1103 Chapter 11. The Muscular System
11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Specify some of the criteria used in the naming of muscles
The Greeks and Romans conducted the first studies done on the human body in Western culture. The educated class of subsequent societies studied Latin and Greek, and therefore the early pioneers of anatomy continued to apply Latin and Greek terminology or roots when they named the skeletal muscles. The large number of muscles in the body and unfamiliar words can make learning the names of the muscles in the body seem daunting, but understanding the etymology can help. Etymology is the study of how the root of a particular word entered a language and how the use of the word evolved over time. Taking the time to learn the root of the words is crucial to understanding the vocabulary of anatomy and physiology. When you understand the names of muscles it will help you remember where the muscles are located and what they do (Figure 1, Figure 2, and Table 2). Pronunciation of words and terms will take a bit of time to master, but after you have some basic information; the correct names and pronunciations will become easier.
| Mnemonic Device for Latin Roots (Table 2) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Example | Latin or Greek Translation | Mnemonic Device |
| ad | to; toward | ADvance toward your goal |
| ab | away from | n/a |
| sub | under | SUBmarines move under water. |
| ductor | something that moves | A conDUCTOR makes a train move. |
| anti | against | If you are antisocial, you are against engaging in social activities. |
| epi | on top of | n/a |
| apo | to the side of | n/a |
| longissimus | longest | “Longissimus” is longer than the word “long.” |
| longus | long | long |
| brevis | short | brief |
| maximus | large | max |
| medius | medium | “Medius” and “medium” both begin with “med.” |
| minimus | tiny; little | mini |
| rectus | straight | To RECTify a situation is to straighten it out. |
| multi | many | If something is MULTIcolored, it has many colors. |
| uni | one | A UNIcorn has one horn. |
| bi/di | two | If a ring is DIcast, it is made of two metals. |
| tri | three | TRIple the amount of money is three times as much. |
| quad | four | QUADruplets are four children born at one birth. |
| externus | outside | EXternal |
| internus | inside | INternal |
Anatomists name the skeletal muscles according to a number of criteria, each of which describes the muscle in some way. These include naming the muscle after its shape, the direction of its muscle fibers, its size compared to other muscles in the area, its location in the body or the location of its attachments to the skeleton, how many origins it has, or its action. Often, a muscle’s name will refer to several of these characteristics.
The shapes of some muscles are very distinctive and the names, such as orbicularis for “orbit” or deltoid for the Greek letter delta (which looks like a triangle), reflect their shape. The direction of the muscle fibers and fascicles of a muscle can be used to name muscles by describing their orientation relative to the longitudinal axis of the body or of a limb, such as the rectus (straight) abdominis, or the oblique (at an angle) muscles of the abdomen, or the rectus femoris.
For the buttocks, the size of the muscles influences the names: gluteus maximus (largest), gluteus medius (medium), and the gluteus minimus (smallest). Names are also given to muscles that indicate length—brevis (short), or longus (long). Some muscle names are used indicate the number of muscles in a group. One example of this is the quadriceps, a group of four muscles located on the anterior (front) thigh.
The skeletal muscle’s anatomical location or its relationship to a particular bone often determines its name. For example, the frontalis muscle is located on top of the frontal bone of the skull, and the rectus femoris is located along the femur. Some muscles are named after their position relative to the midline: lateralis appears in the names of muscles located away from the midline, and medialis for muscles closer to the midline.
The location of a muscle’s attachment can also appear in its name. When the name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named first. For instance, the sternocleidomastoid muscle of the neck has a dual origin on the sternum (“sterno”) and clavicle (“cleido”), and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. Other muscle names can provide information as to how many origins a particular muscle has, such as the biceps brachii. The prefix bi indicates that the muscle has two origins, and tri indicates three origins.
The last feature by which to name a muscle is its action. When muscles are named for the movement they produce, one can find action words in their name. Some examples are flexor (decreases the angle at the joint), extensor (increases the angle at the joint), abductor (moves the bone away from the midline), or adductor (moves the bone toward the midline).