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Chapter 8 Selected Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

Chapter 8 Urinary System Diseases and Disorders – Shirley

Zoë Soon

Creative Commons –  Pictures, Images, Video Clips, and/or Gifs that help illustrate any of the following:

*For diseases we discuss:

a) Basic Risk Factors

b) Most Common signs and symptoms

c) Basic Pathology, with basic diagnostic tools (e.g. imaging, blood tests) and basic treatment

 

  1. Renal System Anatomy Review
    1. The kidneys are slightly protected by the ribs and are surrounded by fat for protection (not shown).
    2. Urinary System (Male)
    3. Internal Structures of the Left Kidney
    4. Blood Flow in the Kidney
    5. Blood Flow in the Nephron: The two capillary beds are clearly shown in this figure. The efferent arteriole is the connecting vessel between the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.
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  2. Definitions – Enuresis, Stress Incontinence, Urge Incontinence, Overflow Incontinence, Spastic Bladder, Flaccid Bladder, Retention
    1. Involuntary nighttime bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) in older children and teenagers
      1. An icon depicting nocturnal enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting.
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    3. Urinary Incontinence: 3D medical animation still showing normal urinary bladder (L) and overactive urinary bladder (R).
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  3. Micturition Reflex
    1. Micturition Reflex – Neural Control of Urination
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  4. Urinalysis – normal composition, hematuria, pyuria, bacteriuria, porteinuria, albuminuria, glucosuria, ketonuria, urinary casts, low/high specific gravity
  5. BUN – Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatine Clearance tests
    1. Two ratio’s exist to compare serum Urea and Creatinine levels
      BUN : Cr ratio with US units of mg/dL : mg/dL – this is most commonly used in online calculators and converts the SI units to US units e.g. MDcalc
      Urea : Cr ratio with SI Units of mmol/L: mmol/L (providing Urea is >10mmol/L) – [note to calculate the Urea : Cr ratio it is required to convert the Creatinine from µmol/L to mmol/L] [hat tip Dr Julian Pecora]
      Cr : Urea ratio with SI Units of µmol/L: mmol/L (providing Urea is >10mmol/L)
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  6. Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
    1. Micrograph of post-infectious glomerulonephritis.
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  7. Kidney Failure
    1. Metabolic Acidosis
    2. Anemia
    3. Hypertension
  8. Hemodialysis
    1. A diagram of a haemodialysis circuit.
    2. Difference between Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis.
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  9. Peritoneal dialysis
    1. Peritoneal dialysis
    2. Peritoneal membrane transport in peritoneal membrane transport. During peritoneal dialysis exchanges, dialysate is instilled into the peritoneal cavity, and is later drained. During dwells, transport of water, solutes, and molecules occurs across the peritoneal membrane through diffusion and convection. According to the three-pore model, transport depends on the relative abundance of large and small pores (endothelial clefts) and ultrapores (aquaporins). It is not known whether macromolecules such as cytokines or fibrosis mediators are cleared by the peritoneal membrane.
    3. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD).
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  10. Urinary Tract Infections, Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis
  11. Urinary Tract Obstructions  & Hydronephrosis – renal calculi, BPH, stenosis, strictures, tumors, pregnancy, polycystic kidney disease, congenital defects
  12. Renal Calculi
  13. Urolithiasis
  14. Nephrosclerosis & Relationship with Hypertension
  15. Acute vs. Chronic Renal Failure
    1. Prerenal, Intrarenal and Postrenal

 

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