Chapter 7 – Existence and Possession
Overview
In earlier chapters, you learned हो (ho) / हुन् (hun), which are used for identity and classification (“I am a teacher,” “This is a book”).
In this chapter, you will learn the छ (cha) forms of हुनु (hunu), which are used differently. These forms express existence, presence, availability, and possession—literally meaning “it exists.”
You will practise छ (cha) / छन् (chan) and their negative forms छैन (chaina) / छैनन् (chainan) in everyday situations, such as:
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saying what is here or there (यहाँ yahā̃ / त्यहाँ tyahā̃)
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asking “how many?” (कति वटा? kati waṭā? / कति जना? kati janā?)
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using numbers 1–10 with classifiers (–वटा -waṭā for things, –जना -janā for people)
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to ask and answer practical questions about what is in places like a classroom, café, shop, or hotel, and express possession or lack of possession using सँग saṅga “with.”
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- ask and answer existence questions using छ? (cha?) and छन्? (chan?)
- use the negative forms छैन (chaina) and छैनन् (chainan) accurately
- use यहाँ (yahā̃) and त्यहाँ (tyahā̃) to say “here” and “there” in full sentences
- use the numerals १–१० with –वटा (–waṭā) for things and –जना (–janā) for people
- ask “how many?” using कति वटा? (kati waṭā?) and कति जना? (kati janā?)
- express possession using मसँग (masaṅga), तपाईंसँग (tapāī̃saṅga), and उहाँसँग (uhā̃saṅga) + noun + छ (cha)
- recognize how existence questions can also function as polite requests in cafés, shops, hotels, and other everyday settings.
