.42	1764.97	5.9109
100	0.105385	1638.34	1806.95	6.1242	0.082480	1628.26	1793.22	5.9876
110	0.109071	1658.71	1833.22	6.1937	0.085583	1649.58	1820.75	6.0604
120	0.112684	1678.85	1859.15	6.2605	0.088608	1670.52	1847.73	6.1300
130	0.116238	1698.86	1884.84	6.3250	0.091567	1691.20	1874.33	6.1968
140	0.119741	1718.79	1910.37	6.3876	0.094473	1711.71	1900.65	6.2613
150	0.123200	1738.69	1935.81	6.4484	0.097332	1732.11	1926.78	6.3237
160	0.126623	1758.60	1961.20	6.5077	0.100152	1752.47	1952.77	6.3845
170	0.130013	1778.56	1986.58	6.5657	0.102939	1772.81	1978.69	6.4436
180	0.133375	1798.58	2011.98	6.6223	0.105696	1793.19	2004.58	6.5014
190	0.136713	1818.70	2037.44	6.6779	0.108427	1813.62	2030.47	6.5579
200	0.140028	1838.93	2062.97	6.7324	0.111136	1834.13	2056.40	6.6133
210	0.143323	1859.28	2088.59	6.7860	0.113824	1854.73	2082.38	6.6676
220	0.146601	1879.77	2114.33	6.8387	0.116494	1875.45	2108.44	6.7210
230	0.149863	1900.40	2140.18	6.8907	0.119148	1896.30	2134.60	6.7735
240	0.153111	1921.20	2166.18	6.9418	0.121788	1917.29	2160.87	6.8252
250	0.156347	1942.16	2192.31	6.9923	0.124414	1938.44	2187.26	6.8762
260	0.159570	1963.30	2218.61	7.0420	0.127029	1959.74	2213.80	6.9264
270	0.162783	1984.61	2245.07	7.0912	0.129632	1981.21	2240.47	6.9760
280	0.165986	2006.12	2271.69	7.1398	0.132226	2002.86	2267.31	7.0249
290	0.169180	2027.81	2298.50	7.1878	0.134811	2024.68	2294.30	7.0733
300	0.172366	2049.70	2325.48	7.2353	0.137387	2046.70	2321.47	7.1211
310	0.175544	2071.79	2352.66	7.2823	0.139956	2068.90	2348.81	7.1684
320	0.178716	2094.08	2380.02	7.3288	0.142518	2091.30	2376.34	7.2152
330	0.181881	2116.57	2407.58	7.3749	0.145073	2113.90	2404.04	7.2615
340	0.185040	2139.28	2435.34	7.4206	0.147622	2136.70	2431.94	7.3074
350	0.188194	2162.19	2463.30	7.4658	0.150166	2159.71	2460.04	7.3529
360	0.191342	2185.32	2491.47	7.5106	0.152704	2182.92	2488.33	7.3979

