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Cover
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduction
1.1 Variables
1.2 Concepts, Measurement, and Operationalization
1.3 Levels of Measurement
1.3.1 Nominal Variables
1.3.2 Ordinal Variables
1.3.3 Interval and Ratio Variables
1.4 Level of Measurement and Operationalization Considerations
1.5 Discrete and Continuous Variables
1.6 Creating Variables
2.1 Data Sets and What Data "Looks" Like
2.2 Summarizing Data
2.3 Frequency Tables
2.3.1 Relative Frequency: Adding Percentages
2.3.2 Missing Data: Adding Valid Percentages
2.3.3 Summing Up: Adding Cumulative Percentages
2.3.4 What Frequency Tables Really Look Like
2.4 Graphs
3.1 Mode
3.2 Median
3.3 The Median With Frequency Tables and Other Considerations
3.4 Mean
3.5 The Mean With Existing Data and Other Considerations
3.6 Outliers
3.7 Central Tendency and the Levels of Measurement
4.1 Range
4.2 Interquartile Range
4.3 Variance
4.4 Variance Continued, Standard Deviation
4.5 Summary
5.1 The Normal Distribution
5.1.1 Properties of the Normal Curve
5.1.2 The z-Value
5.1.3 Percentiles
5.2 Probability Basics
5.2.1 Working with Probabilities
5.2.2 Simple Probability Calculations
5.2.3 Probabilities with Frequency Tables
5.2.4 The Real Normal Distribution Is a Probability One
5.2.5 The Real Use of z-Values
6.1 Populations and Samples
6.2. Non-random Sampling
6.3 Random Sampling
6.4 Parameters, Statistics, and Estimators
6.5 The Sampling Distribution
6.6 The Central Limit Theorem
6.7 Confidence Intervals
6.7.1 Additional Confidence Intervals Considerations
6.7.2 Confidence Intervals for Proportions
6.8 The t-Distribution
6.10 Summary [EMPTY]
7.1 Types of Bivariate Associations
7.2 Describing and Examining Bivariate Associations
7.2.1 Between A Discrete and A Continuous Variable
7.2.2 Between Two Discrete Variables
7.2.3 Between Two Continuous Variables
7.3 Summary [EMPTY]
8.1 Causality
8.2 Hypotheses
8.3 Hypothesis Testing
8.4 Level of Significance and the p-Value
8.5 Errors of Inference
9.1 Between a Discrete and a Continuous Variable: The t-test
9.2 Between a Discrete and a Continuous Variable: The F-test
9.3 Between Two Discrete Variables: The χ2, Part 1
9.4 Between Two Discrete Variables: the χ2, Part 2
9.5 Between Two Discrete Variables: the χ2, Part 3
10.1. Correlation
10.2 Basics of Linear Regression
10.2.1 The Linear Regression Model and the Line of Best Fit
10.2.2 Elements of the Linear Regression Model
10.2.3 Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals for the Regression Coefficient
10.2.4 R-squared
10.3 What Lies Ahead: Multiple Regression
References
Appendix
Chapter 6 Sampling, the Basis of Inference
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