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 5000 kPa (Sat. T = 88.88^oC)				P = 10000 kPa (Sat. T = 125.16^oC)
Sat	0.023651	1486.10	1604.35	5.1060	0.008225	1368.34	1450.60	4.5150
100	0.026362	1532.44	1664.25	5.2690	-	-	-	-
110	0.028403	1566.88	1708.89	5.3871	-	-	-	-
120	0.030227	1597.55	1748.68	5.4897	-	-	-	-
130	0.031907	1625.81	1785.34	5.5818	0.009934	1433.77	1533.11	4.7211
140	0.033481	1652.43	1819.83	5.6663	0.011935	1505.07	1624.42	4.9451
150	0.034976	1677.89	1852.76	5.7451	0.013381	1554.67	1688.48	5.0983
160	0.036407	1702.51	1884.54	5.8193	0.014589	1595.47	1741.36	5.2219
170	0.037788	1726.51	1915.45	5.8898	0.015656	1631.40	1787.95	5.3283
180	0.039128	1750.06	1945.69	5.9573	0.016629	1664.22	1830.51	5.4232
190	0.040432	1773.27	1975.43	6.0222	0.017534	1694.94	1870.27	5.5100
200	0.041706	1796.24	2004.77	6.0849	0.018386	1724.14	1908.00	5.5906
210	0.042954	1819.05	2033.82	6.1457	0.019197	1752.22	1944.20	5.6663
220	0.044180	1841.75	2062.65	6.2047	0.019975	1779.47	1979.22	5.7381
230	0.045386	1864.39	2091.32	6.2623	0.020725	1806.07	2013.32	5.8065
240	0.046575	1887.00	2119.88	6.3185	0.021451	1832.18	2046.69	5.8722
250	0.047748	1909.63	2148.37	6.3735	0.022156	1857.92	2079.48	5.9355
260	0.048908	1932.29	2176.83	6.4274	0.022844	1883.37	2111.81	5.9967
270	0.050056	1955.01	2205.29	6.4802	0.023517	1908.61	2143.78	6.0561
280	0.051192	1977.81	2233.77	6.5322	0.024176	1933.70	2175.46	6.1139
290	0.052318	2000.70	2262.29	6.5833	0.024823	1958.69	2206.92	6.1703
300	0.053435	2023.71	2290.88	6.6336	0.025459	1983.61	2238.20	6.2254
310	0.054543	2046.84	2319.55	6.6832	0.026086	2008.50	2269.36	6.2793
320	0.055644	2070.10	2348.32	6.7321	0.026704	2033.39	2300.43	6.3321
330	0.056738	2093.51	2377.20	6.7804	0.027314	2058.31	2331.45	6.3839
340	0.057825	2117.06	2406.19	6.8281	0.027916	2083.27	2362.43	6.4349
350	0.058906	2140.78	2435.31	6.8752	0.028513	2108.30	2393.42	6.4850
360	0.059982	2164.66	2464.57	6.9218	0.029103	2133.40	2424.43	6.5344
370	0.061053	2188.72	2493.98	6.9679	0.029687	2158.60	2455.47	6.5830
380	0.062119	2212.95	2523.54	7.0135	0.030267	2183.91	2486.57	6.6310
390	0.063181	2237.36	2553.26	7.0586	0.030841	2209.33	2517.74	6.6784
400	0.064238	2261.95	2583.14	7.1034	0.031412	2234.88	2548.99	6.7252
410	0.065292	2286.74	2613.20	7.1477	0.031978	2260.56	2580.34	6.7714
420	0.066342	2311.72	2643.42	7.1916	0.032540	2286.39	2611.79	6.8171

Reference States, default for fluid

Enthalpy H = 1699.663687 kJ/kg at 26.9 C and 0.0010 MPa.
Entropy S = 9.356091 kJ/kg-K at 26.9 C and 0.0010 MPa.

Appendix C: Thermodynamic Properties of R134a

claireyan — Thu, 20 May 2021 03:56:23 +0000

Table C1: Saturated R134a

T (^oC)	P (MPa)	Specific Volume m³/kg		Specific Internal Energy kJ/kg		Specific Enthalpy kJ/kg		Specific Entropy kJ/kgK
T (^oC)	P (MPa)	v_f	v_g	u_f	u_g	h_f	h_g	s_f	s_g
-70	0.00798	0.000666	2.058960	111.19	338.59	111.20	355.02	0.6262	1.8264
-65	0.01138	0.000672	1.476490	117.26	341.35	117.27	358.16	0.6557	1.8130
-60	0.01591	0.000678	1.079030	123.35	344.15	123.36	361.31	0.6846	1.8010
-55	0.02183	0.000685	0.802362	129.49	346.96	129.50	364.48	0.7131	1.7902
-50	0.02945	0.000691	0.606198	135.65	349.80	135.67	367.65	0.7410	1.7806
-45	0.03912	0.000698	0.464726	141.86	352.65	141.89	370.83	0.7685	1.7720
-40	0.05121	0.000705	0.361076	148.11	355.51	148.14	374.00	0.7956	1.7643
-35	0.06614	0.000713	0.284018	154.40	358.38	154.45	377.17	0.8223	1.7575
-30	0.08438	0.000720	0.225945	160.73	361.25	160.79	380.32	0.8486	1.7515
-25	0.10640	0.000728	0.181623	167.11	364.13	167.19	383.45	0.8746	1.7461
-20	0.13274	0.000736	0.147395	173.54	366.99	173.64	386.55	0.9002	1.7413
-15	0.16394	0.000745	0.120671	180.02	369.85	180.14	389.63	0.9256	1.7371
-10	0.20060	0.000754	0.099590	186.55	372.69	186.70	392.67	0.9506	1.7334
-5	0.24334	0.000763	0.082801	193.13	375.51	193.32	395.66	0.9754	1.7300
0	0.29280	0.000772	0.069309	199.77	378.31	200.00	398.60	1.0000	1.7271
5	0.34966	0.000782	0.058374	206.48	381.08	206.75	401.49	1.0243	1.7245
10	0.41461	0.000793	0.049442	213.25	383.82	213.58	404.32	1.0485	1.7221
15	0.48837	0.000804	0.042090	220.09	386.52	220.48	407.07	1.0724	1.7200
20	0.57171	0.000816	0.035997	227.00	389.17	227.47	409.75	1.0962	1.7180
25	0.66538	0.000829	0.030912	233.99	391.77	234.55	412.33	1.1199	1.7162
30	0.77020	0.000842	0.026642	241.07	394.30	241.72	414.82	1.1435	1.7145
35	0.88698	0.000857	0.023033	248.25	396.76	249.01	417.19	1.1670	1.7128
40	1.01659	0.000872	0.019966	255.52	399.13	256.41	419.43	1.1905	1.7111
45	1.15992	0.000889	0.017344	262.91	401.40	263.94	421.52	1.2139	1.7092
50	1.31791	0.000907	0.015089	270.43	403.55	271.62	423.44	1.2375	1.7073
55	1.49151	0.000927	0.013140	278.09	405.56	279.47	425.15	1.2611	1.7050
60	1.68178	0.000950	0.011444	285.91	407.38	287.51	426.63	1.2848	1.7024
65	1.88982	0.000975	0.009960	293.92	408.99	295.76	427.82	1.3088	1.6994
70	2.11683	0.001004	0.008653	302.16	410.33	304.28	428.65	1.3332	1.6956
75	2.36412	0.001037	0.007491	310.68	411.32	313.13	429.03	1.3580	1.6910
80	2.63320	0.001077	0.006448	319.55	411.83	322.39	428.81	1.3836	1.6850
85	2.92583	0.001127	0.005499	328.93	411.67	332.22	427.76	1.4104	1.6771
90	3.24418	0.001194	0.004613	339.06	410.45	342.93	425.42	1.4390	1.6662
95	3.59123	0.001294	0.003743	350.60	407.23	355.25	420.67	1.4715	1.6493
100	3.97238	0.001536	0.002681	367.20	397.03	373.30	407.68	1.5188	1.6109
101.06	4.05911	0.001954	0.001954	381.71	381.71	389.64	389.64	1.5621	1.5621

Table C2: Superheated R134a

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 50 kPa (Sat. T = -40.45 ^oC)				P = 100 kPa (Sat. T = -26.36 ^oC)
Sat	0.369253	355.25	373.72	1.7650	0.192558	363.34	382.60	1.7475
-20	0.404876	368.97	389.21	1.8288	0.198410	367.81	387.65	1.7677
-10	0.421989	375.89	396.99	1.8590	0.207433	374.89	395.64	1.7986
0	0.438974	382.98	404.93	1.8885	0.216303	382.10	403.73	1.8288
10	0.455859	390.22	413.02	1.9176	0.225060	389.45	411.95	1.8584
20	0.472664	397.64	421.27	1.9463	0.233731	396.94	420.31	1.8874
30	0.489404	405.22	429.69	1.9745	0.242333	404.59	428.82	1.9160
40	0.506090	412.97	438.28	2.0024	0.250878	412.40	437.49	1.9441
50	0.522731	420.89	447.03	2.0299	0.259376	420.37	446.30	1.9718
60	0.539334	428.98	455.94	2.0571	0.267835	428.49	455.28	1.9991
70	0.555904	437.23	465.02	2.0839	0.276260	436.78	464.41	2.0261
80	0.572447	445.64	474.26	2.1105	0.284657	445.23	473.70	2.0528
90	0.588966	454.22	483.67	2.1367	0.293029	453.84	483.14	2.0792
100	0.605464	462.96	493.24	2.1627	0.301380	462.61	492.74	2.1053
110	0.621943	471.87	502.96	2.1884	0.309713	471.53	502.50	2.1311
120	0.638407	480.93	512.85	2.2139	0.318029	480.61	512.42	2.1566
130	0.654857	490.15	522.89	2.2391	0.326331	489.85	522.49	2.1819

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 150 kPa (Sat. T = -17.13 ^oC)				P = 200 kPa (Sat. T = -10.07 ^oC)
Sat	0.131283	368.63	388.32	1.7388	0.099877	372.64	392.62	1.7334
-10	0.135816	373.84	394.21	1.7615	0.099915	372.70	392.68	1.7337
0	0.142013	381.19	402.49	1.7924	0.104811	380.24	401.20	1.7654
10	0.148081	388.64	410.86	1.8225	0.109552	387.82	409.73	1.7961
20	0.154053	396.23	419.33	1.8519	0.114185	395.49	418.33	1.8259
30	0.159950	403.95	427.94	1.8808	0.118737	403.29	427.04	1.8551
40	0.165787	411.82	436.68	1.9092	0.123226	411.22	435.87	1.8838
50	0.171576	419.83	445.57	1.9371	0.127663	419.29	444.83	1.9120
60	0.177323	428.01	454.60	1.9646	0.132057	427.51	453.92	1.9397
70	0.183036	436.33	463.79	1.9918	0.136415	435.88	463.16	1.9670
80	0.188719	444.82	473.12	2.0186	0.140744	444.40	472.54	1.9940
90	0.194377	453.45	482.61	2.0451	0.145046	453.06	482.07	2.0206
100	0.200014	462.25	492.25	2.0713	0.149326	461.88	491.75	2.0468
110	0.205631	471.20	502.04	2.0972	0.153588	470.86	501.57	2.0728
120	0.211233	480.30	511.98	2.1228	0.157832	479.98	511.55	2.0985
130	0.216819	489.56	522.08	2.1481	0.162062	489.26	521.67	2.1240
140	0.222394	498.97	532.33	2.1732	0.166278	498.69	531.95	2.1491

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 300 kPa (Sat. T = 0.67 ^oC)				P = 400 kPa (Sat. T = 8.93 ^oC)
Sat	0.067704	378.68	399.00	1.7267	0.051207	383.24	403.72	1.7226
10	0.070931	386.06	407.34	1.7567	0.051506	384.12	404.72	1.7261
20	0.074254	393.96	416.24	1.7876	0.054214	392.32	414.01	1.7584
30	0.077478	401.93	425.18	1.8175	0.056797	400.50	423.22	1.7893
40	0.080629	410.00	434.19	1.8468	0.059293	408.73	432.45	1.8192
50	0.083723	418.19	443.31	1.8755	0.061724	417.05	441.74	1.8484
60	0.086770	426.50	452.54	1.9036	0.064105	425.47	451.11	1.8770
70	0.089779	434.95	461.89	1.9312	0.066443	434.01	460.58	1.9050
80	0.092755	443.54	471.37	1.9585	0.068748	442.67	470.17	1.9325
90	0.095705	452.27	480.99	1.9853	0.071023	451.47	479.88	1.9597
100	0.098631	461.15	490.74	2.0118	0.073275	460.41	489.72	1.9864
110	0.101537	470.17	500.63	2.0380	0.075505	469.48	499.68	2.0127
120	0.104426	479.34	510.67	2.0638	0.077717	478.69	509.78	2.0387
130	0.107299	488.66	520.85	2.0894	0.079914	488.05	520.02	2.0645
140	0.110160	498.12	531.17	2.1147	0.082097	497.55	530.39	2.0899
150	0.113009	507.74	541.64	2.1397	0.084268	507.20	540.91	2.1150
160	0.115847	517.50	552.25	2.1645	0.086429	516.99	551.56	2.1399

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 500 kPa (Sat. T = 15.73 ^oC)				P = 600 kPa (Sat. T = 21.57 ^oC)
Sat	0.041123	386.91	407.47	1.7197	0.034300	389.99	410.57	1.7175
20	0.042116	390.55	411.61	1.7339	-	-	-	-
30	0.044338	398.99	421.16	1.7659	0.035984	397.37	418.96	1.7455
40	0.046456	407.40	430.63	1.7967	0.037866	406.01	428.73	1.7772
50	0.048500	415.86	440.11	1.8265	0.039659	414.63	438.43	1.8077
60	0.050486	424.40	449.64	1.8555	0.041389	423.30	448.13	1.8373
70	0.052427	433.04	459.25	1.8839	0.043070	432.04	457.88	1.8661
80	0.054332	441.78	468.95	1.9118	0.044711	440.87	467.70	1.8943
90	0.056205	450.65	478.76	1.9392	0.046319	449.82	477.61	1.9220
100	0.058054	459.65	488.68	1.9661	0.047900	458.88	487.62	1.9492
110	0.059880	468.78	498.72	1.9927	0.049459	468.06	497.74	1.9759
120	0.061688	478.04	508.88	2.0189	0.050998	477.37	507.97	2.0023
130	0.063479	487.44	519.18	2.0447	0.052520	486.82	518.33	2.0283
140	0.065257	496.98	529.60	2.0703	0.054027	496.39	528.81	2.0540
150	0.067022	506.66	540.17	2.0955	0.055522	506.11	539.42	2.0794
160	0.068776	516.48	550.86	2.1205	0.057006	515.96	550.16	2.1045
170	0.070521	526.44	561.70	2.1453	0.058480	525.95	561.04	2.1293

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 800 kPa (Sat. T = 31.32 ^oC)				P = 1000 kPa (Sat. T = 39.38 ^oC)
Sat	0.025625	394.96	415.46	1.7140	0.020316	398.85	419.16	1.7113
40	0.027036	402.97	424.59	1.7436	0.020407	399.45	419.86	1.7135
50	0.028547	412.00	434.84	1.7758	0.021796	409.09	430.88	1.7482
60	0.029974	420.98	444.95	1.8067	0.023068	418.46	441.53	1.7806
70	0.031340	429.96	455.03	1.8365	0.024262	427.74	452.00	1.8116
80	0.032659	438.99	465.12	1.8654	0.025399	437.00	462.40	1.8415
90	0.033942	448.10	475.25	1.8937	0.026493	446.30	472.79	1.8705
100	0.035194	457.30	485.45	1.9214	0.027552	455.65	483.21	1.8988
110	0.036420	466.60	495.74	1.9486	0.028584	465.09	493.67	1.9264
120	0.037626	476.02	506.12	1.9754	0.029593	474.62	504.21	1.9536
130	0.038813	485.55	516.60	2.0017	0.030582	484.25	514.83	1.9803
140	0.039985	495.21	527.20	2.0277	0.031554	494.00	525.55	2.0065
150	0.041144	504.99	537.91	2.0533	0.032512	503.86	536.37	2.0324
160	0.042291	514.91	548.74	2.0786	0.033458	513.84	547.30	2.0579
170	0.043427	524.96	559.70	2.1036	0.034393	523.95	558.35	2.0831
180	0.044554	535.14	570.78	2.1283	0.035318	534.19	569.51	2.1081

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 1200 kPa (Sat. T = 46.31 ^oC)				P = 1400 kPa (Sat. T = 52.42 ^oC)
Sat	0.016718	401.98	422.04	1.7087	0.014110	404.54	424.30	1.7062
50	0.017201	405.77	426.41	1.7223	-	-	-	-
60	0.018404	415.70	437.79	1.7570	0.015005	412.61	433.62	1.7345
70	0.019502	425.36	448.76	1.7895	0.016060	422.77	445.25	1.7689
80	0.020530	434.90	459.53	1.8204	0.017023	432.65	456.48	1.8012
90	0.021506	444.41	470.22	1.8502	0.017923	442.42	467.52	1.8320
100	0.022443	453.94	480.87	1.8792	0.018778	452.16	478.45	1.8617
110	0.023348	463.53	491.54	1.9074	0.019597	461.91	489.34	1.8905
120	0.024228	473.18	502.25	1.9350	0.020388	471.70	500.24	1.9186
130	0.025087	482.92	513.03	1.9621	0.021156	481.55	511.17	1.9460
140	0.025928	492.76	523.87	1.9886	0.021904	491.49	522.16	1.9730
150	0.026753	502.70	534.81	2.0148	0.022637	501.52	533.21	1.9994
160	0.027566	512.76	545.84	2.0406	0.023355	511.65	544.35	2.0254
170	0.028367	522.93	556.97	2.0660	0.024062	521.90	555.58	2.0510
180	0.029159	533.23	568.22	2.0911	0.024758	532.25	566.91	2.0763

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 1600 kPa (Sat. T = 57.90 ^oC)				P = 2000 kPa (Sat. T = 67.48 ^oC)
Sat	0.012127	406.64	426.04	1.7036	0.009291	409.70	428.28	1.6976
60	0.012373	409.04	428.84	1.7120	-	-	-	-
70	0.013430	419.91	441.40	1.7491	0.009573	412.91	432.06	1.7086
80	0.014362	430.24	453.22	1.7831	0.010539	424.70	445.78	1.7481
90	0.015216	440.32	464.66	1.8150	0.011363	435.66	458.39	1.7833
100	0.016015	450.29	475.91	1.8456	0.012105	446.24	470.45	1.8160
110	0.016773	460.22	487.06	1.8751	0.012791	456.63	482.21	1.8471
120	0.017500	470.16	498.16	1.9037	0.013436	466.93	493.80	1.8770
130	0.018202	480.15	509.27	1.9316	0.014051	477.21	505.31	1.9059
140	0.018882	490.19	520.40	1.9589	0.014640	487.49	516.78	1.9340
150	0.019546	500.32	531.59	1.9856	0.015210	497.82	528.24	1.9614
160	0.020194	510.53	542.84	2.0119	0.015764	508.21	539.74	1.9883
170	0.020831	520.84	554.17	2.0378	0.016303	518.68	551.28	2.0146
180	0.021456	531.26	565.59	2.0632	0.016830	529.23	562.89	2.0405

T (^oC)	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK	v m³/kg	u kJ/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kgK
	P = 3000 kPa (Sat. T = 86.20^oC)				P = 4000 kPa (Sat. T = 100.34 ^oC)
Sat	0.005281	411.50	427.34	1.6748	0.002563	395.13	405.38	1.6046
90	0.005752	418.53	435.78	1.6982	-	-	-	-
100	0.006641	433.18	453.10	1.7453	-	-	-	-
110	0.007327	445.79	467.77	1.7841	0.004273	429.17	446.26	1.7131
120	0.007917	457.57	481.32	1.8190	0.004993	445.13	465.10	1.7616
130	0.008447	468.92	494.26	1.8515	0.005549	458.71	480.90	1.8013
140	0.008937	480.05	506.86	1.8824	0.006024	471.28	495.38	1.8368
150	0.009396	491.05	519.24	1.9120	0.006450	483.32	509.12	1.8697
160	0.009832	502.00	531.50	1.9406	0.006842	495.07	522.43	1.9008
170	0.010250	512.93	543.68	1.9684	0.007208	506.64	535.47	1.9305
180	0.010652	523.89	555.84	1.9956	0.007554	518.11	548.33	1.9592

Reference States, IIR Convention

Enthalpy H = 200 kJ/kg at 0°C for saturated liquid.
Entropy S = 1 kJ/kg-K at 0°C for saturated liquid.